GROUP IV: A) COMPARISON OF OSI MODEL AND TCP/IP MODEL

B) THE INTERNET

 DASSE YOUDJO MARILYN MANOELLA

 MENGUETE LAÏLA
 BINZE CECILIA SHULA
 LUNKONG ROSALINE
 MINTONG ARIEL
 KADJO WILSON
 GADEUNEU MOUAFO LAURAINE
 KALDJOB DUCHELLE
 FOMENE CINTHIAj
 TEDDY YOVLA
 A) COMPARISON OF OSI MODEL AND TCP/IP MODEL

The difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model seems to be minor but by
composition, features, functions and purpose, the two are extremely different.
The TCP/IP or the Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol is a
communication protocols suite using which network devices can be connected
to the Internet. On the other hand, the Open Systems Interconnection or OSI
Model is a conceptual framework, using which the functioning of a network
can be described.

TCP/IP OSI Model

The full form of TCP/IP is Transmission Control The full form of OSI is Open Systems
Protocol/ Internet Protocol.  Interconnection. 

It is a communication protocol that is based on It is a structured model which deals with

standard protocols and allows the connection of the functioning of a network.
hosts over a network.

In 1982, the TCP/IP model became the standard In 1984, the OSI model was introduced by
language of ARPANET. the International Organisation of
Standardization (ISO).

It comprises of four layers: It comprises seven layers:

 Network Interface  Physical

 Internet   Data Link
 Transport   Network
 Application  Transport
 Session
 Presentation
 Application

It follows a horizontal approach. It follows a vertical approach.

The TCP/IP is the implementation of the OSI An OSI Model is a reference model, based
Model. on which a network is created.

It is protocol dependent. It is protocol independent.

 B) THE INTERNET

I. INTERNETWORK
Introduction
Internetworking is combined of 2 words, inter and networking which implies an
association between totally different nodes or segments. This connection area unit is
established through intercessor devices akin to routers or gateway. The first term for
associate degree internetwork was catenet. This interconnection is often among or
between public, private, commercial, industrial, or governmental networks. Thus,
associate degree internetwork could be an assortment of individual networks,
connected by intermediate networking devices, that function as one giant network.
Internetworking refers to the trade, products, and procedures that meet the
challenge of making and administering internet works. 

Definition
1. Internetworking: is the practice of interconnecting multiple computer
networks, such that any pair of hosts in the connected networks can exchange
messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The
resulting system of interconnected networks are called an internetwork, or
simply an internet.
2. The Internet: is a global system of interconnected computer networks that
uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks
and devices.

Advantages of internet-works
  Increased connectivity: Internetworking enables devices on different networks to
communicate with each other, which increases connectivity and enables new
applications and services.
 Resource sharing: Internetworking allows devices to share resources across
networks, such as printers, servers, and storage devices. This can reduce costs and
improve efficiency by allowing multiple devices to share resources

 Improved scalability: Internetworking allows networks to be expanded and scaled as

needed to accommodate growing numbers of devices and users.

 Improved collaboration: Internetworking enables teams and individuals to

collaborate and work together more effectively, regardless of their physical location.

 Access to remote resources: Internetworking allows users to access resources and

services that are physically located on remote networks, improving accessibility and
flexibility.

Basic tools of internet access

It is important to understand that there are important Internet protocols other than
HTTP. The other protocols work in much the same way as HTTP in that there is a
piece of client software making requests to a server machine running the appropriate
server software. Here are some of the most common and useful protocols.

1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): This existed before HTTP and as the name implies
is a protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. There are two types
of FTP:nonanonymous and anonymous. With nonanonymous FTP, you are
required to have an account name and password on the server in order to
 access files on the server. Ie allows users to connect to a remote computer
for the sole purpose of uploading/downloading files.

2. Mailto: Electronic mail, better known as email, is perhaps the most popular

Internet protocol. As with all Internet software tools, you need client software
and server software to use email. Indeed, when configuring your client email
software to use programs like Eudora or Microsoft Outlook, you have to
provide the name of the server where you send and receive mail.

3. File or Path: Unlike the other URLs, this URL is used on the client machine
only. It has a very useful function, which is to let a developer test a Web page
before putting it on a server. 

4. E-mail: it allows users to send messages to each other.

5. Telnet: it allows users to connect and user computers directly on the Internet

6. World Wide Web: it is an information system on the internet which allows

documents to be connected to other documents by hypertext links, enabling
the user to search for information by moving from one document to another.
Special programs, Browsers, are required to access and use the WWW
(e.g.Netscape).

