ADVANCED DESIGN TECHNIQUES

AND REALIZATIONS OF
MICROWAVE AND RF FILTERS
ADVANCED DESIGN TECHNIQUES
AND REALIZATIONS OF
MICROWAVE AND RF FILTERS

PIERRE JARRY
JACQUES BENEAT

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Jarry, Pierre, 1946–

Advanced design techniques and realizations of microwave and RF filters /
Pierre Jarry, Jacques Beneat.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-18310-6 (cloth)
1. Microwave filters. I. Beneat, Jacques, 1964- II. Title.
TK7872.F5J37 2008
621.381
3224—dc22
2007050393

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

PART I MICROWAVE FILTER FUNDAMENTALS 1

1 Scattering Parameters and ABCD Matrices 3

1.1 Introduction, 3
1.2 Scattering Matrix of a Two-Port System, 4
1.2.1 Definitions, 4
1.2.2 Computing the S Parameters, 6
1.2.3 S-Parameter Properties, 10
1.3 ABCD Matrix of a Two-Port System, 10
1.3.1 ABCD Matrix of Basic Elements, 11
1.3.2 Cascade and Multiplication Property, 12
1.3.3 Input Impedence of a Loaded Two-Port, 14
1.3.4 Impedance and Admittance Inverters, 14
1.3.5 ABCD-Parameter Properties, 17
1.4 Conversion from Formulation S to ABCD
and ABCD to S, 18
1.5 Bisection Theorem for Symmetrical Networks, 18
1.6 Conclusions, 21
References, 21

2 Approximations and Synthesis 23

2.1 Introduction, 23
2.2 Ideal Low-Pass Filtering Characteristics, 24
v
vi CONTENTS

2.3 Functions Approximating the Ideal Low-Pass Magnitude

Response, 25
2.3.1 Butterworth Function, 25
2.3.2 Chebyshev Function, 26
2.3.3 Elliptic Function, 27
2.3.4 Generalized Chebyshev (Pseudoelliptic)
Function, 29
2.4 Functions Approximating the Ideal Low-Pass
Phase Response, 30
2.4.1 Bessel Function, 30
2.4.2 Rhodes Equidistant Linear-Phase Function, 31
2.5 Low-Pass Lumped Ladder Prototypes, 32
2.5.1 General Synthesis Technique, 32
2.5.2 Normalized Low-Pass Ladders, 36
2.6 Impedance and Frequency Scaling, 39
2.6.1 Impedance Scaling, 39
2.6.2 Frequency Scaling, 40
2.7 LC Filter Example, 41
2.8 Impedance and Admittance Inverter Ladders, 41
2.8.1 Low-Pass Prototypes, 41
2.8.2 Scaling Flexibility, 42
2.8.3 Bandpass Ladders, 44
2.8.4 Filter Examples, 45
2.9 Conclusions, 46
References, 46

3 Waveguides and Transmission Lines 49

3.1 Introduction, 49
3.2 Rectangular Waveguides and Cavities, 49
3.2.1 Rectangular Waveguides, 49
3.2.2 Rectangular Cavities, 52
3.3 Circular Waveguides and Cavities, 53
3.3.1 Circular Waveguides, 53
3.3.2 Cylindrical Cavities, 55
3.4 Evanescent Modes, 56
3.5 Planar Transmission Lines, 57
3.6 Distributed Circuits, 60
3.7 Conclusions, 63
References, 64

4 Categorization of Microwave Filters 67

4.1 Introduction, 67
4.2 Minimum-Phase Microwave Filters, 68
4.2.1 General Design Steps, 68
CONTENTS vii

4.2.2 Minimum-Phase Filter Examples, 70

4.3 Non-Minimum-Phase Symmetrical Response Microwave
Filters, 70
4.3.1 General Design Steps, 71
4.3.2 Non-Minimum-Phase Symmetrical Response Filter
Examples, 73
4.3.3 Microwave Linear-Phase Filters, 73
4.4 Non-Minimum-Phase Asymmetrical Response
Microwave Filters, 74
4.4.1 General Design Steps, 74
4.4.2 Non-Minimum-Phase Asymmetrical Response Filter
Examples, 77
4.4.3 Multimode Microwave Filters by Optimization, 79
4.5 Conclusions, 79
References, 80

