LES SON Solving Absolute-Value Inequalities

91
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary An equation with one or more absolute-value expressions is
(74)
called an .

Simplify.
2. 8 - 15 3. -3 + 9
(5) (5)

Solve.
4. x - 4 = 7 5. x + 7 = 2
(74) (74)

New Concepts An absolute-value inequality is an inequality with at least one absolute-value

expression. The solution to an absolute-value inequality can be written as a
compound inequality.

Math Language The inequality x < 6 describes all real numbers whose distance from 0 is
less than 6 units. The solutions are all real numbers between -6 and 6. The
The absolute value of
a number is its distance
solution can be written -6 < x < 6 or as the compound inequality x > -6
from zero on the number AND x < 6.
line.

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

The inequality x > 6 describes all real numbers whose distance from 0 is
greater than 6 units. The solutions are all real numbers less than -6 or greater
than 6. The solution can be written as the compound inequality x < -6 OR
x > 6.

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Example 1 Solving Absolute-Value Inequalities by Graphing

Reading Math Solve each inequality by graphing.
For the inequality a. x < 4 b. x > 7
-4 < x < 4, you can say,
“x is between -4 and 4.” SOLUTION SOLUTION

If the absolute value of x is less If the absolute value of x is greater

Math Reasoning than 4, then x is less than 4 units than 7, then x is more than 7 units
from zero on a number line. from zero on a number line.
Analyze Why is the
word “OR” used here to
describe the solution? -4 -2 0 2 4 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

The graph shows x < 4 AND The graph shows x > 7 OR x < -7.
x > -4. This can also be written
-4 < x < 4.

602 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 2 Isolating the Absolute Value to Solve
Solve and graph each inequality.

a. x + 7.4 ≤ 9.8

SOLUTION

Begin by isolating the absolute value.

x + 7.4 ≤ 9.8
-7.4
___ -7.4
___ Subtraction Property of Inequality
x ≤ 2.4 Simplify.

Since the absolute value of x is less than or equal to 2.4, it is 2.4 units or less
from zero.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

The solution can be written x ≥ -2.4 AND x ≤ 2.4 or -2.4 ≤ x ≤ 2.4.

x
_
b. >2
4
SOLUTION

Begin by isolating the absolute value.

x
_ >2
4
x
4·_>2·4 Multiplication Property of Inequality
4
x > 8 Simplify.

The absolute value of x is greater than 8, so it is more than 8 units from zero.

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12

The solution is x > 8 OR x < -8.

c. -2x < -6
SOLUTION

Caution Begin by isolating the absolute value.

Be sure to reverse -2x < -6
the direction of the
-2x _
_
inequality sign if you
> -6 Division Property of Inequality
multiply or divide by a -2 -2
negative number when
solving the inequality. x > 3 Simplify.

Since the absolute value of x is greater than 3, it is more than 3 units from zero.

-4 -2 0 2 4
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com The solution is x > 3 OR x < -3.

Lesson 91 603
 Some absolute-value inequalities have variable expressions inside the
absolute-value symbols. The expression inside the absolute-value symbols can
be positive or negative.
The inequality x + 1 < 3 The inequality x + 1 > 3
represents all numbers whose represents all numbers whose
distance from -1 is less than 3. distance from -1 is greater than 3.
3 units 3 units 3 units 3 units

-4 -2 0 2 -4 -2 0 2

Rules for Solving Absolute-Value Inequalities

For an inequality in the form K < a, where K represents a variable
expression and a > 0, solve -a < K < a or K > -a AND K < a.
For an inequality in the form K > a, where K represents a variable
expression and a > 0, solve K < -a OR K > a.
Similar rules are true for K ≤ a or K ≥ a.

Example 3 Solving Inequalities with Operations Inside

Absolute-Value Symbols
Solve each inequality. Then graph the solution.

a. x - 5 ≤ 3
SOLUTION

Use the rules for solving absolute-value inequalities to write a compound

inequality.
x - 5 ≤ 3
x - 5 ≥ -3 AND x - 5 ≤ 3 Write the compound inequality.
+5
__ +5
__ +5
__ +5
__ Addition Property of Inequality
x≥2 AND x≤8 Simplify.

Now graph the inequality. 0 2 4 6 8

b. x + 7 > 3
SOLUTION

Use the rules for solving absolute-value inequalities to write a compound

inequality.
x + 7 > 3
x + 7 < -3 OR x + 7 > 3 Write the compound inequality.
-7
__ -7
__ -7
__ -7
__ Subtraction Property of Inequality
x < -10 OR x > -4 Simplify.

Now graph the inequality.

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8

604 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Solving Special Cases
Solve each inequality.

a. x + 6 ≤ 4
SOLUTION

x + 6 ≤ 4
x ≤ -2 Subtract 6 from both sides.

This inequality states that a number’s distance from 0 is less than or equal
to -2. No distance can be negative. Therefore, there are no solutions to
this inequality. The solution is identified as { } or ∅, the empty set.

b. x + 6 > 1
SOLUTION

x + 6 > 1
x > -5 Subtract 6 from both sides.

This inequality states that a number’s distance from 0 is greater than -5.
Since all distances (and absolute values) are positive, all numbers on the
number line are solutions. The solution is identified as , the set of all real
numbers. It means that the inequality is an identity; it works for all real
numbers.

Example 5 Application: Polling

A poll finds that candidate Garcia is favored by 46% of the voters surveyed
and Jackson is favored by 44%. The poll has an accuracy of plus or
minus 3%.

Math Reasoning a. Write an absolute-value inequality to show the true percentage of

Justify According to the
voters for Garcia.
poll, Garcia and Jackson
SOLUTION
are in a “statistical dead
heat”— a tie. Explain
why the poll would not
Let the true percentage of voters for Garcia be g.
say that Garcia (46%) is
leading Jackson (44%).
For g to be within 3%, the distance from g to 46 must be less than or equal
to 3. The distance is represented by the absolute value of their difference.
g - 46 ≤ 3

b. Solve the inequality to find the range for the true percentage of voters
who support Garcia.
SOLUTION

g - 46 ≤ 3
-3 ≤ g - 46 ≤ 3 Write the inequality without an absolute value.
43 ≤ g ≤ 49 Add 46 to all 3 parts of the inequality.

The range is between 43% and 49%.

Lesson 91 605
 Lesson Practice
a. Solve and graph the inequality  x  < 12.
(Ex 1)
b. Solve and graph the inequality  x  > 19.
(Ex 1)
c. Solve and graph the inequality  x  + 2.8 ≤ 10.4.
(Ex 2)
x
d. Solve and graph the inequality _ < -1.
(Ex 2) -5
e. Solve and graph the inequality ⎪x - 10⎥ ≤ 12.
(Ex 3)
f. Solve and graph the inequality ⎪x + 12⎥ > 18.
(Ex 3)
g. Solve the inequality  x  + 21 ≤ 14.
(Ex 4)
h. Solve the inequality  x  + 33 > 24.
(Ex 4)

Industry A machine part must be 15 ± 0.2 cm in diameter.

(Ex 5)
i. Write an inequality to show the range of acceptable diameters.
j. Solve the inequality to find the actual range for the diameters.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

1. Find the axis of symmetry for the graph of the equation y = -_12 x2 + x - 3.
(89)

Add or subtract.

2. _
6rs _
+ 18r 3. _
b
-_
6
(90) r2s2 r2s2 (90) 2b + 1 b-4

Factor.
4. -4y4 + 8y3 + 5y2 - 10y 5. 3a2 - 27
(87) (83)

Evaluate.
6. 4x2 + 6x - 4 7. 9x2 - 2x + 32
(75) (75)

*8. Solve and graph the inequality  x  < 96.

(91)

*9. Write Explain what  x  ≥ 54 means on a number line.

(91)

*10. Justify When solving an absolute-value inequality, a student gets x ≥ -5. Justify
(91)
that any value for x makes this inequality true.

*11. Multiple Choice Which inequality is represented by the graph?

(91)

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
A x < 9 B x > 9 C x ≤ 9 D x < -9

*12. Track A runner finishes a sprint in 8.54 seconds. The timer’s accuracy is plus or
(91)
minus 0.3 seconds. Solve and graph the inequality t - 8.54 ≤ 0.3.

606 Saxon Algebra 1

 *13. Error Analysis Two students simplified _2c
c-6
+_12
6-c
. Which student is correct?
(90)
Explain the error.

Student A Student B
_
2c - 12 _
2c + 12
c-6 c-6
2(c
_ - 6) 2(c + 6)
_
=2 = -2
c-6 c-6

*14. Multi-Step A farmer has a rectangular plot of land with an area of x2 + 22x + 72
(90)
square meters. He sets aside x2 square meters for grazing and 2x - 8 square meters
for a chicken coop.
a. Write a simplified expression for the total fraction of the field the farmer has
set aside.
b. Estimate About what percent of the field has the farmer set aside if x = 30?

15. Geometry Write a simplified expression for the total fraction 5x

(90)
of the larger rectangle that the triangle and smaller rectangle
cover. 2x 2x + 18
2x

2x x-2

2
4 - 6) .
16. Find the product of ( √
(76)

17. Analyze Why is it necessary to understand factoring when dealing with rational
(88)
expressions?
4x + 2xy
18. Multi-Step The base of triangle ABC is x2 + y. The height is _
x3 + xy
. What is the
(88)
area of triangle ABC ?
a. Multiply the base of the triangle by its height.
b. Multiply the product from part a by _1 .
2

*19. Error Analysis Two students tried to find the axis of symmetry for the equation
(89)
y = 8x + 2x2. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B

x=_
-b = _-2 = _
-2 = -_
1 x=_-8 = _
-8 = -2
2a 2(8) 16 8 2(2) 4

*20. Space If it were possible to play ball on Jupiter, the function y = -13x2 + 39x
(89)
would approximate the height of a ball kicked straight up at a velocity of
39 meters per second, where x is time in seconds. Find the maximum height the
ball reaches and the time it takes the ball to reach that height. (Hint: Find the time
the ball reaches its maximum height first.)
3 4
21. Measurement The coordinates of two landmarks on a city map are A(5, 3) and
(86)
B(7, 10). Each grid line represents 0.05 miles. Find the distance between
landmarks A and B.

Lesson 91 607
 22. Archeology Archeologists use coordinate grids to record locations of artifacts.
(86)
Jonah recorded that he found one old coin at (41, 37), and a second old coin at
(5, 2). Each unit on his grid represents 0.25 feet. How far apart were the coins?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a foot.

23. Find the length t to the nearest tenth.

(85)

t
√3
5

24. House Painting A house painter leans a 34-foot ladder against a house with
(85)
the bottom of the ladder 7 feet from the base of the house. Will the top of
the ladder touch the house above or below a windowsill that is 33 feet off the
ground?

25. Graph the function y = 4x2.

(84)

26. Generalize What is the factored form of a 2m + 2a mb n + b 2n?

(83)

27. Shopping Roger has $40 to buy CDs. The CDs cost $5 each. He will definitely
(82)
buy at least 3 CDs. How many CDs can Roger buy? Use inequalities to solve the
problems.

28. Multi-Step A summer school program has a budget of $1000 to buy T-shirts.
(78)
Twenty free T-shirts will be received when they place their order. The number of
T-shirts y that the program can get is given by y = _
1000
x + 20, where x is the price
per T-shirt.
a. What is the horizontal asymptote of this rational function?
b. What is the vertical asymptote?
c. If the price per T-shirt is $10, how many T-shirts can the program receive?

*29. Suppose the area of a rectangle is represented by the expression 4x2 + 9x + 2.

(Inv 9)
Find possible expressions for the length and width of the rectangle.

30. Simplify the expression 6 √

8 · √

5.
(76)

608 Saxon Algebra 1

L E SSON Simplifying Complex Fractions
92
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary For any nonzero real number n, the of the number
is _n .
(11) 1

Identify the LCM.

2. 4x - 16 and x - 4 3. 18x2 and 9x
(57) (57)

Factor.
4. x2 - 4x - 77 5. 18x2 + 12x + 2
(72) (83)

New Concepts A complex fraction is a fraction that contains one or more fractions in the
numerator or the denominator.

Complex Fractions
There are two ways to write a fraction divided by a fraction.
_a
_b _a _c
_c = b ÷ d , when b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0, and d ≠ 0.
d

A complex fraction can be written as a fraction divided by a fraction. The

rules for dividing fractions can be applied to simplify complex fractions.

Example 1 Simplifying by Dividing

_a
Simplify _x
.
_b
Math Reasoning a+x
Write Explain why the SOLUTION
complex fraction
_
_
a
x
can be
_a
_b
a+x
_x
written as _a ÷ _
x
b
a+x . _b
a+x

=_
a _ b
x ÷ a+x Write using a division symbol.

