MOLINA, DESEREE MAY G.

BSED 1-A
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Civilization/ Period in Invention/ Description of the item and/or Importance of the

history  Discovery how it works invention/discovery in
civilization/society?

Stone Ages Hunting weapons It is one of the most interesting and

important periods of time in human
•bows and arrows history, as it marks the transition
-Bows and arrows were used as
from nomadic hunter-gatherers to
weapons for both hunting and
the beginnings of agriculture, animal
war purposes more than 61,000
domestication and the use of tools,
years ago.
aside from this stone tools and other
The bow is made of wood or artifacts offer evidence about how
some other elastic material. It early humans made things, how
has a string that is bound to the they lived, interacted with their
ends of the wooden frame in surroundings, and evolved over
tension. The bow is used to throw time.
an arrow on the target.
The arrow is made of wood or
some other hard material with a
pointed head. The tail of the
arrow is made of feathers.
Different arrow ends were used
for different purposes like flat-end
or pointed-end. Some explosive
material could be attached to the
arrow end.
The string of the bow was pulled
using the arrow and then it was
aimed at the target.
The string is let go to launch the
arrow at the target. Due to its
heavy and pointed end, it goes
straight toward the target and hits
it with a high speed.

•hammerstone
-It was a hard stone used for
 many purposes like striking
animal bones, crushing, and
hitting other stones.
Hammerstone is usually a hard
stone that doesn’t break easily. It
was made of sandstone,
quartzite, or limestone.
It was also regarded as a
universal tool throughout the
world including Asia, Europe, and
Africa.
It was used for making fractures
and breaking other stones which
were converted into other stones
with sharp edges. These sharp
stones are then used as tools for
different purposes.
•spears tipped with
flint or bone. Spears were used for hunting
and attacking animals or
enemies. It was used in combats
to attack the opponents. For an
attacking animal, the spear was
used for defense as well.

Sumerians/Ancient Cuneiform “a written script of wedge shaped The cuneiform was essential for
marks;” “styluses made of reed to communication and record keeping. 
write on clay tablets that were The Sumerians needed it to
dried and could be stored;” used manage the affairs of the city
for keeping “written records (financial transactions, court
describing financial transactions, proceedings, administrative
court proceedings, administrative decisions, and architectural plans),
decisions, and architectural and for trade with other cities.  They
plans;”  also used to write also used it to record stories, poems
legends, epic poems, chants, and and prayers, ensuring that they can
prayers. [Source: World History: be passed on to the next
Cultures, States, and Societies to generation. 
1500]

Irrigation, drainage the irrigation will provide water to The rivers were definitely important
Mesopotamia ditches, water the region. The residents created to meet the people’s everyday
reserves irrigation canals and ditches to needs for water and for agricultural
control the flow of water, they production, they can use the small
also stored water reservoirs to canals to transport water from the
use during the dry months of the rivers to the plantations in order to
 year. help the crops grow.

Hieroglyphics and Hieroglyphics emerged as a The Hieroglyphics or also known as

Ancient Egypt papyrus written text, combining picture words is important because
pictograms, a pictorial symbol for this were the artist usually record
a word or phrase, while papyrus the history of Egypt’s Elites, for
is one of the earliest writing example: skilled artist used
system and Egyptian paper. hieroglyphics to chronicle glorified
accounts of their patron’s lives on
the sides of their tombs. The
papyrus is used for important
documents and religious text.

Medieval Era Moveable-type It contributes to an increase in During the Medieval era, the
printing literacy and broader exposure to moveable- type printing helped
these new ideas. Chinese people to disseminate knowledge
characters were carved on wood wider and faster than ever before
blocks, which were then arranged instead of carving the entire book in
in boxes that could be dripped in one huge block.
ink and printed on paper.

Renaissance Era Gunpowder Gunpowder is a mixture of The gunpowder serves as the

saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal that weapon during this era. The
first begin to be widely used in Gunpowder has changed how war
East Asia During the Song was played. Kingdoms could no
Dynasty. The earliest evidence longer defend against cannons and
for their use is this scroll. The fire firearms, so knights were soon
lance is a predecessor to the replaced by foot soldiers with
gun. Gunpowder and projective firearms. Then during 1600's and
were placed in a tube projected 1700's William Congreve made
at the enemy. rockets for wars. Then late in the
17th century the gun was invented.
This caused a huge change in all
future wars. War could of been
won/lost and it could of changed
history if it was invented earlier. The
possibilities are endless.