II. INTERNET SERVICES

Definition : The term “internet service provider (ISP)” refers to a company

that provides access to the internet to both personal and business customers. 
Types of internet service provider (ISP)/Means used to provide
internet

1. MOBILE: Many cell phone and smartphone providers offer voice plans
with Internet access. Mobile Internet connections provide good speeds
and allow you to access the Internet.

2. WIFI HOTSPOTS: Wifi Hotspots are sites that offer Internet access over
a wireless local area network (WLAN) by way of a router that then
connects to an Internet service provider.

3. DIAL-UP: Dial-up connections require users to link their phone line to a

computer in order to access the Internet. This particular type of
connection also referred to as analog which does not permit users to
make or receive phone calls through their home phone service while
using the Internet.

4. BROADBAND: This high-speed Internet connection is provided through

either cable or telephone companies. One of the fastest options
available, broadband Internet uses multiple data channels to send
large quantities of information.

5. DSL: DSL, which stands for Digital Subscriber Line, uses existing 2-wire
copper telephone line connected to one's home so service is delivered
at the same time as landline telephone service. Customers can still
place calls while surfing the Internet.
6. CABLE: Cable Internet connection is a form of broadband access.
Through use of a cable modem, users can access the Internet over
cable TV lines. Cable modems can provide extremely fast access to the
Internet, making a cable connection a viable option for many.

7. SATELLITE: In certain areas where broadband connection is not yet

offered, a satellite Internet option may be available. Similar to wireless
access, satellite connection utilizes a modem.

8. ISBN: ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows users to send

data, voice and video content over digital telephone lines or standard
telephone wires. The installation of an ISDN adapter is required at
both ends of the transmission—on the part of the user as well as the
Internet access provider.

Types of Internet Protocol in Cameroon(ISP)

1) CAMTEL: CAMTEL (Cameroon Telecommunications) is an ISP reference

in this country, with a range of services (connection to a landline, mobile
phone, modem stick, modem). It further improves with the current
installation in all the regions of Cameroon of fiber optics. CAMTEL stands
as the essential ISP beceause it is the state company and now holds the
exclusive deployment of optical fiber in Cameroon so he is the one
providing internet connection to all others ISP’s operating in Cameroon.
2) CREOLINK: CREOLINK is an expert company specialized in provision of
Internet services via fiber optics. Their expertise is based on the features
demanded by large companies. They have also developed innovative
solutions that meet the needs of SME’s and homes: Internet + telephone
+ TV.
3) EQUACOMM: Equacomm provides organizations and individuals with a
high-speed and secure access to data, voice and video solutions. The
transmission medium is at this time a trivial parameter. Whether you
need an internet connection, intranet or even extranet Equacomm
faithfully makes available data you want, guided by media (cables) or
wireless (WiMAX, WiFi, VSAT plus many more).
4) FORIS CAMEROON: Founded in 2011, Foris Cameroon brings the
benefits of high-speed internet services to mass populations and
operates with the brand name IN, assisting communities in empowering
their citizens and achieving concrete development with the use of the
internet. Among these assistance, Foris Cameroon intends to partner
with Institutes of higher learning’s with the aim of supporting students
through the internet, have access to learning opportunities.

5) MTN and Orange: For Orange and MTN Cameroon, as they are mobile
phone companies, their services operate through mobile Internet
modems and USB (live box for Orange Cameroon), wireless access
services (Hotspot for MTN CAMEROON). They are still "ISP
intermediaries" because their internet connection is provided to them
by CAMTEL. It is through these two suppliers that most Cameroonians
have Internet access from their phones, the connection means very
fashionable among young Cameroonians.
6) RINGO: Ringo is an ISP that allows subscribers to surf the web with their
modem declined in two forms:

 A small useful model for simple web activities (check up emails,

information search)

 A model for fast connections with more complex web of activities

(reading videos, streaming movies)

7) VODACOM: Vodacom is a mobile communications company providing

voice, messaging, data and converged solutions to around 50 million
active customers in Africa. They are majority owned by Vodafone, one of
the world’s largest mobile communications companies by revenue, and
they are listed on the JSE Limited. 
8) YOOMEE : YooMee is 4G internet you can use to get online at home, on-
the-go or in your company. They transmit 4G signals from towers all
around Cameroon so customers have fast, dependable access to
everything they love online. They currently havee 20,000 subscibers in
Cameroon on its WiMAX technology.