=_
a _
a+x
x· b Multiply by the reciprocal.

a(a + x)
=_ Multiply.
xb

Lesson 92 609
 The product of a number and its reciprocal is 1. To eliminate the fraction
in the denominator of a complex fraction, multiply the numerator and the
denominator by the reciprocal of the denominator.

Example 2 Simplifying Using the Reciprocal of the Denominator

_
am
_
Simplify _
n
x .
mn
SOLUTION

_
am
_n
_x
mn
_
am · _
mn
=_n x Multiply by the reciprocal of the denominator.
_x ·_mn
mn x
am · _
_ mn
_ n
= x mn x Divide out common factors.
_·_
mn x
_
am 2

_
= x Multiply.
1

=_
am2
x Simplify.

Example 3 Factoring to Simplify

_ 3x
Simplify _
6x + 12
.
_ 9
x+2
SOLUTION

_ 3x
_
6x + 12
_ 9
x+2

=_ 3x ÷_9 Write using a division symbol.

6x + 12 x+2

=_ ·_
3x x+2
Factor out the GCF and multiply by the reciprocal.
6(x + 2) 9
1
(x + 2)
=_
3x ·_ Divide out common factors.
6(x + 2) 9
3
Online Connection
=_
x Simplify.
www.SaxonMathResources.com 18

610 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Combining Fractions to Simplify
_1
Simplify _ x
.
1-_ 1
x
SOLUTION

Hint _1
_ x
1-_ 1
Find the LCD of
1 and _1x to subtract in x
the denominator.
_1
_
= x Subtract in the denominator.
_
x-1
x

=_
1 _
x-1
x÷ x Write using a division symbol.

=_
1 _ x
x · x-1 Multiply by the reciprocal.

=_
1 _ x
x · x-1 Divide out common factors.

=_1 Simplify.
x-1

Example 5 Application: Speed Walking

It took Max _
3x2 - 12x minutes to speed walk to the gym that was
3x
_
5x - 20 miles away. Find his rate in miles per minute.
x3
SOLUTION
Hint
Use the formula d = rt. r=_
d Solve for r.
t
_
5x - 20
r = __ x3 Evaluate for d and t.
_ 2
3x - 12x
3x

=_
5x - 20 ÷ _ 2
3x - 12x Write using a division symbol.
x3 3x

=_
5x - 20 · _ 3x Multiply by the reciprocal.
x3 3x2 - 12x
5(x - 4) _
=_ 3
· 3x Factor out any GCFs.
x 3x(x - 4)

=_ 5 miles per minute Divide out common factors and simplify.

x3
The expression _
5
represents Max’s speed-walking rate in miles per minute.
x3

Lesson 92 611
 Lesson Practice
Simplify.
_x _b
a. _ 4
b. _
cd
(Ex 1) 3(x
_ - 3) (Ex 2) _
2b
x c
_ 4x2 _1
m +5
c. _ _
x-3
d.
(Ex 3) _ x _ -_
(Ex 4) 2 x
3x - 9 m m
5x - 45x minutes to walk to school that was _
e. It took Ariel _
2 3x - 27
(Ex 5) 5x x3
miles away. Find her rate in miles per minute.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Find the product or quotient.

x2 - 10x + 24
1. _15x4 · __
(88) x - 4 3x3 + 12x2

x2 + 12x + 36 _
__
2. ÷ 1
(88) x2 - 36 x-6

Solve.
3. -3(r - 2) > -2(-6)
(77)
y
4. _ + _
1 <_ 2
(77) 4 2 3

Simplify.
_ 5x
*5. _
10x + 20
6. 8 √
9 • 2 √
5
(92) _ 15 (76)
x+2

*7. Write Under what conditions is a rational expression undefined?

(92)

_a
Give an example to show _b _a _d _ ad
*8. Justify
(92) _c = b · c = bc .
d

*9. Skating It took Jim __

2
15 minutes to skate to the park that was
(92) x + 2x - 3
_ + _ miles away. Find his rate in miles per minute.
2x x
8x - 8 4x + 12

612 Saxon Algebra 1

*10. Multiple Choice Two fractions have a denominator of x2 + 6x + 9 and x2 - 9. What
(92)
is the least common denominator?
A x2 + 9 B x2 + 6x + 9
C 2x2 + 9 D (x + 3)2(x - 3)

11. Solve and graph the inequality ⎢x < 65.

(91)

*12. Error Analysis Two students solve the inequality ⎢x - 15⎥ < -4. Which student is
(91)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
⎢x - 15⎢ < -4 ⎢x - 15⎢ < -4
-4 < x - 15 < 4 no solution
11 < x < 19

*13. Geometry A triangle has sides measuring 16 inches and 23 inches. The triangle
(91)
inequality states that the length of the third side must be greater than 7 inches and
less than 39 inches. Write this inequality and graph it.

*14. Multi-Step The grades on a math test were all within the range of 80 points plus or
(91)
minus 15 points.
a. Write an absolute -value inequality to show the range of the grades.
b. Solve the inequality to find the actual range of the grades.

*15. Error Analysis Two students simplified _x+2

2x - 5
-_
3-x
2x - 5
. Which student is correct?
(90)
Explain the error.

Student A Student B
__
x+2-3+x _
= 2x - 1 __
x+2-3-x _
= -1
2x - 5 2x - 5 2x - 5 2x - 5

*16. Canoeing Vanya paddled a canoe upstream for 4 miles. He then turned the canoe
(90)
around and paddled downstream for 3 miles. The current flowed at a rate of
c miles per hour. Write a simplified expression to represent his total canoeing time
if he kept a constant paddling rate of 6 miles
per hour.

17. Multiple Choice Which equation’s graph has a maximum?

(89)
A y = -5 + x2 B y = -x2 + 5x
C y = x2 + 5 D y = 5x2 - 1

18. Write Describe 2 ways to find the axis of symmetry for a parabola.
(89)

19. Justify Give an example of a quadratic function and an example of a function that
(84)
is not quadratic. Explain why each function is or is not quadratic.

Lesson 92 613
 20. Find the length a to the nearest tenth.
(85)

a
17

20

5f + 6 f + 10
21. Subtract _2
-_2
.
(90) f + 7f - 8 f + 7f - 8

22. Let A = (-5, 3), B = (0, 7), C = (12, 7), and D = (7, 3). Use the distance formula
(86)
to determine whether ABCD is a parallelogram.

23. Geography Ithaca, New York is almost directly west of Oneonta, New York and
(86)
directly north of Athens, Pennsylvania. The three cities form a triangle that is
nearly a right triangle. Use the distance formula to estimate the distance from
Athens to Oneonta. Each unit on the grid represents 5 miles.

Ithaca, NY Oneonta, NY

New York
Pennsylvania
5 Athens, PA
x
5

24. Error Analysis Two students factor the polynomial (3x2 + 6) - (4x3 + 8x). Which
(87)
student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
3(x2 + 2) - 4x(x2 - 2) 3(x2 + 2) - 4x(x2 + 2)
(3 - 4x)(x2 - 4) (3 - 4x)(x2 + 2)

25. Probability A bag has 2x + 1 red marbles, 3x blue marbles, and x + 2 green
(38)
marbles. What is the probability of picking a red marble?

26. Multi-Step A toolbox is 2 feet high. Its volume is represented by the expression
(79)
2x2 - 8x + 6.
a. Factor the expression completely.
b. Identify the expressions that represent the length and width of the toolbox.

27. Hardiness Zones The state of Kansas falls into USDA hardiness zones 5b and
(82)
6a. This means that plants in these zones must be able to tolerate an average
minimum temperature range greater than or equal to -15°F, and less than -5°F.
Write an inequality to represent the temperature range of the hardiness zones in
Kansas.

614 Saxon Algebra 1

 28. Multi-Step A rectangular playing field has a perimeter of 8x feet. Its length is 2 feet
(83)
greater than 2x.
a. Write expressions for the length and width of the rectangle.
b. Write an expression for the area of the field.
c. The playing field is in a city park. The park is a large square with a side length
of x2. Write and factor an expression for the area of the park that does not
include the playing field.

29. Vertical Motion The height h of an object t seconds after it begins to fall is given by
(83)
the equation h = -16t2 + vt + s, where v is the initial velocity and s is the initial
height. When an object falls, its initial velocity is zero. Write an equation for the
height of an object t seconds after it begins to fall from 14,400 feet. Then factor
the expression representing the height.

30. Given the equation r = _kst

p , use the terms “jointly proportional to” and “inversely
(Inv 8)
proportional to” to describe the relation in the equation such that k is the constant
of variation.

Lesson 92 615
LESSON Dividing Polynomials
93
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(53)
is a monomial or the sum or difference of
monomials.

Divide.

2. _72x2 - 8x 3. _
15x2 - 3x
(38) 8x (43) 5x - 1

Factor.
4. 2x2 + x - 3 5. 25x2 - 9
(75) (83)

New Concepts A polynomial division problem can be written as a rational expression. To

divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term in the numerator by the
denominator.

Example 1 Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial

Divide (8x3 + 12x2 + 4x) ÷ 4x.
SOLUTION

(8x3 + 12x2 + 4x) ÷ 4x

(8x3 + 12x2 + 4x)
= __ Write as a rational expression.
4x

=_
8x + _
12x + _
3 2
4x Divide each term by the denominator.
4x 4x 4x

=_ 8x3 2 + _ 12x2 1 + _
2 3
4x Divide out common factors.
14x 1 4x 4x
= 2x2 + 3x + 1 Simplify.

Division of a polynomial by a binomial is similar to division of whole numbers.

Words Numbers Polynomials

Factor the
numerator and _
128 = _
32 · 4 __ (x + 3)(x + 1)
x2 + 4x + 3 __
Step 1 =
denominator, if 4 4 x+1 x+1
possible.
Divide out any _
32 · 4 (x + 3)(x + 1)
__
Step 2
Online Connection common factors. 4 x+1
www.SaxonMathResources.com Step 3 Simplify. 32 x+3

616 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 2 Dividing a Polynomial by a Binomial
Divide each expression.

a. (x2 - 6x + 9) ÷ (x - 3)
SOLUTION

(x2 - 6x + 9) ÷ (x - 3)
x2 - 6x + 9
= __ Write as a rational expression.
x-3
(x - 3)(x - 3)
= __ Factor the numerator.
x-3
(x - 3)(x - 3)
= __ Divide out common factors.
(x - 3)
=x-3 Simplify.

b. (x2 - 5x + 6) ÷ (2 - x)
SOLUTION

(x2 - 5x + 6) ÷ (2 - x)
x2 - 5x + 6
= __ Write as a rational expression.
2-x
(x - 3)(x - 2)
Hint = __ Factor the numerator.
2-x
When the signs of the
binomials, one in the (x - 3)(x - 2)
numerator and one in = __ Write the denominator in descending order.
the denominator, are -x + 2
opposites, factor out -1.
(x - 3)(x - 2)
= __ Factor out a -1 in the denominator.
-1(x - 2)
(x - 3)(x - 2)
= __ Divide out common factors.
-1(x - 2)
= -x + 3 Simplify.

Just as with whole numbers, long division can also be used to divide
polynomials.
27 x+2
21 
567 x + 1 
2
x + 3x + 2
2
-42
__ -(x
_____ + x)
147 2x + 2
-147
___ -(2x
_____+ 2)
0 0

Lesson 93 617
 Example 3 Dividing a Polynomial Using Long Division
Divide using long division.
(-25x + 3x2 + 8) ÷ (x - 8)
SOLUTION
Caution
(-25x + 3x2 + 8) ÷ (x - 8)
Be sure to put the
divisor and dividend in x - 8 
(3x2 - 25x + 8) Write in long-division form with expressions
descending order before in standard form.
dividing.
3x
Divide the first term of the dividend by the

x - 8  3x - 25x + 8x
2
first term of the divisor to find the first term
of the quotient.
3x
Multiply the first term of the quotient by
x - 8 
3x - 25x + 8 2
the binomial divisor. Write the product
2
3x
_____- 24x under the dividend. Align like terms.

3x
x - 8 
3x2 - 25x + 8 Subtract the product from the dividend.
-(3x - 24x) 2 Then bring down the next term in the
______ dividend.
-x + 8

3x - 1
x - 8 
3x - 25x + 8 2

-3x2 + 24x
_____
-x + 8 Repeat the steps to find each term of
-(-x + 8) the quotient.
_____
0 The remainder is 0.

The quotient is (3x - 1) remainder 0.

Check Multiply the quotient and the divisor.

(3x - 1)(x - 8)
= 3x2 - 24x - x + 8
= 3x2 - 25x + 8

The divisor is not always a factor of the dividend. When it is not, the remainder
will not be 0. The remainder can be written as a rational expression using the
divisor as the denominator.