Classical Era Catapult It is used for targeting a city from The catapults changed the strategy
the outside, first came into being of war. The catapult also made
in 399 BCE, five years after the the society feel safer. They felt as if
war ended. Catapult, mechanism they had a better army and more
for forcefully propelling stones, protection.
spears, or other projectiles, in
use mainly as a
military weapon since ancient
times. The ancient Greeks and
Romans used a heavy cross
bowlike weapon known as
a ballista to shoot arrows and
 darts as well as stones at enemy
soldiers.

Greek Hoplon A large, round, wooden shield The hoplites fought in

carried by the soldiers or the a battle formation called the
phalanx which was supposedly "phalanx." In the phalanx, soldiers
known as a hoplon.  would stand side by side
overlapping their shields to make a
wall of protection. Then they would
march forward using their spears to
attack their opponents. There were
generally several rows of soldiers.

Classical Era Pharos This shows an interest in straight It is important because the Pharos
lines and orderly shapes, while or light house of Alexandria was one
its function symbolized the ability of the most famous examples of
of man to subdue the sea even Hellenistic architecture and has
by night. remained a symbol of the city to the
present day. Its practical purpose
was to guide ships into the harbor at
night, it also exemplified the bold
advances and experimental spirit of
Hellenistic architecture.

Ancient Egypt Heat ray  It was suggested that Archimedes heat ray or even
Archimedes used copper or “the death ray” was used to focus
bronze shields as mirrors to sunlight/sun rays onto approaching
reflect sunlight onto the boat. ships, causing them to catch fire. 

Medieval Era/ Heavy plow Heavy plow allows farmers to  The heavy plows were used to
Medieval Europe plow into the thick soil of Western make agricultural techniques much
Europe. This is completely made easier. To try and facilitate the
of a single piece of wood and mixing of the soil before planting
were similar shape to how they seeds, the people of Mesopotamia
are today. invented and perfected the plow,
which is considered an evolution of
the pickaxe and the hoe. Initially
humans pulled it, but later on
animals were responsible for pulling
the plow.

Western Era/ Three field system One third for winter crops, one  These three field system is
Medieval Europe  of agriculture third for spring crops, and one important because it increased the
that was left fallow. amount of land that could be
planted each year. Second, it
protected farmers from starvation if
one of the crops failed. Throughout
Europe, towns and cities had been
in decay for centuries

Medieval Eyeglasses In the middle ages, eyeglasses The possession of eyeglasses

Era/Medieval Period were made from two convex became an indication of intelligence,
lenses confined by rims made of status, and wealth. This view was
bone or metal, these rims were shared by the people of Europe,
secured by a rivet at the central China, Italy and Spain.
point. Additionally, the lenses The invention of eyeglasses has
were either positioned before the increased productivity over the
wearer’s eyes or secured on ages. In the past, active, productive
either side of the wearer’s nose. members of society had to stop
working, writing, reading and using
their hands for skillful tasks at a
relatively young age.
With eyeglasses, these members
were able to continue their work.

ESSAY 

        
The Ancient civilization has made a significant and important contributions in all fields of life for
humankind. These contributions allowed human to develop and function better in their daily lives. Some
of the characteristics and concerns of the societies in ancient civilization are making of architecture and
unique art styles, shared of communication strategies, building infrastructure and administrations, class
structure, and lastly the division on labor.

Over the last century, there have been many significant changes in the way we live. Obviously, it is
hard to compare the life of the ancient people and the life of the people of the twenty first century
because so many changes have occurred. There is no doubt that there is a difference between the
needs of the societies from the past compared today. To start with, people were not able to travel such
long distances in such short period of time. The planes were not that popular then because they used
to be a very expensive means of transport. Nowadays, we have become very mobile because of the
gradually invented technologies. The most difficult and dangerous work are done by computers and
machines. We have fast and comfortable cars and more and more people also travel by plane.
Moreover, in the past people had to work much harder as they did not have tools which made their
work easier. 
The differences between the past and present needs can partly affect the kind of inventions produced
because the process of inventions done by the scientist in the past has changed, unlike today scientist
has been used of high-tech material for the process of invention. Present day technology has
consumed our lives, and people have become heavily reliant on their devices to make their lives simple
and easy.