PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 4: Pure Bending

Instructor: Le Van Sy, PhD

E-mail : [email protected]
 Pure Bending
Pure Bending Example 4.03
Other Loading Types Reinforced Concrete Beams
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.4
Bending Deformations Stress Concentrations
Strain Due to Bending Plastic Deformations
Beam Section Properties Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Properties of American Standard Shapes Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Plane of S...

Sample Problem 4.2 Residual Stresses

Bending of Members Made of Several Example 4.05, 4.06
Materials Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.03 Example 4.07
Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.8
Sample Problem 4.4 Unsymmetric Bending
Stress Concentrations Example 4.08
Plastic Deformations General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4-2

 Area moment of inertia

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 3

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 5
 Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4-6

 Other Loading Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4-7
 Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent

to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx =   x dA = 0
M y =  z x dA = 0
M z =  − y x dA = M

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4-8

 Derivation of bending stress

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 9

 Derivation of bending stress

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 10

 Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 11
 Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.

After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L = (  − y )
 = L − L = (  − y ) −  = − y
 y y
x = =− =− (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m = or ρ=
 m
y
 x = − m
c

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 12

 Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,

y
 x = E x = − E m
c
y
= −  m (stress varies linearly)
c

• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx = 0 =   x dA =  −  m dA  y 
c M =  − y x dA =  − y −  m  dA
 c 

0 = − m  y dA   I
c M = m  y 2 dA = m
c c
First moment with respect to Mc M
neutral plane is zero. Therefore, m = =
I S
the neutral surface must pass
y
through the section centroid. Substituting  x = −  m
c
My
x = −
I
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 13
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 14
 Beam Section Properties
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S = = section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section
modulus will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S= = = 16 bh3 = 16 Ah
c h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater
depth will be more effective in resisting
bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 15
 Properties of American Standard Shapes

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 16

 Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is

quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
= m = m =
 c Ec Ec I
M
=
EI

• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
 y = − x =  z = − x =
 

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 
= = anticlastic curvature
 

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 17

 Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y =
 yA
A
(
I x =  I + A d 2 )
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted
upon by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing • Calculate the curvature
E = 165 GPa and neglecting the 1 M
=
effects of fillets, determine (a) the  EI
maximum tensile and compressive
stresses, (b) the radius of
curvature.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 18
 Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90 = 1800 50 90 103
2 40  30 = 1200 20 24 103
3
 A = 3000  yA = 114 10

3
 yA 114 10
Y = = = 38 mm
A 3000

( ) (
I x =  I + A d 2 =  12
1 bh3 + A d 2 )
( )(
1 90  203 + 1800  12 2 + 1 30  403 + 1200  182
= 12 12
)
I = 868  103 mm = 868 10-9 m 4

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 19

 Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the

maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A = +76.0 MPa
A = =
I 868 10−9 mm 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m
B = − =−  B = −131.3 MPa
I 868 10−9 mm 4

• Calculate the curvature

1 M
=
 EI
3 kN  m 1
= 20.95 10−3 m -1
(165 GPa )(868 10-9 m 4 )
=

 = 47.7 m

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 20

 Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

• Consider a composite beam formed from

two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x = −

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
 1 = E1 x = −  2 = E2 x = −
 
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite
section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1 =  1dA = − 1 dA dF2 =  2 dA = − 2 dA
 
My
x = − • Define a transformed section such that
I
1 =  x  2 = n x dF2 = −
(nE1 ) y dA = − E1 y (n dA) E
n= 2
  E1

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 21

 Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass

• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of

the transformed section

• Calculate the maximum stress in the

transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces
of steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and • Determine the maximum stress in the
brass (Eb = 15x106 psi). steel portion of the bar by multiplying
Determine the maximum stress the maximum stress for the transformed
in the steel and brass when a section by the ratio of the moduli of
moment of 40 kip*in is applied. elasticity.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 22
 Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n= = = 1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT = 0.4 in + 1.933  0.75 in + 0.4 in = 2.25 in

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3 = 1 (2.25 in.)(3 in )3
I = 12 T 12
= 5.063 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc (40 kip  in )(1.5 in )
m = = 4
= 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in

( b )max =  m ( b )max = 11.85 ksi

( s )max = n m = 1.933 11.85 ksi ( s )max = 22.9 ksi

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 23

 Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
(bx ) x − n As (d − x ) = 0
2
1 b x2 + n As x − n As d = 0
2

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x = −
I
c =  x  s = n x
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 24
 Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.

• Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The
modulus of elasticity is 29x106psi for
steel and 3.6x106psi for concrete.
With an applied bending moment of
40 kip*in for 1-ft width of the slab,
determine the maximum stress in the
concrete and steel.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 25
 Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29 106 psi
n= = = 8.06
Ec 3.6 106 psi


2
( )
nAs = 8.06  24 85 in  = 4.95 in 2


• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
 x
12 x  − 4.95(4 − x ) = 0 x = 1.450 in
 2
( )
I = 13 (12 in )(1.45 in )3 + 4.95 in 2 (2.55 in )2 = 44.4 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in  1.45 in
c = =  c = 1.306 ksi
I 44.4 in 4
Mc2 40 kip  in  2.55 in  s = 18.52 ksi
s = n = 8.06
I 44.4 in 4

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 26

 Stress Concentrations

Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

m = K
I
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied

• in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 27
 Plastic Deformations
• For any member subjected to pure bending
y
 x = − m strain varies linearly across the
c
section
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
an x = −
I
d
• For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve,
the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx =   x dA = 0 M =  − y x dA

• For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 28
 Plastic Deformations
• When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.

• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
MU c
RB =
I

• RB may be used to determine MU of any

member made of the same material and with the
same cross sectional shape but different
dimensions.

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 29

 Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

• Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material

Mc
 x  Y m =
I
I
 m = Y M Y =  Y = maximum elastic moment
c
• If the moment is increased beyond the maximum
elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
elastic core.
 2
3 M 1 − 1 yY

M =  yY = elastic core half - thickness
2 Y

3 2
c 

• In the limit as the moment is increased further, the

elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a
fully plastic deformation.
M p = 32 M Y = plastic moment
Mp
k= = shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
MY

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 30

 Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single Plane of Symmetry

• Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a

vertical plane of symmetry.

• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass

through the section centroid.

• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1 = R2
A1 Y = A2 Y
The neutral axis divides the section into
equal areas.

• The plastic moment for the member,

(
M p = 12 A Y d )
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 31
 Residual Stresses

• Plastic zones develop in a member made of an

elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.

• Since the linear relation between normal stress

and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.

• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the

principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).

• The final value of stress at a point will not, in

general, be zero.

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 32

 Example 4.05, 4.06

A member of uniform rectangular cross section is

subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b)
the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
After the loading has been reduced back to zero,
determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses,
(d) radius of curvature.

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 33

 Example 4.05, 4.06
• Thickness of elastic core:
 2
3 M 1 − 1 yY

M = 
2 Y 3 2
 c 
 
2
3 (28.8 kN  m )1 − 1 yY
36.8 kN  m = 
2  3 2 c 

yY yY
= = 0.666 2 yY = 80 mm
c 60 mm

• Radius of curvature:
• Maximum elastic moment: Y 240 106 Pa
Y = =
( )( ) 200 109 Pa
E
I 2 2 2 −3 −3 2
= bc = 3 50  10 m 60  10 m
c 3 = 1.2 10−3
= 120  10− 6 m3 yY
Y =
I
( )
M Y =  Y = 120  10− 6 m3 (240 MPa )

c yY 40 10−3 m
= 28.8 kN  m = =  = 33.3 m
Y 1.2 10−3

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 34

 Example 4.05, 4.06

• M = 36.8 kN-m • M = -36.8 kN-m • M=0

yY = 40 mm Mc 36.8 kN  m At the edge of the elastic core,
 =
m =
 Y = 240 MPa I 120 106 m3 x − 35.5 106 Pa
= 306.7 MPa  2 Y x = =
E 200 109 Pa
= −177.5 10− 6
yY 40 10−3 m
 =− =
x 177.5 10− 6

 = 225 m
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 35
 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Stress due to eccentric loading found by

superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
 x = ( x )centric + ( x )bending
P My
= −
A I
• Eccentric loading
• Validity requires stresses below proportional
F=P limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M = Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 36

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 37
 Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
• Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment

• Superpose the uniform stress due to

the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.

• Evaluate the maximum tensile and

compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
An open-link chain is obtained by superposed stress distribution.
bending low-carbon steel rods into
the shape shown. For 160 lb load, • Find the neutral axis by determining
determine (a) maximum tensile and the location where the normal stress
compressive stresses, (b) distance is zero.
between section centroid and neutral
axis
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 38
 Example 4.07
• Normal stress due to a
centric load
A = c 2 =  (0.25 in )2
= 0.1963 in 2
P 160 lb
0 = =
A 0.1963 in 2
= 815 psi

• Equivalent centric load • Normal stress due to

and bending moment bending moment
P = 160 lb I = 14 c 4 = 14  (0.25)4
M = Pd = (160 lb )(0.6 in )
= 3.068  10−3 in 4
= 104 lb  in
Mc (104 lb  in )(0.25 in )
m = =
I .068  10−3 in 4
= 8475 psi

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 39

 Example 4.07

• Maximum tensile and compressive • Neutral axis location

stresses P My0
t = 0 +m 0= −
A I
= 815 + 8475  t = 9260 psi
P I 3.068 10−3 in 4
y0 = = (815 psi )
c = 0 − m AM 105 lb  in
= 815 − 8475  c = −7660 psi
y0 = 0.0240 in

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 40

 Sample Problem 4.8
The largest allowable stresses for the
cast iron link are 30 MPa in tension and
120 MPa in compression. Determine the
largest force P which can be applied to
the link.
SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent centric load and
bending moment.