Example 4 Long Division with a Remainder

Divide using long division.
(2x2 - 9 - 7x) ÷ (-4 + x)

618 Saxon Algebra 1

SOLUTION

(2x2 - 9 - 7x) ÷ (-4 + x)

x - 4 
2x2 - 7x - 9 Write in long-division form with expressions in
standard form.
2x
Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term
x - 4 
2x - 7x - 9 2
of the divisor to find the first term of the quotient.
2x Multiply the first term of the quotient by the
x - 4 
2x - 7x - 9 2
binomial divisor. Write the product under the
2x2 - 8x dividend. Align like terms.
____
2x
Subtract the product from the dividend. Then
x - 4 
2x - 7x - 9 2
bring down the next term in the dividend.
2
-(2x
______ - 8x)
x-9
2x + 1
Repeat the steps to find each term of the quotient.
x - 4 
2x2 - 7x - 9
2
-(2x
______ - 8x)
x-9
-(x
____- 4)
-5
The quotient is 2x + 1 - _5
x-4
.

Example 5 Dividing a Polynomial with a Zero Coefficient

Divide (-2x + 5 + 3x3) ÷ (-3 + x).
SOLUTION

(-2x + 5 + 3x3) ÷ (-3 + x)

(3x3 - 2x + 5) ÷ (x - 3) Write each polynomial in standard form.

x - 3 
3x3 + 0x2 - 2x + 5 Write in long division form. Use 0x2 as a
placeholder for the x2-term.
3x2 + 9x + 25
3x3 ÷ x = 3x2
x - 3 
3x3 + 0x2 - 2x + 5
3
-(3x
______ - 9x2) Mulitply 3x2(x - 3). Then subtract.
9x2 - 2x Bring down -2x. 9x2 ÷ x = 9x
2
-(9x
______ - 27x) Multiply 9x(x - 3). Then subtract.
25x + 5 Bring down 5. 25x ÷ x = 25
-(25x
______- 75) Multiply 25(x - 3). Then subtract.
80 The remainder is 80.

The quotient is 3x2 + 9x + 25 + _80

x-3
.

Lesson 93 619
 Example 6 Application: Length of a Garden
Jim wants to find the length of the rectangular garden outside his office.
The area is (x2 - 11x + 30) square feet. The width is (x - 6) feet. What is
the length of the garden?
SOLUTION
Hint
To find the length, solve l=_
A
w Solve for l.
the formula for the area
of a rectangle, A = lw, for
x2 - 11x + 30
the length. = __ Evaluate for A and w.
(x - 6)
(x - 6)(x - 5)
= __ Factor the numerator.
(x - 6)
(x - 6) (x - 5)
= __ Divide out common factors.
(x - 6)
= (x - 5) Simplify.

The length of the garden is (x - 5) feet.

Lesson Practice
Divide each expression.
a. (7x4 + 7x3 - 84x2) ÷ 7x2
(Ex 1)
b. (x2 - 10x + 25) ÷ (x - 5)
(Ex 2)
c. (3x2 - 14x - 5) ÷ (5 - x)
(Ex 2)

Divide using long division.

d. (8x2 + x3 - 20x) ÷ (x - 2)
(Ex 3)
e. (-3x2 + 6x3 + x - 33) ÷ (-2 + x)
(Ex 4)
f. (6x + 5x3 - 8) ÷ (x - 4).
(Ex 5)

g. Carlos wants to find the width of his rectangular deck. The area is
(Ex 6)
(x2 - 10x + 24) square feet and the length is (x - 4) feet. What is the
width?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

1. Find the distance between (-3, 2) and (9, -3). Give the answer in simplest
(86)
radical form.

2. Solve _5 y+_
3 ≥_
1 , and graph the solution.
(77) 16 8 2

Factor.
3. 2x2 + 12x + 16 4. 3x3 - 5x2 - 9x + 15
(79) (87)

620 Saxon Algebra 1

 4x3 + 42x2 - 2x
*5. Find the quotient: __ .
(93) 2x
6. Find the axis of symmetry for the graph of the equation y = x2 - 2x.
(89)

Simplify.
_ 7x4 _
1
7. _
4x + 18
*8. _ x3
(92) _ 3x2 (92) _
1
+_ 1
6x + 27 x3 x3

*9. Write Explain how to check that (5x + 6) is the correct quotient of
(93)
(15x2 + 13x - 6) ÷ (3x - 1).

*10. Justify Show that the quotient of (x2 - 4) ÷ (x + 2) can be found using two
(93)
different methods.

*11. Swimming The city has decided to open a new public pool. The area of the new
(93)
rectangular pool is (x2 - 16x + 63) square feet and the width is (x - 7) feet.
What is the length?

x3 - 7x + 3x2 - 21
__
*12. Multiple Choice Simplify .
(93) x+3
2
A x -7 B x3 - 7
D _
x2 - 7
C -3
2x

_6x2 - 6x
_8x2 + 8x
*13. Error Analysis Students were asked to simplify 3x - 3 . Which student is correct?
(92) _
Explain the error. 4x2 + 4x

Student A Student B
_ 4x2 + 4x
6x2 - 6x · _ _ 4x2 + 4x
6x2 - 6 · _
8x2 + 8x 3x - 3 8x2 + 8x 3x - 3
6x(x - 1) 4x(x + 1) 6x(x - 1) 4x(x + 1)
=_·_ =_·_
8x(x + 1) 3(x - 1) 8x(x + 1) 3(x - 1)
=_24x2
=x
24x

14. Multi-Step Brent rode his scooter _

2
8x - 48x
minutes to get to baseball practice that
(92) 24x5
was _
7x - 42
miles away.
2
4x
a. Find his rate in miles per minute.
b. If the rate is divided by _1 , what is the new rate?
x

*15. Geometry The area of a parallelogram is _

m+n
5
square inches and the height is
(92) m2 + n2
_ inches. What is the length of the base?
15

16. Solve and graph the inequality ⎢x > 84.

(91)

Lesson 93 621
*17. Census The census of England and Wales has a margin of error of ±104,000
(91)
people. The 2001 census found the population to be 52,041,916. Write an absolute-
value inequality to express the possible range of the population. Then solve the
inequality to find the actual range for the population.

18. Error Analysis Two students solve the inequality ⎢x + 11 > -15. Which student is
(91)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
⎢x + 11 > -15 ⎢x + 11 > -15
x can be any real number. x=Ø

19. Multiple Choice When simplifying _

2
1
+_ 1
2x - 20
, what is the numerator?
(90) x - 5x - 50
A1 B 2
C x+5 D x+7

*20. Analyze Explain what can be done so that _1

3-r
and _5r
r-3
have like denominators.
(90)

21. Probability Mr. Brunetti writes quadratic equations on pieces of paper and
(89)
puts them in a hat, and then tells his students each to choose two at random.
After each student picks, his or her two papers go back in the hat. The functions
are y = 4x2 - 3x + 7, y = -7 + x2, y = -2x + 6x2, y = 0.5x2 + 1.1, and
y = -_12 x2 + 7x + 5. What is the probability of a student choosing two functions
that have a minimum?

22. Error Analysis Two students divide the following rational expression. Which student
(88)
is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
_
m2 ÷ (m2 + 2) _
m2 ÷ (m2 + 2)
6m2 6m2
_
m2 · _ m2 + 2 _m2 + 2
1 =_ 1 _
m2 · _ =
6m2 m2 + 2 6(m2 + 2) 6m2
1 6

23. Cost A bakery sells specialty rolls by the dozen. The first dozen costs
(87)
6b + b2 dollars. Each dozen thereafter costs 4b + b2 dollars. If Marcello buys
4 dozen rolls, how much does he pay?

24. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes and graph y = _4

x+2
.
(78)

25. Flooring Theo is installing new kitchen tiles. The design on the tile includes a
(83)
square within a square. The smaller square has a side length of s centimeters.
The expression 4s2 + 12s + 9 describes the area of the entire tile. What is the
difference between the length of the tile and the length of the square within the
tile?

622 Saxon Algebra 1

 26. Multi-Step Tony is sketching the view from the top of a 256-foot-tall observation
(84)
tower and accidentally drops his pencil.
a. Use the formula h = -16t2 + 256 to make a table of values showing the height h
of the pencil, 1, 2, and 3 seconds after it is dropped.
b. Graph the function.
c. About how long does it take for the pencil to hit the ground?

27. Pendulums The time it takes a2 pendulum to swing back and forth depends on its
length. The formula l = 2.45 _
(84) t
π2
approximates this relationship. Graph the function
using 3.14 for π. Use the graph to estimate the time it takes a pendulum that is
1 meter long to swing back and forth.

28. Write Explain how to determine whether a triangle with side lengths 5, 7, and 10 is
(85)
a right triangle.

29. Multi-Step A bag of marbles contains 3 red, 5 blue, 2 purple, and 4 clear marbles.
(80)
a. Make a graph that represents the frequency distribution.
b. What is the probability of drawing a red or a clear marble?

30. Given the following table, find the value of the constant of variation and
(Inv 8)
complete the missing values in the table given that y varies directly with x and
inversely with z.

y x z
1 1 3
3 2
4 2
9 2
2 12

Lesson 93 623
LES SON Solving Multi-Step Absolute-Value Equations
94
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The
(5)
of a number n is the distance from n to 0 on a
number line.

Simplify.
2. ⎪-9⎥ - 5 3. ⎪12 - 23⎥
(5) (5)

Solve.
4. 6x - 7 = 11 5. 11x + 8 = 41
(26) (26)

New Concepts To solve an absolute-value equation, begin by isolating the absolute value.
Then use the definition of absolute value to write the absolute-value equation
Math Language
as two equations. Solve each equation, and write the solution set. There are
often two answers to an absolute-value equation. The solutions can be graphed
The absolute value of a
number n is the distance
on a number line by placing a closed circle at each value in the solution set.
from 0 to n on a number
line. The absolute value Example 1 Solving Equations with Two Operations
of 0 is 0.
Solve each equation. Then graph the solution.

⎪x⎥
_
a. + 3 = 18
5
SOLUTION

Hint First isolate the absolute value. Write the equation so that the absolute
value is on one side of the equation by itself.
Isolate the absolute value
using inverse operations.
⎪x⎥
_ + 3 = 18
5
-3= -
__ 3
__ Subtraction Property of Equality
⎪x⎥
_ = 15 Simplify.
5
⎪x⎥
_
5· = 5 · 15 Multiplication Property of Equality
5
⎪x⎥ = 75 Simplify.
x = 75 or x = -75 Write as two equations without an absolute value.

The solution set is {-75, 75}.

Graph the solution on a number line.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75

624 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. 4⎪x⎥ - 9 = 15
SOLUTION

First isolate the absolute value.

4⎪x⎥ - 9 = 15
4⎪x⎥ = 24 Add 9 to both sides.
⎪x⎥ = 6 Divide both sides by 4.
x = 6 and x = -6 Write as two equations without an absolute value.

The solution set is {-6, 6}.

Graph the solution on a number line.

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Example 2 Solving Equations with More than Two Operations

Math Reasoning Solve each equation.

Analyze Why can the 5⎪x⎥

_
absolute value never a. +4=4
be negative? 2
SOLUTION
5⎪x⎥
_ +4=4
2
5⎪x⎥
_ =0 Subtract 4 from both sides.
2
5⎪x⎥ = 0 Multiply both sides by 2.
⎪x⎥ = 0 Divide both sides by 5.

Since the absolute value is equal to zero, there is only one solution. The
solution set is {0}.

2⎪x⎥
_
b. +3=1
6
SOLUTION
2⎪x⎥
_ +3=1
6
2⎪x⎥
_ = -2 Subtract 3 from both sides.
6
2⎪x⎥ = -12 Multiply both sides by 6.
⎪x⎥ = -6 Divide both sides by 2.

By the definition of absolute value, we know that there are no solutions

to this equation. The absolute value is never negative. The solution set is
empty. You can write this as {} or Ø.

Lesson 94 625
 Example 3 Solving Equations with Operations Inside the
Absolute-Value Symbols
Solve each equation.

a. ⎪2x⎥ + 9 = 15
SOLUTION

⎪2x⎥ + 9 = 15
⎪2x⎥ = 6 Subtract 9 from both sides.

Write the equation as two equations without the absolute value. Then solve
both equations.
2x = 6 or 2x = -6
x=3 Divide both sides by 2. x = -3
The solution set is {3, -3}.

b. 6⎪x + 3⎥ - 8 = 10
SOLUTION

6⎪x + 3⎥ - 8 = 10
6⎪x + 3⎥ = 18 Add 8 to both sides.
⎪x + 3⎥ = 3 Divide both sides by 6.

Math Reasoning Write the equation as two equations without the absolute value and solve.

