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CBSE Class 12 Geography Revision Notes Chapter 11

1. India's population is unevenly distributed, with Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh accounting for over 76% of the population. Physical, socioeconomic, and historical factors influence population distribution. 2. Population density varies greatly by region, with the lowest in Arunachal Pradesh and the highest in West Bengal and Bihar. Agricultural density also differs across states. 3. India's population is growing at an annual rate of around 2.4%, with growth coming from natural increase and migration. The growth rate has declined since 1981 due to factors like increased marriage age and education. 4. India's population is composed of diverse characteristics including age, sex

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712 views

CBSE Class 12 Geography Revision Notes Chapter 11

1. India's population is unevenly distributed, with Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh accounting for over 76% of the population. Physical, socioeconomic, and historical factors influence population distribution. 2. Population density varies greatly by region, with the lowest in Arunachal Pradesh and the highest in West Bengal and Bihar. Agricultural density also differs across states. 3. India's population is growing at an annual rate of around 2.4%, with growth coming from natural increase and migration. The growth rate has declined since 1981 due to factors like increased marriage age and education. 4. India's population is composed of diverse characteristics including age, sex

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Satyam Mishra
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Chapter-1

Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

Distribution of population
1. Population is distributed unevenly
2. UP has the highest population followed by MS Bihar, WB, AP
3. MS, UP,BI,WB, AP TN MP RAJ KK GUJaccount for 76% of population
4. Arunachal Pradesh 0.11% Uttaranchal 0.83%

Factors responsible for uneven distribution of population

1. Physical Factors: climate, water, terrain, transport


2. Socio Economic Factors: Settled Agriculture. Agri. develop. pattern of human settlements,
dev. Of transport, industries, urbanization
3. Historical Factors: development of cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai by British

Density of Population
• Number of persons per unit area
• The density of population (2001) is 313/ sq km.
• Lowest in Arunachal Pradesh: 13/ per sq km NCT: 9340
• WB; 903 Bihar: 880
• Himalayan states and North East have low density whereas Ganga plain has highest density
and other states have moderate population
total population
• Physiological density =
net cultivated area
total agricultural population
• Agricultural density =
net cultivated area

Growth of Population
Change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time. It is
expressed in %.
Two components: 1. Natural2. Induced natural growth is analyzed by crude birth rate and
crude death rate
Induced growth is calculated with the immigration –outmigration
The annual growth is 2.4% in36 years its population will be doubled

Stages of Population Growth

Stage I: 1901 -1921 stagnant growth, slow growth rate, BR & DR were high, poor medical
facilities, low literacy rate, inefficient distribution of food and basic facilities.
Stage II: 1921-51: steady growth, improvement in health and sanitation low mortality rate.
better transport facilities, high birth rate and decline death rate. The influence of world war
and Economic depression influenced

Stage III: 1951-81: Population explosion, rapid fall in mortality rate, high fertility rate,
introduction offive year plans, improvement of living condition, increased migration,

Stage IV: 1981 onwards: growth rate declined, crude birth rate declined due to increase
marriage age, improvedquality of life& education.

Regional Variation in Population Growth


It is less than 20% in southern states. It is high in north west central and northeastern states.
The adolescents % is 22% male 53% female 47%
Features of adolescence population: high potential, quite vulnerable

Challenges Faced by Adolescence


1. Lower age at marriage
2. Illiteracy
3. Female illiteracy
4. School dropouts
5. Low intake of nutrients
6. High rate of maternal mortality of adolescent mothers
7. High rate of HIV AIDS
8. Physical and mental disability
9. Drug abuse alcoholism
10. Juvenile delinquency
11. Crime Steps taken by the government to channelize the adults
12. National youth policy
13. Encourage the youth for constructive development of the society
14. Improve patriotism and responsible citizens
15. Youth empowerment
16. Giving importance for youth health, sports and recreation
17. Innovation in the field of science

Population Composition
1. Age and Sex
2. Place of residence
3. Ethnic characteristics
4. Tribes
5. Language
6. Religion
7. Marital status
8. Literacy
9. Education
10. Occupation

Rural Urban Composition


1. 72% lives in villages
2. India has 638588 villages according to 2001 census
3. The state of Bihar and Sikkim have very high % of rural population
4. Goa and Maharashtra have low rural population
5. UT s have low rural population except DDNH
The size of villages varies from
6. In the ne India Rajasthan it is less than 200 persons
7. It is more than 17 thousand persons in Kerala Urban population. It is equal to 27.8% it is
quite low.
8. It is increased due to economic development, improvement in health, hygienic conditions
9. It is high in the peripheral areas of metropolitan cities

Linguistic Composition
1. According to Grierson there are 179 languages 544 dialects, there are about 22 scheduled
languages
2. Hindi speakers are 40.42% the smallest language is Kashmiri 0.01%

Language Families
1. Austric (1.38%) –Monkhemar – Meghalaya Nicobar, WB, BI, OR, AS, MP, MS
2. Dravidian (20%) TN, KK, KER, AP, MP, BI, OR,
3. Sino Tibetan(0.85%) J&K, HP, SK, ARP, AS, NAG, MAN, MZ, TRI, MEG
4. Indo-European-outside India, J&K PUN, HP, UP, RAJ, HAR, OR, WB, AS, GUJ, MS, GOA

Religious Composition
• Hindus are distributed all states except Indo Pak border, J&K NE states
• Muslims are concentrated in J&K WB, KER,UP, Delhi
• Christian pop is concentrated in western coast NE states
• Sikhs are concentrated in NW India
• Jains Buddhists are concentrated in RAJ, MS, KK
• Tribes are located in ne India
• Hindus -80.5% muslims-13.55 Christians – 2.3% Sikhs 1.9% Buddhists 0.95 jains-0.45
others-0.6%
• Composition of working population
• Main worker; work more than 183 days
• Marginal worker: less than 183 days
• 39% worker 61% non-workers
• Large % of dependent population. Large number is unemployed
• 25% working population in Goa, 53% in Mizoram

Occupational categories
1. Cultivators
2. Agricultural laborers
3. House hold industrial workers
4. Other workers

Spatial Variation of Working Participation


1. HP and Nagaland have high proportion of cultivators
2. AP, CHHTIS, ORI, JHAR, WB high proportion of Ag. Workers
3. In urban centers high proportion of services
4. Non availability of land and presence of industries encourage workers

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