PART II MINIMUM-PHASE FILTERS 83

5 Capacitive-Gap Filters for Millimeter Waves 85

5.1 Introduction, 85
5.2 Capacitive-Gap Filters, 86
5.2.1 Capacitive-Gap Filter Structure, 86
5.2.2 Design Procedures, 87
5.2.3 Step-by-Step Design Example, 91
5.2.4 Filter Realizations, 93
5.3 Extension to Millimeter Waves, 95
5.3.1 Millimeter-Wave Technology, 95
5.3.2 Fifth-Order Chebyshev Capacitive-Gap Filter
at 35 GHz, 96
5.4 Electromagnetic Characterization of SSS, 99
5.5 Conclusions, 102
References, 102

6 Evanescent-Mode Waveguide Filters with Dielectric Inserts 105

6.1 Introduction, 105
6.2 Evanescent-Mode Waveguide Filters, 106
6.2.1 Scattering and ABCD Descriptions of the Structure, 108
6.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of the Structure, 110
6.2.3 Filter Design Procedure, 115
6.2.4 Design Examples and Realizations, 117
6.3 Folded Evanescent-Mode Waveguide Filters, 121
6.3.1 Scattering and ABCD Descriptions of the Additional
Elements, 123
viii CONTENTS

6.3.2 Filter Design Procedure, 125

6.3.3 Design Examples and Realizations, 125
6.4 Conclusions, 127
References, 128

7 Interdigital Filters 131

7.1 Introduction, 131
7.2 Interdigital Filters, 131
7.3 Design Method, 135
7.3.1 Prototype Circuit, 135
7.3.2 Equivalent Circuit, 137
7.3.3 Input and Output, 140
7.3.4 Case of Narrowband Filters, 141
7.3.5 Frequency Transformation, 141
7.3.6 Physical Parameters of the Interdigital Filter, 142
7.4 Design Examples, 145
7.4.1 Wideband Example, 145
7.4.2 Narrowband Example, 147
7.5 Realizations and Measured Performance, 148
7.6 Conclusions, 150
References, 151

8 Combline Filters Implemented in SSS 153

8.1 Introduction, 153
8.2 Combline Filters, 153
8.3 Design Method, 156
8.3.1 Prototype Circuit, 156
8.3.2 Equivalent Circuit, 157
8.3.3 Input and Output, 159
8.3.4 Feasibility, 162
8.3.5 Physical Parameters of the Combline Structure, 162
8.4 Design Example, 165
8.5 Realizations and Measured Performance, 168
8.6 Conclusions, 169
References, 170

PART III NON-MINIMUM-PHASE SYMMETRICAL

RESPONSE FILTERS 171
9 Generalized Interdigital Filters with Conditions on
Amplitude and Phase 173
9.1 Introduction, 173
9.2 Generalized Interdigital Filter, 174
9.3 Simultaneous Amplitude and Phase Functions, 175
CONTENTS ix

9.3.1 Minimum-Phase Functions with Linear Phase, 175

9.3.2 Non-Minimum-Phase Functions with Simultaneous
Conditions on the Amplitude and Phase, 177
9.3.3 Synthesis of Non-Minimum-Phase Functions with
Simultaneous Conditions on the Amplitude and
Phase, 180
9.4 Design Method, 182
9.4.1 Even-Mode Equivalent Circuit, 182
9.4.2 Frequency Transformation, 186
9.4.3 Physical Parameters of the Interdigital Structure, 187
9.5 Design Example, 191
9.6 Realizations and Measured Performance, 194
9.7 Conclusions, 195
References, 197

10 Temperature-Stable Narrowband Monomode TE011

Linear-Phase Filters 199
10.1 Introduction, 199
10.2 TE011 Filters, 200
10.3 Low-Pass Prototype, 200
10.3.1 Amplitude, 200
10.3.2 Delay, 201
10.3.3 Synthesis of the Low-Pass Prototype, 202
10.4 Design Method, 204
10.4.1 Matching the Coupling, 204
10.4.2 Selecting the Cavities, 207
10.4.3 Defining the Coupling, 208
10.5 Design Example, 210
10.6 Realizations and Measured Performance, 213
10.6.1 Amplitude and Phase Performance, 213
10.6.2 Temperature Performance, 214
10.7 Conclusions, 215
References, 217