Write Why do you x+3=3 or x + 3 = -3

often have to solve
two equations without
x=0 Subtract 3 from both sides. x = -6
absolute value to find the
solution to one equation
The solution set is {0, -6}.
with absolute value?
c. 5 ⎪_x3 - 2⎥ = 15
SOLUTION

5⎪_x3 - 2⎥ = 15
⎪_x3 - 2⎥ = 3 Divide both sides by 5.

Write the equation as two equations without the absolute value and solve.
_
x
-2=3 or
_
x
- 2 = -3
3 3
_
x
=5 Add 2 to both sides.
_
x
= -1
3 3
x = 15 Multiply both sides by 3. x = -3
The solution set is {15, -3}.

626 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Application: Archery
A 60-centimeter indoor archery target has
several rings around a circular center. If the
average diameter of a ring is d, and an
inner diameter
arrow landing in that ring scores p points, outer diameter
the inner and outer diameters of the ring 8 pt.

are given by the absolute-value equation

⎪d + 6p - 63⎥ = 3. Find the inner and
outer diameters of the 8-point ring.

Caution SOLUTION

The absolute-value bars ⎪d + 6p - 63⎥ = 3

act as grouping symbols.
Be sure to use the order ⎪d + 6 · 8 - 63⎥ = 3 Substitute 8 for p.
of operations to simplify
any expression within
⎪d + 48 - 63⎥ = 3 Multiply.
them. ⎪d - 15⎥ = 3 Subtract.

Write the absolute-value equation as two equations and solve.

d - 15 = 3 or d - 15 = -3
d = 18 Add 15 to both sides. d = 12
The inner diameter of the ring is 12 centimeters and the outer diameter of
the ring is 18 centimeters.

Lesson Practice
Solve each equation. Then graph the solution.
(Ex 1)
⎪x⎥
_
a. + 10 = 18
7
b. 3⎪x⎥ - 11 = 10

Solve each equation.

4⎪x⎥
_
c. + 23 = 11
(Ex 2) 9
⎪x⎥ +3
d. _ - 2 = 1
(Ex 2) 2
e. ⎪7x⎥ + 2 = 37
(Ex 3)
f. 5⎪x + 1⎥ - 2 = 23
(Ex 3)

g. 9
(Ex 3)
⎪_x2 - 1⎥ = 45
h. Investments A factory produces items that cost $5 to make. The factory
(Ex 4)
would like to invest $100 plus or minus $10 in the first batch. Use the
equation ⎪5x - 100⎥ = 10 to find the least and greatest number of items
the factory can produce.

Lesson 94 627
Practice Distributed and Integrated

Add or subtract.

1. _
m2 - _
16 2. __
-66 +_
w
(90) m-4 m-4 (90) w2 - w - 30 w-6

*3. Write Explain why some absolute-value equations have no solutions.

(94)

*4. Multiple Choice The solution set {-12, 60} correctly solves which absolute-value
(94)
equation?
A 6 _ - 1 = 42 B -2 _ - 1 = 16
x x
4 ⎪ ⎥ 4 ⎪ ⎥
C8 ⎪_x3 - 2⎥ = 48 D -5 ⎪_x6 - 4⎥ = -30
5. Refurbishing Rudy has x + y junk cars in his lot. He fixes them up and sells
(88)
each car for _
$400 + $100x
y . If he sells 30% of them, how much profit will he make?

6. Physics The function y = -16x2 + 80x models the height of a droplet of water
(89)
from an in-ground sprinkler x seconds after it shoots straight up from ground
level. Explain how you know when the droplet will hit the ground.

Factor.
7. 2a2 + 8ab + 6a + 24b
(87)

8. zx10 - 4zx9 - 21zx8

(79)

9. Find the product of _

b-4 2
(88) b + 9 · (b + 11b + 18).

*10. Error Analysis Students were asked to simplify (15x4 + 4x2 + 3x3) ÷ (x - 6). Which
(93)
student set their problem up correctly? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
(x - 6) 
(15x4 + 4x2 + 3x3) (x - 6) 
(15x4 + 3x3 + 4x2 + 0x + 0)

Simplify.
_ -1
*11. _
10x - 10
(92) _ x5
10x2 - 10

_ 2x
12. __
3x + 12
(92) __6x2
x2 + 8x + 16

628 Saxon Algebra 1

*13. Canoeing A canoe rental company charges $10 for the canoe and an additional
(94)
charge per person. There are 4 people going on the trip and they have planned on
spending a total of $50. They hope that the total cost is within $20 of the planned
spending total. What is the minimum and maximum they can be charged per
person?

Find the quotient.

14. (1 + 4x4 - 10x2) ÷ (x + 2)
(93)

25x3 + 20x2 - 5x
__
15.
(93) 5x
⎪x⎥
*16. Solve the equation _ + 9 = 15 and graph the solution.
(94) 11
⎪x⎥
*17. Justify Show that the solution set to the equation _
-3 + 1 = 5 is Ø.
(94)

*18. Multi-Step Marty measured the area of his rectangular classroom. He determined
(93)
that the area is (-2x2 + x3 - 98 - 49x) square feet. The length is (x + 6) feet.
a. What is the width?
b. If the area is (x2 - 36) square feet, what is the width?

19. Geometry The area of a triangle is (10y2 + 6y) square centimeters. The base is
(93)
(5y + 3) centimeters. What is the height?
_ 4x
_8x + 16
*20. Error Analysis Students were asked to simplify _ . Which student is correct?
(92) 12
Explain the error. x+2

Student A Student B
_ ·_ ·_
4x 12 _
4x x+2
8x + 16 x + 2 8x + 16 12
=_ ·_ =_·_
4x 12 4x x+2
8(x + 2) x +2 8(x + 2) 12
= __ _
6x x
=
(x + 2)(x + 2) 24

*21. Commuting It took Taylor __

1
2
minutes to get to work, which was
(92) x + 3x - 40
_ x2
miles away. Find his rate in miles per minute.
6x + 48
22. Verify Show that 0 is a solution to the inequality ⎪x - 14⎥ < 30.
(91)

23. Multiple Choice Which inequality is represented by the graph?

(91)

-20 -10 0 10 20
A ⎪x⎥ ≤ - 21 B ⎪x⎥ < 21
C ⎪x⎥ ≤ 21 D ⎪x⎥ > 21

24. Analyze When a line segment is horizontal, which expression under the radical in
(86)
the distance formula is 0: (x2 - x1)2 or (y2 - y1)2?

Lesson 94 629
 25. Multi-Step Ornella hiked 8 miles on easy trails and 3 miles on difficult trails. Her
(90)
hiking rate on the easy trails was 2.5 times faster than her rate on the difficult trails.
a. Write a simplified rational expression for Ornella’s total hiking time.
b. Find Ornella’s hiking time if her hiking rate on the difficult trails was 2 miles
per hour.

26. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes and graph y = _1

x-2
- 4.
(78)

27. Multi-Step Phone Plan A costs $12 per month for local calls and $0.06 per minute
(81)
for long-distance calls. Phone Plan B costs $15 per month for local calls plus $0.04
per minute for long-distance calls. How many minutes of long-distance calls would
Jenna have to make for Plan B to cost less than Plan A?
a. Formulate Write an inequality to answer.
b. Solve the inequality and answer the question.
c. Graph the solution.

28. United States Flag An official American flag should have a length that is 1.9 times
(84)
its width. The area of an official American flag can be found by the function
y = 1.9x2. Graph the function. Then use the graph to approximate the width of a
flag that has an area of 47.5 square feet.

29. Multi-Step A rectangular garden that is 25 feet wide has a diagonal length that is
(85)
50 feet long.
a. Find the length of the garden in simplest radical form.
b. Find the perimeter of the garden to the nearest tenth of a foot.

30. The volume of a sphere is V = _43 πr3. Describe in words the relationship between
(Inv 8)
the volume of a sphere and its radius. Identify the constant of variation.

630 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Combining Rational Expressions with
95 Unlike Denominators

Warm Up 1. Vocabulary One of two or more numbers or expressions that are

(2)
multiplied to get a product is called a (n) .

Find the LCM.

2. 8x4y and 12x3y2
(57)
3. (9x - 27) and (4x - 12)
(57)

Factor.
4. x2 + 4x - 21
(72)
5. 10x2 + 13x - 3
(75)

New Concepts The steps for adding rational expressions are the same as for adding
numerical fractions. Fractions with unlike denominators cannot be added
unless you first find their least common denominator.

Example 1 Finding a Common Denominator

Math Language Find the least common denominator (LCD) for each expression.

A least common
denominator (LCD) a. _
3 - __
9
is the least common
(x + 3) (x2 - 2x - 15)
multiple (LCM) of the
denominators.
SOLUTION

_
3 - __
9
(x + 3) (x2 - 2x - 15)

=_ 3 - __ 9 Factor each denominator, if possible.

(x + 3) (x + 3)(x - 5)
To find the LCD of (x + 3) and (x + 3)(x - 5), use every factor of
each denominator the greatest number of times it is a factor of either
denominator. Each denominator has a factor of (x + 3). One denominator
also has a factor of (x - 5). The product of these two factors is the LCD.
LCD = (x + 3)(x - 5)

b. _
2x + __
12x
4x2 - 196 x2 + x - 56
SOLUTION

_
2x + __
12x
4x2 - 196 x2 + x - 56

= __ 2x + __ 12x Factor each denominator

4(x - 7)(x + 7) (x - 7)(x + 8)
completely.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com LCD = 4(x - 7)(x + 7)(x + 8)

Lesson 95 631
 Example 2 Using Equivalent Fractions to Add with Unlike
Denominators

Add _
6x2 + _
x-1 .
x2 - 16 2x - 8
SOLUTION Factor each denominator.

_
6x2 + _
x - 1 = __
6x2 +_
x-1
x2 - 16 2x - 8 (x - 4)(x + 4) 2(x - 4)
LCD = 2(x - 4)(x + 4)

Math Reasoning
Write an equivalent fraction for each addend with the LCD as a denominator.
2
__ 2(6x )
·_
2 = __
Analyze What does 6x2 Multiply the numerator and
it mean to write an (x - 4)(x + 4) 2 2(x - 4)(x + 4) denominator of the first fraction
equivalent fraction? by 2.

_
x-1 ·_ (x - 1)(x + 4)
x + 4 __ Multiply the numerator and
=
2(x - 4) x+4 2(x - 4)(x + 4) denominator of the second
fraction by _
x+4
x+4
.
2
2(6x )
__ (x - 1)(x + 4) Write the sum of the equivalent
+ __
2(x - 4)(x + 4) 2(x - 4)(x + 4) fractions.
2
2(6x ) + (x - 1)(x + 4)
= ___ Add.
2(x - 4)(x + 4)
12x2 + x2 + 3x - 4
= __ Expand the numerator.
2(x - 4)(x + 4)
13x2 + 3x - 4
= __ Combine like terms in the
2(x - 4)(x + 4)
numerator.

Example 3 Using Equivalent Fractions to Subtract with

Unlike Denominators

Subtract _ - _
4x2 2x - 5 .
9x - 27 x2 - 9
SOLUTION Factor each denominator.

_
4x2 - _
2x - 5 = _
4x2 - __
2x - 5
9x - 27 x2 - 9 9(x - 3) (x - 3)(x + 3)
LCD = 9(x - 3)(x + 3)
2
4x (x + 3)
__ 9(2x - 5)
- __ Write the difference of the equivalent
9(x - 3)(x + 3) 9(x - 3)(x + 3)
fractions.
4x2(x + 3) - 9(2x - 5)
= ___ Subtract.
9(x - 3)(x + 3)
4x3 + 12x2 - 18x + 45
= __ Expand the numerator.
9(x - 3)(x + 3)
4x3 + 12x2 - 18x + 45
There are no like terms, so the difference is __
9(x - 3)(x + 3)
.

632 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Adding and Subtracting with Unlike Denominators
Caution
a. Add _
-35 + __
-6x - 2 .
Before factoring, 56 - 7x x2 - 6x - 16
write expressions in
descending order. SOLUTION

_
-35 + __
-6x - 2
56 - 7x x2 - 6x - 16

=_ -35 + __-6x - 2 Factor each denominator.

-7(x - 8) (x - 8)(x + 2)
LCD = -7(x - 8)(x + 2) Find the LCD.
-35(x + 2)
__ -7(-6x - 2)
+ __ Write each fraction as an
-7(x - 8)(x + 2) -7(x - 8)(x + 2)
equivalent fraction.
-35(x + 2) + (-7)(-6x - 2)
= ___ Add.
-7(x - 8)(x + 2)

= __ 7x - 56 Expand the numerator and

-7(x - 8)(x + 2)
collect like terms.
Hint
7(x - 8)
Always check to see if the = __ Factor the numerator.
numerator of the sum -7(x - 8)(x + 2)
can be factored and if a
common factor can be = -_1 Divide out common factors.
divided out. x+2

b. Subtract _x-5 -_ x-7 .

