Matter and Forces

Submitted To

Miss. Amna Jabeen

Submitted By

Atika Abish, Nusrat Parveen,

Sobia Bibi, Muhammad Shafaullah

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MIANWALI, MIANWALI

 General Science
Outline:
Topic: Matter and Forces

 Nusrat parveen (BEDU-F22-M04)

 Motion
1. Force
2. Speed
3. Velocity
4. Acceleration
 Sobia Bibi (BEDU-F22-M03)
 Types of Motion
1. Oscillatory Motion
2. Rotational Motion
3. Transitional Motion
4. Periodic Motion
 Atika Abish (BEDU-F22-M34)
5. Circular Motion
6. Liner Motion
7. Uniform Motion
 Muhammad Shafaullah (BEDUF22-M33)
 Laws of motion
1. Newton’s first law of motion
1. Newton’s second law of motion
2. Newton’s third law of motion

Assigned by: Mam Amna Jabeen

Group No.08
Admin: Atika Abish
Members: Atika Abish, Nusrat Parveen, Sobia Bibi, Muhammad shafaullah
Motion:
Change with time of the position or direction of a body.
A motion is when the position of an object changes over a certain period of time.

“A body is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with respect to its

surroundings.”

SI UNIT:
Meter per second
FORMULA:
F=ma
EXAMPLES:
Motion of simple pendulum

FORCE:
The push and pull on an object with mass causes it to change its velocity. It has a
magnitude and a direction. Force is an external agent capable of changing a body’s state of
rest or motion. It is vector quantity.

“A force moves or tends to move, stops or tends to atop the motion of a body. The force
can also change the direction of motion of a body.”
SI UNIT:
Newton
FORMULA:
F=ma
EXAMPLES:
Force of bat on a ball.

SPEED:
The rate of change of position of an object in any direction. It is a scalar quantity.
Speed is measured as the ratio of distance to the time in which the distance was covered.

“The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed.”

SI UNIT:
Kilometer per hour
FORMULA:
S=d/t
EXAMPLE:
A car being driven 45 miles per hour.

VELOCITY:
The rate of change of displacement is known as the velocity. It can be
calculated by obtaining the ratio of displacement and the total time taken. Speed
means quickness of motion. It is vector quantity.
“The rate of displacement of a body is called velocity.”

SI UNIT:
Meter per second.
FORMULA:
V=Δx/Δt
EXAMPLE:
Earth rotation around the sun.
ACCELERATION:
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration means the speed is
changing, but not always. Acceleration is the change in velocity over the change in time. It is
a vector quantity.

“Acceleration is defined as the rate change of velocity of a body.”

SI UNIT:
Meter per second square
FORMULA:
a=Δv/Δt
EXAMPLE:
The falling of apple.
TYPES OF MOTION:
 Oscillatory motion
 Rotational motion
 Translational motion
 Periodic motion
 Circular motion
 Linear motion
 Uniform motion

1. OSCILLATORY MOTION:
Oscillatory motion is defied as the to and fro motion of the body about its fixed
position. Oscillatory motion is a type of periodic motion.
Example;
 Vibrating strings.
 Swinging on the swing.

2. Rotational Motion:
Rotational motion can be defined as the motion of an object around a circular path, in
a fixed orbit. The dynamics for rotational motion are completely analogous to linear or
translational dynamics.
Example;
 Earth rotating on its axis.

 Motion of the wheel.

 3. Translation Motion:
Translation motion is defined as the movement of all points of a moving body along the
same line or direction. There is no change in an objects orientation relative to a fixed point
when it is undergoing translational motion.
Example;
 Man walking on the road.
 Birds flying in the sky.

4. Circular Motion:
Circular motion is described as a movement of an object while rotating along a
circular path. Circular motion can be either uniform or non-uniform motion.
Example;
 The moon orbiting around the earth.
 Earth revolving around the sun.
5. Linear Motion:
A movement in a straight line is called linear motion. The linear motion is further
classified based on the route of motion as follows.
Rectilinear motion; The path of the motion is a straight line called as rectilinear motion.
Example;
 Car moving at a constant speed
 Train running in a straight track.

6. Uniform Motion:
The type of motion in which the object travel in a straight line with uniform speed, is
called uniform motion. In the case of uniform rectilinear motion, the acceleration of the
body will be zero.
Example;
 The motion of the earth around the sun.
 The motion of fan’s blades.
Laws of motion:
Newton was the first to formulate the laws of motion known as Newton’s laws of
motion. There are three laws of motion.
 Newton’s first law of motion
 Newton’s second law of motion
 Newton’s third law of motion
Newton’s first law of motion:
First law of motion deals with bodies which are either at rest or moving with uniform
speed in a straight line. According to Newton’s first law of motion, a body at rest remains at
rest provided no net force acts on it. This part of the law is true as we observe that objects do
not move by themselves unless someone moves them. For example, a book lying on a table
remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it.

Similarly, a moving object does not stop moving by itself. A ball rolled on a rough
ground stops earlier than that rolled on a smooth ground. It is because rough surface offer
greater friction. If there is no force to oppose the motion of a body, the moving body will
never stop.
 Thus Newton’s first law of motion stats that:
“A body continues its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line provided
no net force acts on it.”
Since Newton’s first law of motion deals with the inertial property of matter,
therefore, Newton’s first law of motion is also known as law of inertia.
Mathematical form;
F=0
a=0
vi = vf
Δv = vf – vi = 0
F=0
a=0
∆v 0
a= = =0
t t

Newton’s second law of motion:

Newton’s second law of motion deals with situations when a net force is acting on a
body. It stats that:
“When a net force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body in the
direction of the net force. The magnitude of this acceleration is directly proportional to the
net force acting on the body and inversely proportional to its mass.”
If a force produces an acceleration a in a body of a mass m, then we can state mathematicaly
that

a=F

1
and a =
m

F
or a =
m

or a = ma

Putting k as proportionally constant, we get

F = kma

In SI units, the value of k comes out to be 1. Thus Eq. F = kma becomes

F = ma

SI unit of force is newton (N). According to Newton’s second law of motion:

“Once newton (1 N) is the force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in a body

of mass of 1 kg.”
Thus a force of one newton can be expressed as
 1N = 1 kg * 1 ms-2

Or 1N = 1 kgms-2

Newton third law of motion:

Newton’s third law of motion deals with reaction of a body when a force act on it. Let
a body A exerts a force on another body B, the body B reacts against this force and exerted
by body A on B is the action force whereas the force exerted by body B on A is called the
reaction force. Newton’s third law of motion states that:
“To every action there is always an equal but opposite reaction.”
According to this law, action is always accompanied by a reaction force and the two
forces must always be equal and opposite. Note that action and reaction forces act on
different bodies.
Consider a book lay on a table. The weight of the book is acting on the table in the
downward direction. This is the action. The reaction on a table acts on the book in the upward
direction.

A rocket moves on the same principle. When its fuel burns, hot gases escape out from
its tail with a very high speed. The reaction of gases on the rocket causes it to move opposite
to the gases rushing out of its tail.