PART IV NON-MINIMUM-PHASE ASYMMETRICAL

RESPONSE FILTERS 219
11 Asymmetrical Capacitive-Gap Coupled Line Filters 221
11.1 Introduction, 221
11.2 Capacitive-Gap Coupled Line Filters, 222
11.3 Synthesis of Low-Pass Asymmetrical Generalized
Chebyshev Filters, 222
11.3.1 In-Line Network, 225
11.3.2 Analysis of the In-Line Network, 226
x CONTENTS

11.3.3 Synthesis of the In-Line Network, 229

11.3.4 Frequency Transformation, 232
11.4 Design Method, 233
11.5 Design Example, 238
11.6 Realization of the CGCL Filter, 243
11.7 Conclusions, 244
References, 245

12 Asymmetrical Dual-Mode TE102 /TE301 Thick Iris Rectangular

In-Line Waveguide Filters with Transmission Zeros 247
12.1 Introduction, 247
12.2 TE102 /TE301 Filters, 248
12.3 Synthesis of Low-Pass Asymmetrical Generalized
Chebyshev Filters, 248
12.3.1 Fundamental Element, 249
12.3.2 Analysis of the In-Line Network, 250
12.3.3 Synthesis by Simple Extraction Techniques, 252
12.3.4 Frequency Transformation, 254
12.4 Design Method, 256
12.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of Monomode and Bimode
Cavities, 256
12.4.2 Optimization Approach, 256
12.5 Design Example, 262
12.6 Realizations and Measured Performance, 266
12.6.1 Third-Order Filter with One Transmission Zero, 266
12.6.2 Fourth-Order Filter with Two Transmission Zeros, 268
12.7 Conclusions, 269
References, 270

13 Asymmetrical Cylindrical Dual-Mode Waveguide Filters with

Transmission Zeros 273
13.1 Introduction, 273
13.2 Dual-Mode Cylindrical Waveguide Filters, 274
13.3 Synthesis of Low-Pass Asymmetrical Generalized
Chebyshev Filters, 275
13.3.1 Synthesis From a Cross-Coupled Prototype, 275
13.3.2 Extracting the Elements from the Chain Matrix, 277
13.3.3 Coupling Graph and Frequency Transformation, 281
13.4 Design Method, 284
13.4.1 Rotation Matrix, 284
13.4.2 Cruciform Iris, 286
13.4.3 Physical Parameters of the Irises, 290
13.5 Realizations and Measured Performance, 292
CONTENTS xi

13.5.1 Fourth-Order Filter with One Transmission Zero

on the Left, 292
13.5.2 Fourth-Order Filter with Two Ransmission Zeros
on the Right, 293
13.5.3 Sixth-Order Filter with One Transmission Zero
on the Right, 295
13.6 Conclusions, 296
References, 296

14 Asymmetrical Multimode Rectangular Building Block Filters

Using Genetic Optimization 299
14.1 Introduction, 299
14.2 Multimode Rectangular Waveguide Filters, 300
14.3 Optimization-Based Design, 302
14.3.1 Genetic Algorithm, 302
14.3.2 Example, 308
14.4 Realizations, 313
14.4.1 Fourth-Order Filter with Two Transmission
Zeros, 313
14.4.2 Seventh-Order Filter with Four Transmission
Zeros, 314
14.4.3 Extension to a Tenth-Order Filter with Six
Transmission Zeros, 318
14.5 Conclusions, 320
References, 320