2x - 6 4x - 12
SOLUTION

_
x-5 -_
x-7
2x - 6 4x - 12

=_x-5 -_ x-7 Factor each denominator.

2(x - 3) 4(x - 3)
LCD = 4(x - 3) Find the LCD.
2(x - 5) _
_ (x - 7)
- Write each fraction as an equivalent fraction.
4(x - 3) 4(x - 3)
2(x - 5) - 1(x - 7)
= __ Subtract.
4(x - 3)

= __
2x - 10 - x + 7
Expand the numerator.
4(x - 3)

=_x-3 Collect like terms.

4(x - 3)

=_
1 Divide out common factors.
4

Lesson 95 633
 Example 5 Application: Traveling
A pilot’s single-engine aircraft flies at 230 kph if there is no wind. The pilot
plans a round trip to a city that is 400 kilometers away. If there is a tailwind
of w kilometers per hour, the time for the outbound flight is _
400
230 + w hours.
The time for the return flight with a headwind of w kilometers per hour
is _
400
230 - w hours. What is the total time for the round trip?
SOLUTION

_
400 + _
400 Add to find the total time.
230 + w 230 - w
LCD = (230 + w)(230 - w) Find the LCD.
400(230 - w)
__ 400(230 + w)
+ __ Write equivalent fractions.
(230 + w)(230 - w) (230 + w)(230 - w)
184,000
= __ hours Expand the numerator and
(230 + w)(230 - w)
collect like terms.
184,000
The round trip takes __
(230 + w)(230 - w)
hours.

Lesson Practice
Find the LCD for each expression.
(Ex 1)

a. _
5x - _
44
5x - 45
x2 - 81
b. _3x - __ 12
x+4 2
x + 2x - 8

c. Add _
3x2 + _
x-1 .
(Ex 2) x2 - 25 4x - 20

d. Subtract _
2x -_
2
3x - 4 .
(Ex 3) 6x - 24 x2 - 16

e. Add _
x-1 +_ 2 .
(Ex 4) 2
x -1 5x +5

f. Subtract _
2 -_
1 .
(Ex 4) x2 - 36 x2 + 6x
g. Trenton hiked _ miles on Saturday and _
4x 12
(Ex 5) x2 - 64 7x - 56 miles on Sunday.
How many miles did he hike altogether?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Factor completely.
1. 3x3 - 9x2 - 30x 2. 8x3y2 + 4x2y - 12xy3
(Inv 9) (Inv 9)

3. 32x3 - 24x4 + 4x5 4. mn3 - 10mn2 + 24mn

(79) (79)

634 Saxon Algebra 1

Find the quotient.

5. _
4m
÷_
12m2 6. (x2 - 16x + 64) ÷ (x - 8)
(88) 17r 5r (93)

7. Find the zeros of the function shown.

(89)
y

x
-4 -2 2 4

*8. Find the LCD of _

4 - __
8 .
(95) x+4 x2 + 6x + 8

*9. Add _ + __
2x 5
2
.
(95) 2x - 128 x2 - 7x - 8

*10. Solve the equation 9⎢x - 22 = 14 and graph the solution.

(94)

11. Error Analysis Students were asked to subtract _ -_

2
6x 3
8x - 16
. Which student
(95) x2 + 6x - 16
is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
__
6x2 -_
3 __
6x2 -_
3
2
x + 6x - 16 8x - 16 x2 + 6x - 16 8x - 16
__ 6x 2
-_ 3 __ 6x 2
-_ 3
(x + 8)(x - 2) 8(x - 2) (x + 8)(x - 2) 8(x - 2)
__ 6x2(8) 3(x + 8) 6x2(8) 3(x + 8)
- __ __ - __
8(x + 8)(x - 2) 8(x - 2)(x + 8) 8(x + 8)(x - 2) 8(x - 2)(x + 8)
2
__
48x 2
- 3x - 24 __
48x - 3x + 24
8(x + 8)(x - 2) 8(x + 8)(x - 2)

*12. Generalize Explain how to find the LCD of two algebraic rational expressions.
(95)

*13. Running Michele is training for a marathon. She ran _

3x2
x2
- 100
miles on Monday and
(95)
_x-1
2x - 20 miles on Tuesday. How many miles did she run in all?

*14. Multi-Step The girls’ track team sprinted _

2x
4x2 - 196
meters Thursday and
(95) _ 12x
meters Friday.
x2 + x - 56
a. What was the total distance that the track team sprinted?
b. If their rate was _ meters per minute, how much time did it take them to
2x
x+8
sprint on Thursday and Friday?

Lesson 95 635
 *15. Error Analysis Two students solve the equation 6⎪x + 3⎢ - 8 = -2. Which student is
(94)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
6⎪x + 3⎢ - 8 = -2 6⎢x + 3 - 8 = -2
no solution 6⎢x + 3 = 6
Absolute values cannot ⎢x + 3 = 1
equal a negative number. x + 3 = 1 and x + 3 = -1
x = -2 and x = -4

16. Geometry The perimeter of a square must be 34 inches plus or minus 2 inches.
(94)
What is the longest and the shortest length each side can be?

*17. Multi-Step A student budgets $35 for lunch and rides each week. He gives his friend
(94)
$5 for gas and then pays for 5 lunches a week. He has a $2 cushion in his budget,
meaning that he can spend $2 more or less than he budgeted.
a. Write an absolute-value equation for the minimum and maximum he can spend
on each lunch.
b. What is the maximum and the minimum he can spend on each lunch?
x2 + 10x + 24
18. Error Analysis Students were asked to simplify _
x . Which student is correct?
(93)
Explain the error.

Student A Student B
(x + 6)(x + 4)
__ (x + 6)(x + 4)
__
x = (x + 6)(4) x

*19. Carpeting The rectangular public library is getting new carpet. The area of the
(93)
room is (x3 - 18x2 + 81x) square feet. The length of the room is (x - 9) feet. What
is the width?

*20. Justify Give an example to show _ab · _dc = _

ac
bd
.
(92)

_
x2 - 9

21. Multiple Choice Simplify: _ 2

x - 5x + 6
.
(92) x2 + 5x + 6
_
x2 - 4
2
(x - 3)
_ (x - 3)
_
A 1 B 2
C -1 D
(x - 2) (x - 2)

22. Solve and graph the inequality ⎢x > 17.

(91)

3 4
23. Measurement When measuring something in centimeters, the accuracy is within
(91)
0.1 centimeter. A board is measured to be 15.6 centimeters. The accuracy of the
measurement can be represented by the absolute-value inequality ⎢x - 15.6 ≤ 0.1.
Solve the inequality.

636 Saxon Algebra 1

24. Multi-Step Reggie has made a stew that is at a temperature of 100°F, and he either
(82)
wants to heat it up to 165°F or cool it down to 45°F. To heat up the stew will take
at most 45 minutes plus 1 minute for each degree the temperature is raised. To
cool down the stew will take at least 10 minutes plus 2 minutes for each degree the
temperature is lowered. How much time does Reggie need to allow for changing
the food temperature either up or down?
a. How many degrees up and down does the stew need to go?
b. How much time will it take to cool down or heat up the stew?
c. Is it faster to heat up or cool down the stew?

25. Olympic Swimming Pool An Olympic swimming pool must have a width of 25 meters
(85)
and a length of 50 meters. Find the length of a diagonal of an Olympic swimming
pool to the nearest tenth of a meter.

26. Multi-Step A graphing calculator screen is 128 pixels wide and 240 pixels long. The
(86)
“pixel coordinates” of three points are shown.

128 Q(124, 106)

R(155, 35)
P(61, 43)
0 240

a. Find the distance in pixels between each pair of points.

b. List the line segments in order from shortest to longest.

27. Write Create a polynomial in which each term has a common factor of 4a, and then
(87)
factor the expression.

28. Hiking In celebration of getting to the top of Beacon Rock in southern

(89)
Washington, Renata throws her hat up and off the top of Beacon Rock. The height
of the hat x seconds after the throw (in meters) can be approximated by the function
y = -5x2 + 10x + 260. After how many seconds will the hat be at its maximum
height? What is this height?

29. Commuting Mr. Shakour’s round trip commute to and from work totals 30 miles.
(90)
Because of traffic, his speed on the way home is 5 miles per hour less than what
it is on the way to work. Write a simplified expression to represent Mr. Shakour’s
total commuting time.

30. A teacher randomly picks a shirt and a skirt from her closet to wear to school.
(80)
Use the table to find the theoretical probability of the teacher choosing an outfit
with a blue shirt and khaki skirt.
Shirts
Red Blue Blue White White
Khaki KR KB KB KW KW
Skirts

Navy NR NB NB NW NW
Black BR BB BB BW BW
White WR WB WB WW WW

Lesson 95 637
LES SON Graphing Quadratic Functions
96
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A(n) __________ is a line that divides a figure or graph into
(89)
two mirror-image halves.

Evaluate for the given value.

2. y = 4x 2 - 6x - 4 for x = _
1 3. y = -x2 + 5x - 6 for x = -2
(9) 2 (9)

Find the axis of symmetry using the formula.

4. y = -2x2 + 4x - 5 5. y = x2 - 3x - 4
(89) (89)

New Concepts A quadratic function can be graphed using the axis of symmetry, the vertex,
the y-intercept, and pairs of points that are symmetric about the axis of
symmetry. The quadratic function in the standard form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Math Reasoning can be used to find these parts of the graph of the parabola.
Analyze Why can a not The equation of the axis of symmetry and the x-coordinate of the vertex
equal 0 in the standard
form of a quadratic
of a quadratic function is x = - _b
2a
. To find the y-coordinate of the vertex,
equation? substitute the x-coordinate of the vertex into the function. The y-intercept of
a function is the point on the graph where x = 0. For quadratic functions in
standard form, the y-intercept is c.

Example 1 Graphing Quadratics of the Form y = x2 + bx + c

Graph the function.
y = x 2 + 4x + 5
SOLUTION

Step 1: Find the axis of symmetry.

x = -_b Use the formula.

2a

= -_4 = -_
4 = -2 Substitute values for b and a.
2·1 2
The axis of symmetry is x = -2.
Step 2: Find the vertex.
y = x 2 + 4x + 5
= (-2)2 + 4(-2) + 5 = 1 Substitute -2 for x.
The vertex is (-2, 1).
Step 3: Find the y-intercept.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com The y-intercept is c, or 5.

638 Saxon Algebra 1

 Step 4: Find one point not on the axis of symmetry.
Hint
y = x 2 + 4x + 5
Count how far the
plotted point (1, 10) y = (1) 2 + 4(1) + 5 = 10 Substitute 1 for x.
is from the axis of
symmetry. Then check A point on the curve is (1, 10).
that the reflected point is y
the same distance from Step 5: Graph.
the axis of symmetry, 24
but in the opposite Graph the axis of symmetry x = -2, the vertex
direction. 16
(-2, 1), the y-intercept (0, 5). Reflect the point
(1, 10) over the axis of symmetry and graph the 8
point (-5, 10). Connect the points with a smooth x
curve. -8 -4 4

Example 2 Graphing Quadratics of the Form y = ax 2 + bx + c

Graph the function.
y = 3x 2 + 18x + 13
SOLUTION
Hint Step 1: Find the axis of symmetry.
Identify the values of a, b,
and c first. x = -_b Use the formula.
2a

= -_18 = -3 Substitute values for b and a.

2(3)
The axis of symmetry is x = -3.
Step 2: Find the vertex.
y = 3x 2 + 18x + 13
= 3(-3)2 + 18(-3) + 13 = -14 Substitute -3 for x.

The vertex is (-3, -14).

Step 3: Find the y-intercept.
The y-intercept is c, or 13.
Step 4: Find one point not on the axis of symmetry.
y = 3x 2 + 18x + 13
= 3(-1) 2 + 18(-1) + 13 = -2 Substitute -1 for x.

A point on the curve is (-1, -2).

Step 5: Graph.
20
Graph the axis of symmetry x = -3, the vertex
(-3, -14), the y-intercept (0, 13). Reflect the
x
point (-1, -2) across the axis of symmetry to -6 -4 -2
get the point (-5, -2). Connect the points with -10
a smooth curve.

Lesson 96 639
 Example 3 Graphing Quadratics of the Form y = ax 2 + c
Graph the function.
y = 5x 2 + 4
SOLUTION

Step 1: Find the axis of symmetry.

x = -_b = -_0 =0
2a 2(5)
The axis of symmetry is x = 0.
Step 2: Find the vertex.
y = 5x 2 + 4
= 5(0)2 + 4 = 4 Substitute 0 for x.

The vertex is (0, 4).