• Superpose the stress due to a centric

load and the stress due to bending.

• Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable

From Sample Problem tensile and compressive stresses.
2.4,
A = 3 10−3 m 2
• The largest allowable load is the smallest
Y = 0.038 m of the two critical loads.
I = 868 10−9 m 4

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 41

 Sample Problem 4.8
• Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.
d = 0.038 − 0.010 = 0.028 m
P = centric load
M = Pd = 0.028 P = bending moment

• Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

A = −
P Mc A
+ =−
P
+
(0.028 P )(0.022) = +377 P
A I 3 10−3 868 10−9
P Mc
B = − − A = −
P
−
(0.028 P )(0.022) = −1559 P
A I 3 10−3 868 10−9

• Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

 A = +377 P = 30 MPa P = 79.6 kN
 B = −1559 P = −120 MPa P = 79.6 kN

• The largest allowable load P = 77.0 kN

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 42

 Unsymmetric Bending
• Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.

• Members remain symmetric and bend in

the plane of symmetry.

• The neutral axis of the cross section

coincides with the axis of the couple

• Will now consider situations in which the

bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.

• Cannot assume that the member will bend

in the plane of the couples.

• In general, the neutral axis of the section will

not coincide with the axis of the couple.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 43
 Unsymmetric Bending
• 0 = Fx =   x dA =   −  m dA
y
 c 
or 0 =  y dA

neutral axis passes through centroid

 y 
Wish to determine the conditions • M = M z = −   −  m dA
y
 c 
under which the neutral axis of a σ I
cross section of arbitrary shape or M = m I = I z = moment of inertia
c
coincides with the axis of the couple defines stress distribution
as shown.
• The resultant force and moment
• 0 = M y =  z x dA =  z −  m dA
from the distribution of y
elementary forces in the section  c 
must satisfy or 0 =  yz dA = I yz = product of inertia

Fx = 0 = M y M z = M = applied couple couple vector must be directed along

a principal centroidal axis

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 44

 Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses
in the most general case of unsymmetric
bending.
• Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z = M cos  M y = M sin 

• Superpose the component stress distributions

Mzy Myy
x = − +
Iz Iy

• Along the neutral axis,

x = 0 = −
Mzy Myy
+ =−
(M cos  ) y + (M sin  ) y
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y Iz
tan  = = tan 
z Iy

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 45

 Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
• Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z = M cos  M y = M sin 

• Combine the stresses from the

component stress distributions.
Mzy Myy
x = − +
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a Iz Iy
rectangular wooden beam in a
• Determine the angle of the neutral
plane forming an angle of 30 deg.
axis.
with the vertical. Determine (a) the y Iz
maximum stress in the beam, (b) tan  = = tan 
z Iy
the angle that the neutral axis
forms with the horizontal plane.
Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 46
 Example 4.08
• Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z = (1600 lb  in ) cos 30 = 1386 lb  in
M y = (1600 lb  in )sin 30 = 800 lb  in
1 (1.5 in )(3.5 in )3 = 5.359 in 4
I z = 12
1 (3.5 in )(1.5 in )3 = 0.9844 in 4
I y = 12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y (1386 lb  in )(1.75 in )
1 = = 4
= 452.6 psi
Iz 5.359 in
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD

2 =
M yz
=
(800 lb  in )(0.75 in ) = 609.5 psi
Iy 0.9844 in 4

• The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
 max = 1 +  2 = 452.6 + 609.5  max = 1062 psi

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 47

 Example 4.08

• Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

Iz 5.359 in 4
tan  = tan  = 4
tan 30
Iy 0.9844 in
= 3.143

 = 72.4o

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 48

 General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

• Consider a straight member subject to equal

and opposite eccentric forces.

• The eccentric force is equivalent to the system

of a centric force and two couples.
P = centric force
M y = Pa M z = Pb

• By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
P M z y M yz
x = − +
A Iz Iy

• If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
Mz My P
y− z=
Iz Iy A

Le Van Sy, PhD Strength of materials 4 - 49