Appendix 1: Lossless Systems 323

Appendix 2: Redundant Elements 325

Appendix 3: Modal Analysis of Waveguide Step Discontinuities 328

Appendix 4: Trisections with Unity Inverters on the

Inside or on the Outside 338

Appendix 5: Reference Fields and Scattering Matrices for

Multimodal Rectangular Waveguide Filters 340

Index 353
FOREWORD

Being asked to review the manuscript of Advanced Design Techniques and Real-
izations of Microwave and RF filters was an honor. The title truly represents the
book’s focus and its contents.
Filters are the most important passive components used in RF and microwave
subsystems and instruments to obtain a precise frequency response. In the early
years of filter development, significant progress was made in waveguide and pla-
nar TEM filters. During the past two decades, filter technology has advanced
in the area of emerging applications for both military and commercial markets.
Several major developmental categories in filter technology are included: perfor-
mance improvement, development of CAD tools, full-wave analysis, new struc-
tures and configurations, and advanced materials and associated technologies.
Advanced materials/technologies such as high-temperature superconductor sub-
strates, micromachining, multilayer monolithic, low-temperature co-fired ceramic,
and liquid-crystal polymer are commonly used in the development of advanced
filters. Some recent applications of filters include dual-band communication, such
as wireless local area networks and ultrawideband communication and imaging.
This book treats the subject to meet the needs for advanced filter design
based on planar and waveguide structures that can satisfy the ever-increasing
demand for design accuracy, reliability, fast development times, and cost-effective
solutions. The topics discussed include analyses, design, modeling, fabrication,
and practical considerations for both ladder and bridged filters. Modern design
techniques are discussed for a wide variety of microwave filters, including com-
prehensive analyses and modeling of structures. These topics are self-contained,
with practical aspects addressed in detail. Extensive design information in the
form of equations, tables, graphs, and solved examples are included. To aid in
solving filter-related design problems from specifications to realization of the end-
product, the book provides a unique integration of theory and practical aspects
of filters. Simple design equations and numerous practical examples are included
which simplify the concepts of advanced filter design. With emphasis on theory,
xiii
xiv FOREWORD

design, and practical aspects geared toward day-to-day applications, the book is
suitable for students, teachers, scientists, and practicing engineers.
Overall, the book is well balanced and includes exhaustive treatment of rel-
evant topics important to a filter designer. I congratulate the authors on an
outstanding book that I am confident will be very well received in the RF and
microwave community.

Dr. Inder Bahl

Roanoke, Virginia
November 2007
PREFACE

Microwave and RF filters play an important role in communication systems, and

due to the proliferation of radar, satellite, and mobile wireless systems there is a
need for design methods that can satisfy the ever-increasing demand for accuracy,
reliability, and fast development times. This book, which provides modern design
techniques for a wide variety of microwave filters operating over the frequency
range 1 to 35 GHz, has grown out of the authors’ own research and teaching
and thus can present a unity of methodology and style, essential for a smooth
reading.
The book is intended for researchers and for radio-frequency (RF) and micro-
wave engineers, but is also suitable for an advanced graduate course in the subject
area. Furthermore, it is possible to choose material from the book to supplement
traditional courses in microwave filter design. The fundamental principles that
can be applied to the synthesis and design of microwave filters are first recalled
in a concise manner. Each of the 10 design chapters provides a complete anal-
ysis and modeling of the microwave structure used for filtering, as well as the
design methodology. We hope that this will provide researchers with a set of
approaches that can be used for current and future microwave filter designs. We
also emphasize the practical nature of the subject by summarizing the design steps
and giving numerous examples of filter realizations and measured responses so
that RF and microwave engineers can have an appreciation of each filter in view
of their needs. This approach, we believe, has produced a coherent, practical,
and real-life treatment of the subject. The book is therefore theoretical but also
experimental, with over 20 microwave filter realizations.
The book is divided into four parts. In Part I comprising the first four chapters,
fundamental concepts and equations for microwave filter analysis and design are
provided. Chapter 1 covers definitions and examples of the scattering and ABCD
parameters of two-port systems. Classical elements used in microwave filter
design, such as impedance and admittance inverters, are reviewed. The bisec-
tion theorem, which is often very useful to simplify the synthesis of microwave
xv
xvi PREFACE

filters, is presented. Chapter 2 summarizes filter approximations and synthesis.