Step 3: Find the y-intercept.
The y-intercept is c, or 4.
Step 4: Find one point not on the axis of symmetry.
y = 5x2 + 4.
= 5(-1)2 + 4 = 9 Substitute -1 for x. y

A point on the curve is (-1, 9) 24

Step 5: Graph. 16

Graph the axis of symmetry x = 0, the vertex (0, 8

4), the y-intercept (0, 4). Reflect the point (-1, 9) O x
across the axis of symmetry to get the point (1, 9). -4 -2 2 4

Connect the points with a smooth curve.

Math Language A zero of a function is an x-value for a function where f(x) = 0. It is the
point where the graph of the function meets or intersects the x-axis. The
A zero of a function is
another name for an
standard form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0, is the
x-intercept of the graph. related equation to the quadratic function. The quadratic equation is used to
find the zeros of a quadratic function algebraically. Alternatively, a graphing
calculator can help find zeros of a quadratic function.

Example 4 Finding the Zeros of a Quadratic Function

Graphing Find the zeros of the function.
Calculator
a. y = x2 - 6x + 9
For help with finding
zeros, see graphing SOLUTION
calculator keystrokes in
Lab 8 on p. 583. Use a graphing calculator to
graph y = x2 - 6x + 9.
The zero of the function is 3.

640 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. y = x2 - 3x - 10
SOLUTION

Use a graphing
calculator to graph
y = x2 - 3x - 10.
There are two zeros for this function, 5 and -2.
Math Language c. y = -2x2 - 3
If a quadratic function
SOLUTION
has no real zeros,
then there are no real
Use a graphing calculator to
numbers that when
substituted for x result in graph y = -2x2 - 3.
y = 0. The graph of such
a function does not cross There are no real zeros for this function.
the x-axis.
When an object is thrown or kicked into the air, it follows a parabolic path.

You can calculate its height in feet after t seconds using the formula
h = -16t2 + vt + s. The initial vertical velocity in feet per second is v, and s is
the starting height of the object in feet.

Example 5 Application: Baseball

A baseball is thrown straight up with an initial velocity of 50 feet per
second. The ball leaves the player’s hand when it is 4 feet above the ground.
At what time does the ball reach its maximum height?
SOLUTION Substitute the values given for the initial velocity and starting
height into the formula h = -16t2 + vt + s. Then find the x-coordinate of
the vertex. Use the formula x = -_ b
2a
.
h = -16t2 + 50t + 4

x = -_b
2a

= -_ 50 = 1.5625 Substitute values for b and a.

2(-16)

The ball reaches its maximum height 1.5625 seconds after it has been thrown.

Lesson 96 641
 Lesson Practice
Graph each function.
a. y = x2 - 4x + 7 b. y = 2x2 - 16x + 24
(Ex 1) (Ex 2)
c. y = 2x2 - 9
(Ex 3)

Find the zeros of each function.

d. y = x2 + 10x + 25.
(Ex 4)
e. y = 3x2 - 21x + 30.
(Ex 4)

f. y = - _
1 x2 - 1
(Ex 4) 2
g. Scoccer The height of a soccer ball that is kicked can be modeled by the
(Ex 5)
function f(x) = -8x2 + 24x, where x is the time in seconds after it is
kicked. Find the time it takes the ball to reach its maximum height.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

y _
1 x 2 + 2x
1. Find the zeros of the function shown. 2 y=
(89) 2
xy x
2. Add _ 25 + _ O
. -2 2 4 6
(90) 2
16x y 32y5
10|x|
*3. Solve the equation _ + 18 = 4 and graph the solution.
(94) 3 -4

4. Solve -0.3 + 0.14n = 2.78. 5. Solve _6 =_ 3.

-6
(24) (31) x-3 10

6. Find the LCD of _6

x+6
-_
2
12
.
(95) x + 8x + 12

7. The table lists the ordered pairs from a relation. Determine whether they form
(25)
a function.

Domain (x) Range (y)

10 15
11 17
8 11
9 13
5 5
_ -x5
Simplify _
21x + 3
8. .
(92) _ 5x9
28x + 4

*9. Graph the function y = x2 - 2x - 8.

(96)

*10. Write Explain how to reflect a point across the axis of symmetry to get a second
(96)
point on the parabola.

642 Saxon Algebra 1

 *11. Justify Show that the vertex of y = 4x2 - 24x + 9 is (3, -27).
(96)

*12. Multiple Choice Which function has the vertex (6, -160)?
(96)
A y = 6x2 - 72x + 56 B y = 2x2 - 8x + 48
C y = 3x2 + 42x - 12 D y = 5x2 - 5x + 43

*13. Diving A diver moves upward with an initial velocity of 10 feet per second.
(96)
How high will he be 0.5 seconds after diving from a 6-foot platform? Use
h = -16t2 + vt + s.

14. Multiple Choice Find the LCD of _ 3

2x - 10
and _
2
5x
.
(95) 2x - 4x - 30
A 2(x - 5)(x + 3) B (x - 5)(x + 3)
D __
2
C (x + 5)(x - 3)
(x - 5)(x + 3)

*15. Geometry One side of a triangle is _ 2

x+2
yards and two sides are each _ -5
3x + 6
yards.
(95)
Find the perimeter of the triangle.
3 4
*16. Measurement Carrie measured a distance of _ 3x2
9x - 18
yards and Jessie
(95)
measured a distance of _
4x - 5
yards. How much longer is Carrie’s
x2 - 4
measurement than Jessie’s?

17. Banking The dollar amount in a student’s banking account is represented by the
(91)
absolute-value inequality |x - 200| ≤ 110. Solve the inequality and graph the
solution.

18. Generalize Why is a place holder needed for missing variables in a polynomial
(93)
dividend?

19. Multiple Choice Simplify (-5x + 2x2 - 3) ÷ (x - 3).

(93)
A 2x - 1 B 2x + 1 C _ x-2 D _
x2 - 3
2x 5x
*20. Physics A family is going to see friends that live in two different towns. They will
(94)
have to travel 100 miles plus or minus 10 miles to see either of them. They want
to spend 2 hours in the car. What are the minimum and maximum rates that they
need to go?

*21. Error Analysis Two students graph the solution to the equation |2x + 10| = 8.
(94)
Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
{-9, -1} {-9, -1}

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

22. Art Jeremy’s picture frame has an area of x2 - 18x + 80 square inches. He has
(90)
two square pictures in it, one measuring _14 x inch on each side and the other
measuring _2 x inch on each side. Write a simplified expression for the total fraction
1

of the frame covered by pictures.

Lesson 96 643
 2 y+2
23. Verify Divide the rational expression _
3x + 2x
9y
÷_
y . How can you check your
(88)
answer?

24. Multi-Step The volume of a prism is 6x3 + 14x2 + 4x cm3. Find the dimensions of
(87)
the prism.
a. Factor out common terms.
b. Factor completely to find the dimensions.

25. Baseball A baseball diamond is a square that is 90 feet long on each side. To use
(86)
a coordinate grid to model positions of players on the field, place home plate at
(0, 0), first base at (90, 0), second base at (90, 90), and third base at (0, 90). An
outfielder located at (150, 80) throws to the first-baseman. How long is the throw?
Round your answer to the nearest foot.

26. Multi-Step A square has a side length of a centimeters. A smaller square has a side
(83)
length of b centimeters.
a. If the difference in the areas of the squares is a2 - 16, what is the value of b?
b. If the area of the larger square is 36b2 + 60b + 25, what is the side length in
terms of b?
c. Using your answers to parts a and b, find the side length and area of the larger
square.

27. Determine if the inequality 6x > 7x is never, sometimes, or always true. If it is

(81)
sometimes true, identify the solution set.

28. Use the graph to find the theoretical probability of choosing each color.
(80)
Favorite Color
10
8
6
4
2
0
Red

Green

Yellow

Blue

Orange

Purple

Color

29. Suppose d varies inversely with b and jointly with a and c. Find the constant of
(Inv 8)
variation when a = 4, b = 5, c = 2, and d = 8. Express the relationship between
these quantities. What is d when a = 9, b = 15, and c = 6?

30. Is (x + 10)(x - 2) the correct factorization for x2 - 8x - 20? Explain.

(Inv 9)

644 Saxon Algebra 1

 LAB

9 Graphing Linear Inequalities

Graphing Calculator Lab (Use with Lesson 97)

Linear inequalities in two variables can be graphed by hand or with a

graphing calculator. Begin by following the process used to graph a linear
equation. Then change the settings to shade the region of the coordinate
system that makes the inequality true.

Graph the solution set of the inequality y > 2x - 7.

Graphing 1. Enter the equation y = 2x - 7 into the

Calculator Tip Y = editor.
For help with entering
an equation into the Y= 2. Graph the equation by pressing and
editor, see the graphing
calculator keystrokes in
selecting 6:ZStandard.
Lab 3 on page 305.
The line represents the boundary of the
solution set of the inequality y > 2x - 7. The solution set of the inequality
is either the region above or the region below the line y = 2x - 7.

Use a test point to determine which region

makes the inequality true.

Choose a test point that is not on the graph

of the line y = 2x - 7.

The point (0, 0) is a good test point because it

does not fall on the boundary line.

Substitute 0 for both x and y in the

inequality. This substitution gives
0 > 2 · 0 - 7, or 0 > -7, which is true.

Since the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality,

the solution set is the region that contains the
point (0, 0).

3. Shade the region above the line y = 2x - 7.

To graph this region, press . Then press
the key twice. The cursor moves to the
left of Y1 over an icon that looks like a line
segment, \.

Press twice to choose the icon, which resembles a shaded

Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com region above a line.

Lab 9 645
 (Pressing a third time allows you to choose the icon, which
resembles a shaded region below a line.)

4. Press to view the graph of the solution set.

All points in the shaded region are in the solution set of y > 2x - 7.

Note that the solution set does not include points on the line y = 2x - 7.
The graph of the solution set of the inequality y ≥ 2x - 7 does include
points on the boundary line y = 2x - 7.

Lab Practice

Graph the solution set of each inequality.

a. y < 3x + 5; Is the point (1, 1) a solution of the inequality?

b. y ≥ 2x - 5; Is the point (7, 2) a solution of the inequality?

c. y < -2x + 3; Is the point (0, 0) a solution of the inequality?

646 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Graphing Linear Inequalities
97
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The
(49)
of the equation of a line is y = mx + b, where
m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.

Determine the slope and the y-intercept of each equation.

2. y = - _
1x - 5 3. 2x + 2y = 6
(49) 3 (49)

Graph each of the following inequalities on a number line.

4. y < 3 5. x ≥ -2
(50) (50)

New Concepts A linear inequality is similar to a linear equation, except that a linear
inequality has an inequality symbol instead of an equal sign. A solution of a
linear inequality is any ordered pair that makes the inequality true.
You can evaluate an inequality with an ordered pair to find out if the ordered
pair makes the inequality true and is a solution.

Example 1 Determining Solutions of Inequalities

Determine if each ordered pair is a solution of the given inequality.

a. (0, 4); y > 5x - 1

SOLUTION

y > 5x -1
4 > 5(0) -1 Evaluate the inequality for the point (0, 4).
4 > -1 Simplify.
The inequality is true. The ordered pair (0, 4) is a solution.

b. (3, -3); y < -3x + 6

SOLUTION
y < -3x + 6
Hint -3 < -3(3) + 6 Evaluate the inequality for the point (3, -3).
The inequalities y ≤ 9 -3 < -3 Simplify.
and y ≤ 0x + 9 are
equivalent. If an ordered The inequality is not true because -3 is not less than -3. The ordered pair
pair is a solution of the
inequality, then the
(3, -3) is not a solution.
y-coordinate is less than
or equal to 9, and the c. (-4, 8); y ≤ 9
x-coordinate can be any
real number. SOLUTION
y≤9
8≤9 Evaluate the inequality for the point (-4, 8).
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com The inequality is true. The ordered pair (-4, 8) is a solution.
Lesson 97 647
 Exploration Graphing Inequalities

a. Graph the equation y = x + 2 on a coordinate plane.

b. Test three points that lie above the graph of y = x + 2. Substitute the
coordinates of each point for the x- and y-values in the inequality
y < x + 2. If the statement is true, mark the point of the graph.

c. Test three points that lie below the graph of y = x + 2. Substitute the
coordinates of each point for the x- and y-values in the inequality
y < x + 2. If the statement is true, mark the point of the graph.

d. To graph the inequality y < x + 2, would you choose points above or

below y = x + 2?

e. Would you graph points above or below the graph of y = x - 3 to

graph the inequality y > x - 3?

A linear inequality describes a region of a coordinate plane called a

half-plane. The boundary line for the region is the related equation.
To graph an inequality, begin by graphing the boundary line. Test points are
helpful in deciding which half-plane makes the inequality true.
The boundary line is a dashed line when the inequality contains the symbol
< or >. The boundary line is a solid line when the inequality contains the
symbol ≤ or ≥.

Example 2 Graphing Linear Inequalities without Technology

Graph each inequality.

a. y ≥ - _
3x - 3
4
SOLUTION

Graph the boundary line y = -_34 x - 3 using a solid line because the
inequality contains the symbol ≥.
Next use an ordered pair as a test point to find which half-plane should be
shaded on the coordinate plane.
y
8
Hint Test (0, 0).
4
The point (0, 0) is a good y ≥ -_
3x - 3
O x
test point if it is not on 4
the boundary line. -8 -4 4 8

0 ≥ -_
3 (0) - 3 Evaluate for (0, 0). -4
4
-8
0 ≥ -3 Simplify.

The point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality, so it is a solution. The half-plane

that contains the point should be shaded.

648 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. x < 4
SOLUTION

Graph the boundary line x = 4 using a dashed line y

8
because the inequality contains the symbol <.
4
Test (0, 0).
O x
x<4 -8 -4 8
-4
0<4 Evaluate for (0, 0).
-8
The point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality, so it is a
solution. The half-plane that contains the point
should be shaded.

To graph an inequality using a graphing calculator, the inequality must first

be solved for y.

Example 3 Graphing Linear Inequalities with Technology

Graph each inequality using a graphing calculator.

a. 16x + 4y ≤ 8

Graphing SOLUTION
Calculator Tip Solve for y.
For help with graphing
inequalities, see
16x + 4y ≤ 8
graphing calculator Lab 9 4y ≤ -16x + 8 Subtract 16x from both sides.
on p. 645.
4y _
_ ≤ -16x + _8 Divide all three terms by 4.
4 4 4
y ≤ -4x + 2 Simplify.

Enter the inequality into your graphing

calculator to view the graph.

b. 3x - y < -4

Caution SOLUTION

Remember to reverse Solve for y.

the inequality when
multiplying or dividing 3x - y < -4
both sides by a negative
number.
-y < -3x - 4 Subtract 3x from both sides.
-y _
_ > -3x - _ 4 Divide all three terms by -1.
-1 -1 -1
y > 3x + 4 Simplify.

Enter the inequality into your graphing calculator

to view the graph.

Lesson 97 649
 Example 4 Writing a Linear Inequality Given the Graph
Write an inequality for the region graphed on each coordinate plane.
y
a. 4

2
O x
-4 -2 2 4
-2

-4

SOLUTION

Determine the equation of the boundary line. It is a horizontal line that

cuts through the y-axis at -1.
The equation of the boundary line is y = -1.
Then decide which inequality symbol to use for this graph.
The graph is shaded below the solid boundary line, so the inequality
contains the ≤ symbol.
The inequality shown on the graph is y ≤ -1.
y
b. 8

4
O x
-8 -4 4 8

-8

SOLUTION

Determine the equation of the boundary line. It has a y-intercept at -4 and

a slope of 1.
The equation of the boundary line is y = x - 4.
Then decide which inequality symbol to use for this graph.
The graph is shaded above the dashed boundary line, so the inequality
contains the > symbol.
The inequality shown on the graph is y > x - 4.

Example 5 Application: Carnival

Kia will attend a school carnival and she plans to spend no more than $12.
Each game costs $2 and each item of food costs $3. Write and graph an
inequality to describe the total cost of the carnival.

650 Saxon Algebra 1

 SOLUTION

Write the inequality that models the situation.

cost of games plus cost of food is no more than 12
2x + 3y ≤ 12
Solve the inequality for y.
2x + 3y ≤ 12
3y ≤ -2x + 12 Subtract 2x from both sides.

y ≤ -_
2x + 4 Divide all three terms by 3 and simplify.
3

Caution Graph the solutions.

The graph of an inequality Since Kia cannot buy a negative amount of y

will represent all of the games and food, use only Quadrant I. Graph 8
solutions of the inequality,
but only selected points
the boundary line y = -_23 x + 4. Use a solid
6
on the graph may line for ≤.
represent solutions of the 4
word problem. Shade below the line. Kia must buy whole
numbers of games and food items. All the 2
points on or below the line with whole-number x
0
coordinates are the different combinations of 2 4 6 8
games and food Kia can buy.

Lesson Practice
Determine if each ordered pair is a solution of the given inequality.
(Ex 1)
a. (2, 6); y > 3x - 2
b. (4, 1); y < -4x + 1
c. (-6, 2); y ≤ 5

Graph each inequality.

(Ex 2)
d. 4x + 5y ≥ -10
e. x < 6

Graph each inequality using a graphing calculator.

(Ex 3)
f. 4x + 2y ≤ 6
g. y > 2x + 6

Write an inequality for the region graphed on each coordinate plane.

(Ex 4)
h. y i. y
8 8

4
O x O x
-8 -4 4 8 -8 -4 8
-4 -4

-8 -8

Lesson 97 651
 j. Nila has plans to attend the school bookfair and she wants to spend
(Ex 5)
no more than $25. Each book series costs $15 and each book costs $5.
Write an inequality to describe the total cost of the books Nila can buy
and graph the inequality.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Simplify.
-2 12
30x y
_
1.
(32) 6y-5

2.
(69)
√
0.09q2r + q √
0.04r
4
16g
_
3. -_
81
(90) 2g + 3 2g + 3

4. Find the range of the data set that includes the ages of 9 members of a chess club:
(48)
23, 7, 44, 31, 18, 27, 35, 39, 66.

5. Find the product (4x2 + 8)(2x - 7) using the FOIL method.

(58)

*6. Add _
9 +_
-24 .
(95) 9x - 36 3x2 - 48
*7. Jim ran a total of _ x
miles in the gym and _
x+2
x+1
miles outside. How
(95) x2 + 2x + 1
many more miles did he run inside?

8. Find the quotient of (x2 - 14x + 49) ÷ (x - 7).

(93)

Solve and graph the inequality.

9. 13 ≤ 2x + 7 < 15
(82)
⎢x
10. _ > 8
(91) 6

11. Determine if the inequality 3x - 4x ≥ 6 - x + 8 is never, sometimes, or always

(81)
true. If it is sometimes true, identify the solution set.

*12. Determine if the ordered pair (2, 6) is a solution of the inequality y > 3x - 2.
(97)

*13. Graph the function. y = x2 + 2x - 24

(96)

*14. Write What points on a graph of an inequality satisfy the inequality? Explain.
(97)

*15. Generalize How do you know which half-plane to shade for the graph of a linear
(97)
inequality?

652 Saxon Algebra 1

*16. Multiple Choice Which inequality represents the graph on the coordinate plane?
(97)
y
4

O x
-4 -2 2
-2

-4

A y ≥ -_
2x + 2 B y ≤ -_
2x + 2
3 3

C y ≤ _x + 2 D y < -_
2 2x + 2
3 3

17. Football Tickets for the school football game cost five dollars for adults and
(97)
three dollars for students. In order to buy new helmets, at least $9000 worth of
tickets must be sold. Write an inequality that describes the total number of tickets
that must be sold in order to buy new helmets.

*18. Error Analysis Two students find the vertex for y = x2 - 6x + 19. Which student is
(96)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
-b = _
_ 6 =3 -b = _
_ 6 =3
2a 2 2a 2
The vertex is (3, 0). 32 - 6(3) + 19 = 10
The vertex is (3, 10).

*19. Geometry The area of a rectangle is 48 square inches. The length is three times
(96)
the width. Find the width of the rectangle by finding the positive zero of the
function y = 3w2 - 48.

*20. Multi-Step The height y of a golf ball in feet is given by the function y = -16x2 + 49x.
(96)
a. What is the y-intercept?
b. What does this y-intercept represent?
c. What answer does the equation give for the height of the ball after 5 seconds?
d. What does that height mean?

*21. Commuting Jeff traveled _ 1

miles for his job on Monday and _ 1
miles for
(95) 2x2 - 4x x3 - 2x2
his job on Tuesday. How many more miles did he travel on Tuesday?
3y + 2
22. Multiple Choice Add _ + _ 4 .
(95) y+z 2y + 2z
3y + 4 y+4
A _ y+z B _y+z
6y
_ 3y - 4
C D _y-z
4mn

Lesson 97 653
 23. Verify Show that -11 is a solution to the inequality ⎢3x - 2 = 31.
(94)

24. Multiple Choice Solve 4⎢x - 8 = 12.

(94)
A {-5, 5} B {11, -11}
C {5, 11} D {-20, 20}

25. Bike Riding Ron rode his bike for _ 10

minutes to get to his grandmother’s
(92) 45x2 + 4x - 1
house that was _ 1
+ _ 2x
miles away. Find his rate in miles per minute.
45x - 5 25x + 5

26. Carpentry A carpenter uses a measuring tape with an accuracy of ±_ 1

32
inches. He
(91) _
5
measures the height of a bookshelf to be 95 8 inches. Solve the inequality
⎢x - 95_5  ≤ _1
⎢ 8 32 to find the range of the height of the bookshelf.

27. Generalize How are the number of zeros of a function related to the location of the
(89)
vertex of the function’s parabola?
2x4y2
28. Probability The probability of winning a certain game is _3 . The probability
(88)
5x2y 15xy
of winning a different game is _ . What is the probability of winning both
8x3y2
games?

29. Rate An orange juice machine squeezes juice out of x2 + 30x oranges every hour.
(88)
How much time in days will it take to squeeze 3000 oranges?

30. Multi-Step A circle has a radius of x. Another circle has a radius of 3x.
(84)
a. Write equations for the areas of both circles.
b. Graph both functions in the same coordinate plane.
c. Compare the graphs.

654 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
98
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(89)
is an x-value for the function where f (x) = 0.

Factor.
2. x2 + 3x - 88 3. 6x2 - 7x - 5
(72) (75)
4. 4x2 + 28x + 49 5. 12x2 - 27
(83) (83)

New Concepts A root of an equation is the solution to an equation. A quadratic equation

can have zero, one, or two roots. The roots of a quadratic equation are the
Math Language x-intercepts, or zeros, of the related quadratic function.
The roots of a quadratic To find the roots of a quadratic equation, set the equation equal to 0. If the
equation are the values quadratic expression can be factored, the equation can be solved using the
of x that make
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Zero Product Property.

Zero Product Property

If the product of two quantities equals zero, at least one of the
quantities equals zero.

Math Reasoning Example 1 Using the Zero Product Property

Analyze What is the Solve.
difference between a
quadratic function and a (x - 4)(x + 5) = 0
quadratic equation?
SOLUTION

By the Zero Product Property, one or both of these factors must be equal
to 0. To find the solutions, set each factor equal to zero and solve.
x-4=0 x+5=0 Set each factor equal to zero.
x=4 x = -5 Solve each equation for x.

Check Substitute each solution into the original equation to show it is true.

(x - 4)(x + 5) = 0 (x - 4)(x + 5) = 0
(4 - 4)(4 + 5)  0 (-5 - 4)(-5 + 5)  0
0·90 -9 · 0  0
0=0 ✓ 0=0 ✓
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com The solution set is {-5, 4}.

Lesson 98 655
 Example 2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
Find the roots.

a. x2 + 2x = 8

Hint SOLUTION

Standard form for the x2 + 2x = 8

equation is
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
x2 + 2x - 8 = 0 Set the equation equal to 0.
(x + 4)(x - 2) = 0 Factor.

Use the Zero Product Property to solve the equation.

x+4=0 x-2=0 Set each factor equal to zero.
x = -4 x=2 Solve each equation for x.

Check
x2 + 2x = 8 x2 + 2x = 8
(-4)2 + 2(-4)  8 (2)2 + 2(2)  8
16 - 8  8 4+48
8=8 ✓ 8=8 ✓
The roots are -4 and 2.

b. 7x2 - 6 = 19x
SOLUTION

7x2 - 6 = 19x
7x2 - 19x - 6 = 0 Set the equation equal to 0.
(7x + 2)(x - 3) = 0 Factor.
7x + 2 = 0 x-3=0 Set each factor equal to zero.
7x = -2 x=3 Solve each equation for x.

x = -_
2
7
Check
7x2 - 6 = 19x 7x2 - 6 = 19x
2
7 -_
2 - 6  19 -_
( ) 2
( ) 7(3)2 - 6  19(3)
7 7
63 - 6  57
_4 - 6  -_
()7
38
7 57 = 57 ✓

-_
38 = -_
38 ✓
7 7

The roots are -_27 and 3.

656 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 3 Finding the Roots by Factoring Out the GCF
Find the roots.
20 - 2x2 = 70 - 20x
SOLUTION

2x2 - 20x + 50 = 0 Set the equation equal to zero.

2
2(x - 10x + 25) = 0 Factor out the GCF.
2(x - 5)(x - 5) = 0 Factor the trinomial expression.

Disregard the factor of 2, since it can never equal 0.