Several functions, such as the Butterworth, Chebyshev, elliptic, and pseudoellip-
tic, are given for amplitude-oriented filters. The Bessel and Rhodes equidistant
linear-phase functions are provided for phase-oriented filters. The general syn-
thesis method for some of these functions is discussed in terms of lumped ladder
realizations. The chapter ends with useful properties and equations related to real-
izations based on impedance and admittance inverters. In Chapter 3 we recall the
fundamental equations for waveguides, striplines, suspended substrate striplines,
and distributed circuits. The general design approaches used for the filters pre-
sented in the book are given in Chapter 4. The filters are regrouped in terms of
minimum or non-minimum-phase microwave filters. The latter being regrouped
according to the low-pass symmetry of their magnitude response around 0 Hz,
referred to as non-minimum-phase symmetrical or asymmetrical microwave
filters.
Part II consists of Chapters 5 through 8, corresponding to the analysis and
design of four minimum-phase filters. In Chapter 5 we describe the analysis
and modeling of capacitive gap filters implemented using suspended substrate
stripline. A straightforward design technique is presented and actual realizations
and measured responses are given for narrow- and wideband filters in the range
8 to 16 GHz. The chapter concludes with preliminary results showing that this
technique can be extended to the design of millimeter-wave filters. An example of
a 35-GHz suspended substrate stripline filter is given. It becomes clear, however,
that more rigorous electromagnetic analysis and treatment of problems will be
needed to improve the performance of filters at these frequencies. In Chapter 6
we present a design technique for evanescent-mode waveguide filters, which
can have either rectangular or circular cross sections and include a number of
dielectric inserts. These filters can be smaller than traditional waveguide filters,
since the cutoff frequency of the guide can be increased even if this means that
the fundamental mode will be evanescent in part of the structure.
Several realizations showing the reliability of the technique are given at 14
GHz. In an attempt to reduce the form factor of these filters, the design of folded
evanescent mode waveguide filters is introduced. Two realizations with different
angles of curvature around 8.4 and 14.6 GHz are described. In Chapter 7 we
present the design of interdigital filters, structures modeled using the method of
graphs rather than the admittance matrix approach. The design is based on the
use of a low-pass prototype circuit, due to the periodic nature in frequency of
interdigital line segments. Two realizations around 1 and 2 GHz made using sus-
pended substrate stripline are shown. In Chapter 8 an exact design procedure for
combline filters is provided. The technique is applied to a filter at 1.2 GHz using
suspended stripline.
Part III which includes Chapters 9 and 10, provides two techniques for design-
ing non-minimum-phase symmetrical response filters. In the case of symmetri-
cal responses, the bisection theorem can be used to reduce the complexity of
the design method. The filters presented in this part are concerned primarily
with phase characteristics. The non-minimum-phase condition leads to additional
PREFACE xvii

degrees of freedom that can be used to shape the frequency response of the
filter. However, this also requires microwave structures that can accommodate
the non-minimum-phase condition, and the design techniques are usually more
complex. Chapter 9 makes use of the additional degrees of freedom to design
filters that have good group delay characteristics. The filters are implemented
using a generalized interdigital structure. A realization at 2.7 GHz based on
interdigital bars is shown to give a group delay variation of 2 ns in the pass-
band. In Chapter 10 we present very narrowband (e.g., 1%) circular monomode
TE011 cavity filters. A method for optimizing the group delay is introduced. A
monomode filter design and realization is given at 14.5 GHz. These filters are
also suited for temperature variations. The stability of filter responses from −10
to +20◦ C is demonstrated.
Part IV groups Chapters 11 through 14 and deals with non-minimum-phase
asymmetrical response filters. The filters in this chapter present generalized
Chebyshev or pseudoelliptic bandpass responses with a given number of trans-
mission zeros. In the case of asymmetrical responses, the lowpass prototype
is imaginary, and neither the bisection theorem nor traditional frequency trans-
form techniques can be used. The microwave structures must also be able to
generate zeros of transmission. In Chapter 11 we describe the design technique
for capacitive-gap coupled line filters that have generalized Chebyshev asym-
metrical responses. A third-order realization in suspended stripline at 10 GHz
shows an asymmetrical response with a zero of transmission at a frequency
above the passband. Chapter 12 deals with a state-of-the-art family of in-line
dual-mode rectangular structures using resonant TE102 and TE301 modes. Two
realizations are given for frequencies around 12 GHz. In Chapter 13 we describe
a technique used to design cylindrical dual-mode cavity filters with asymmetrical
responses. Good amplitude characteristics are obtained using the TE113 resonant
mode. Several realizations using a dual-mode cavity are given around 8.5 GHz.
The responses show that various combinations of the zeros of transmission can be
obtained.
In Chapter 14 we introduce a new concept for the design of non-minimum-
phase microwave filters. The filters are made of basic rectangular waveguide
building blocks, and the filters can be designed by using a powerful optimization
algorithm called the genetic algorithm. Use of this method makes it possi-
ble to design rectangular multimode cavity filters with generalized Chebyshev
responses. The realization of a fourth-order filter at 14 GHz with two zeros of
transmission using one building block (TE100 , TM120 , and TM210 modes), and a
seventh-order filter at 20 GHz with four zeros of transmission using two building
blocks are given. Due to the simplicity of the building blocks, these filters are
also easy to manufacture.
The plan of the book is summarized in Figure P1. It shows that we begin in Part
I with fundamental concepts and equations useful for designing microwave filters.
The reader can stop after Part II which provides a synthesis of minimum-phase
microwave filters. The reader could also go directly to more advanced filters
known as non-minimum-phase filters. Part III provides the design techniques
xviii PREFACE

PART I
FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE FILTER DESIGN
Microwave Analysis and Filter Approximations
(Chapters 1–4)

NON MINIMUM PHASE FILTERS

(Chapters 9–14)

PART II PART III PART IV

MINIMUM PHASE FILTERS SYMMETRICAL RESPONSES ASYMMETRICAL RESPONSES
(Chapters 5–8) (Chapters 9 and 10) (Chapters 11 to 14)

Figure P1 Summary of the organization of the book.

used for non-minimum-phase filters with symmetrical responses, and Part IV

covers approaches for designing non-minimum-phase filters with asymmetrical
responses. The difference between the latter two types of filters depends on the
low-pass network being considered (real or imaginary).
We would like to acknowledge the contributions of our past and present
research students whose collaboration has resulted in much of the material in
the book. In particular, we would like to mention Professor Humberto Abdalla
Junior and Professor Horacio Tertuliano from Brazil, Professor G. Tanné and
Associate Professors J.F. Favennec and F. Le Pennec from France, Professor C.
Djoub from Ivory Coast, Engineer M. Lyakoubi from Canada, and Engineers
N. Boutheiller, CL. Guichaoua, E. Hanna, M. Lecouve, D. Lo Line Tong and
O. Roquebrun from France.
The book is based on the authors’ research under the sponsorship of the
European Space Agency (ESA), France Telecommunications Research & Devel-
opment (CNET), National Center of Spatial Studies (CNES), ALCATEL SPACE,
PHILIPS and THOMSON, French Ministry of Research and Technology (MRT),
French Delegation of Research in Science and Techniques (DGRST).
The work resulted in 2 patents with ESA, 3 patents with ALCATEL SPACE
and approximately 16 contracts with the different agencies and companies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are deeply indebted to Dr. Inder J. Bahl of Tyco Electronics
M/A-COM (USA), editor of the International Journal of RF and Microwave
Computer-Aided Engineering. The book couldn’t have been written without his
help, and he is acknowledged with gratitude.
Our sincere thanks extend to George Telecki of Wiley-Interscience, and the
reviewers, for their support in writing the book. The help provided by Rachel
Witmer and Melissa Valentine of Wiley is very much appreciated.
Pierre Jarry wishes to thank his colleagues at the University of Bordeaux,
including Professors Pascal Fouillat, Eric Kerherve, and André Touboul, as well
PREFACE xix

as Professor Yves Garault at the University of Limoges. Finally, he would like

to express his deep appreciation to his wife, Roselyne, and his son, Jean-Pierre,
for their tolerance and support.
Jacques Beneat is very grateful to Norwich University, a place conducive to
trying new endeavors and succeeding. He particularly wants to thank Professors
Ronald Lessard and Steve Fitzhugh for their support during the writing of the
book; Bjong Wolf Yeigh, Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the
Faculty; and Bruce Bowman, Dean of the David Crawford School of Engineering,
for their encouragement in such a difficult enterprise.

Pierre Jarry
Jacques Beneat