The factor (x - 5) appears twice, but it only needs to be set to equal
zero once.
x-5=0
x=5

Caution Check

When checking your 20 - 2x2 = 70 - 20x

answers, use the
original equation, not
20 - 2(5)2  70 - 20(5)
the one that has been 20 - 2(25)  70 - 100
rearranged. Also, use the
order of operations when 20 - 50  -30
simplifying each side of
the equation. -30 = -30 ✓
The root is 5.

Finding the values of x that satisfy the quadratic equation is another way of
finding the roots of a quadratic equation.

Example 4 Application: Gardening

The area of a rectangular garden is 51 square yards. The length is 14 yards
more than the width. What are the length and width of the garden?
SOLUTION

Let w be the width and w + 14 be the length.

A = lw Area formula

Math Reasoning 51 = (w + 14)w Substitute known values into the equation.

Justify How could you

51 = w2 + 14w Distribute.
check your answers? 2
0 = w + 14w - 51 Write the equation into standard form.
0 = (w + 17)(w - 3) Factor.
w + 17 = 0 w-3=0 Use the Zero Product Property.
w = -17 w=3 Solve.

Because the width must be a positive number, the only possible solution is
3 yards. Since the width is 3 yards, the length is w + 14. So the length is
3 + 14, which is 17 yards.

Lesson 98 657
 Example 5 Solving Quadratic Equations with Missing Terms
Solve.

a. 18x2 = 8x
SOLUTION

18x2 - 8x = 0 Set the equation equal to zero.

2x(9x - 4) = 0 Factor out the GCF.
2x = 0 9x - 4 = 0 Set each factor equal to zero.
x=0 x= _
4 Solve each equation for x.
9
Check
18x2 = 8x 18x2 = 8x
2
18 · (0)2  8(0)
0=0 ✓
18( 9 )  8(_49 )
_4

18(_)  8(_)
16 4
81 9
_
32 = _
32 ✓
9 9
⎧ ⎫
The solution set is ⎨⎩0, _49 ⎬⎭.

b. 4x2 - 25 = 0
SOLUTION

4x2 - 25 = 0 Set the equation equal to 0.

(2x - 5)(2x + 5) = 0 Factor.
2x - 5 = 0 2x + 5 = 0 Set each factor equal to zero.
2x = 5 2x = -5 Solve each equation for x.
x = 2.5 x = -2.5

Check

4x2 - 25 = 0 4x2 - 25 = 0
4(2.5)2 - 25  0 4 · (-2.5)2 - 25  0
4(6.25) - 25  0 4(6.25) - 25  0
25 - 25  0 25 - 25  0
0=0 ✓ 0=0 ✓

The solution set is {-2.5, 2.5}.

658 Saxon Algebra 1

 Lesson Practice
a. Solve (x - 3)(x + 7) = 0.
(Ex 1)

Find the roots.

b. x2 + 3x - 18 = 0 c. 2x2 + 13x + 15 = 0
(Ex 2) (Ex 2)

Solve.
d. 5x2 - 20x = 10x - 45 e. 45x2 = 27x
(Ex 3) (Ex 5)
f. 25x2 - 16 = 0
(Ex 5)

g. Architecture A rectangular pool has an area of 360 square feet. The

(Ex 4)
length is 6 feet more than three times the width. Find the dimensions of
the pool.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Solve and graph the inequality.

1. 11 < 2(x + 5) < 20 2. ⎢x + 1.5 ≤ 7.6
(82) (91)

3. Determine whether the polynomial -121 + 9x2 is a perfect-square trinomial or a

(83)
difference of two squares. Then factor the polynomial.

4. Graph the function y = 2x2 + 8x + 6.

(96)

5. The number of Apples A and Oranges O grown in a certain fruit orchard can
(53)
be modeled by the given expressions where x is the number of years since the
trees were planted. Find a model that represents the total number of apples and
oranges grown in this orchard.
A = 15x3 + 17x - 20
O = 20x3 + 11x - 4

6. Write an equation for a line that passes through (1, 2) and is perpendicular
to y = -_34 x + 2_4 .
(65) 3

4⎢x
7. Solve the equation _
9
+ 3 = 11 and graph the solution.
(94)

Simplify.
_3x + 6
8. _7x - 7 9. (5xyz)2(3x-1y)2
(92) _
5x + 10 (40)

14x - 14

*10. Determine if the ordered pair (5, 5) is a solution of the inequality y < -5x + 4.
(97)

*11. Write Explain the Zero Product Property in your own words.
(98)

Lesson 98 659
 *12. Justify What property allows you to use the following step when solving an
(98)
equation?
(x + 4)(x + 5) = 0
x+4=0 x+5=0

*13. Multiple Choice What is the solution set of 0 = (3x - 5)(x + 2)?
(98)
⎧5 ⎫ ⎧5 ⎫ ⎧ 5 ⎫ ⎧ 5 ⎫
A ⎨⎩_ , -2⎬⎭ B ⎨⎩ _ , 2⎬⎭ C ⎨⎩- _ , -2⎬⎭ D ⎨⎩- _ , 2⎬
3 3 3 3 ⎭

*14. Ages A girl is 27 years younger than her mother. Her mother is m years old. The
(98)
product of their ages is 324. How old is each person?

*15. Multi-Step Seve plans to go shopping for new jeans and shorts. She plans to spend
(97)
no more than $70. Each pair of jeans costs $20 and each pair of shorts costs $10.
a. Write an inequality that describes this situation.
b. Graph the inequality.
c. If Seve wants to spend exactly $70, what is a possible number of each she can
spend her money on?

*16. Geometry The Triangle Inequality Theorem states that the sum of the lengths
(97)
of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side. The
sides of a triangle are labeled 4x inches, 2y inches, and 8 inches. James wrote
an inequality that satisfies the Triangle Inequality Theorem. He wrote the
inequality 4x + 2y > 8. Use a graphing calculator to graph the inequality.

*17. Solve (x + 4)(x - 9) = 0.

(98)

18. Error Analysis Students were asked to write an inequality that results in a dashed
(97)
horizontal boundary line. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y > -3 y≥4

19. Horseback Riding It took Joe _

2x - 10
minutes to ride his horse to Darrell’s house that
(92) 2x5
_ 2
3x - 15x
was 3x miles away. Find his rate in miles per minute.
3 4
20. Measurement The area of a triangle can be expressed as 4x2 - 2x - 6 square
(92)
meters. The height of the triangle is x + 1 meters. Find the length of the base of
the triangle.

21. Art Michael bought a rectangular painting from a local artist. The area of the
(93)
painting was (20x + 5 + x3) square inches. The width was (x - 5) inches. What
was the length?

22. Analyze Should you find the LCD when multiplying or dividing rational fractions?
(95)

660 Saxon Algebra 1

 23. Multi-Step Erika and Casey started a new walking program. They walked
(95)
_ 4x
miles Thursday and _ 16
miles Friday.
3x + 9 x2 + 12x + 27
a. What is the total distance that they walked?
b. If their rate was _ miles per hour, how much time did it take them to walk
4x
x+3
on Thursday and Friday?

*24. Physics A ball is dropped from 100 feet in the air. What is its height after
(96)
2 seconds? Use h = -16t2 + vt + s. (Hint: Its initial velocity is 0 feet per
second.)

*25. Error Analysis Two students find the zeros of the function y = x2 - 8x - 33. Which
(96)
student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y = x2 - 8x - 33 0 = x2 - 8x - 33
y = (0)2 - 8(0) - 33 0 = (x - 11)(x + 3)
y = -33 x - 11 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
(0, -33) x = 11 or x = -3
11 and -3

26. Multi-Step Hideyo has a picture frame that measures 20 centimeters by

(85)
26 centimeters. The frame is 1.5 centimeters wide.
a. Find the length and width of the picture area.
b. Find the length of the diagonal of the picture area to the nearest tenth
of a centimeter.

27. Profit A business sold x2 + 6x + 5 items. The profit for each item sold
(88)
is _x2
100x
dollars.
a. What is the profit in terms of x?
b. What is the profit (in dollars) if x = 50?

28. Multi-Step Javed has a garden with an area of 36 square feet. The width of his
(89)
garden is 9 feet less than the length. What are the dimensions of his garden?
a. Write a formula to find the dimensions of the garden and describe how you will
solve it.
b. What are the dimensions of the garden?

29. Generalize Describe the steps for subtracting _ from _

2
x-6 x - x - 30
x+5 x+5
.
(90)

30. The width of a rectangle is represented by the expression (4x - 6) and the
(Inv 9)
length (8x + 7). Would the area of the rectangle be correctly expressed as
32x2 + 20x - 42? If not, what is the correct area?

Lesson 98 661
LES SON Solving Rational Equations
99
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The denominator of a
(39)
contains a variable. The
value of the variable cannot make the denominator equal to zero.

Find the LCM.

2. 7x2y and 3xy3 3. (3x - 6) and (9x2 - 18x)
(57) (57)
4. (x + 3) and (2x - 1) 5. (14x - 7y) and (10x - 5y)
(57) (57)

New Concepts A rational equation is an equation containing at least one rational expression.
There are two ways to solve a rational equation: using cross products or
using the least common denominator.
Math Language
Either way may lead to an extraneous solution; that is, a solution that does
A rational expression is a
fraction with a variable in not satisfy the original equation. The solution may satisfy a transformed
the denominator. equation, but make a denominator in the original equation equal 0. If an
answer is extraneous, eliminate it from the solution set.
If a rational equation is a proportion, it can be solved using cross products.

Example 1 Solving a Rational Proportion

Solve each equation.

a. _
3 =_
5
x x-6
SOLUTION
Math Reasoning
Analyze Why is it _3 = _
5
necessary to keep the x x-6
terms in the denominator
grouped? 3(x - 6) = 5x Use cross products.
3x - 18 = 5x Distribute 3 over (x - 6).
-18 = 2x Subtract 3x from both sides.
-9 = x Divide both sides by 2.

Check Verify that the solution is not extraneous.

_3 = _
5
x x-6
_
3 _
5 Substitute -9 for x in the original equation.
-9 -9 - 6
_
3 _
5 Simplify the denominator.
-9 -15

-_
1 = -_
1 Simplify each fraction.
3 3
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com The solution is x = -9. ✓
662 Saxon Algebra 1
 b. _
x =_
3
4 x-1
SOLUTION

_
x =_
3
4 x-1
x(x - 1) = 12 Use cross products.
2
x - x = 12 Distribute x over (x - 1).
x2 - x - 12 = 0 Subtract 12 from both sides.
(x - 4)(x + 3) = 0 Factor.
x = 4 or x = -3 Use the Zero Product Property to solve.

Check Verify that the solution is not extraneous.

_
x =_
3 ;x=4 or _
x =_
3 ; x = -3
4 x-1 4 x-1
_4  _
3 Substitute. _
-3  _
3
4 4-1 4 -3 - 1

1=1 ✓ Simplify each fraction. -_

3 = -_
3 ✓
4 4
The solution set is {4, -3}.

If a rational equation includes a sum or difference, find the LCD of all the
terms to solve.

Example 2 Using the LCD to Solve Addition Equations

Hint Solve _
3 +_
16 = 11.
x 2x
To find the LCD of the
terms, consider the
SOLUTION
denominator of the
whole number to be 1. _3 + _
16 = 11
x 2x
The LCD of the denominators is 2x.

(2x)_
3 + (2x) _
16 = (2x)11 Multiply each term by the LCD.
x 2x
6 + 16 = 22x Simplify each term.
22 = 22x Add.
1=x Divide both sides by 22.

Check Verify that the solution is not extraneous.

_3 + _
16 = 11
x 2x
_3 + _16  11 Substitute 1 for x in the original equation.
1 2(1)
11 = 11 ✓ Simplify.

The solution is x = 1.

Lesson 99 663
 Example 3 Using the LCD to Solve Subtraction Equations

Solve _3 -_
2 =_5 .
x-1 x 2x

Caution SOLUTION

Remember to distribute _
3 -_
2 =_
5
the negative over the x-1 x 2x
new numerator in a
fraction following a The LCD is 2x(x - 1).
subtraction sign.
2x(x - 1) _3 -2x(x - 1) _
2 = 2x(x - 1) _
x
5 Multiply each term by
x-1 2x
the LCD.
6x - 4(x - 1) = 5(x - 1) Simplify each term.
6x - 4x + 4 = 5x - 5 Use the Distributive
Property.
2x + 4 = 5x - 5 Collect like terms.
4 = 3x - 5 Subtract 2x from both
sides.
9 = 3x Add 5 to both sides.
3=x Divide both sides by 3.

Check Verify that the solution is not extraneous.

_
3 -_
2=_
5
x-1 x 2x
_
3 -_
2 _
5 Substitute 3 for x in the original equation.
3-1 3 2(3)
_5 = _5 ✓ Simplify.
6 6

The solution is x = 3.

Example 4 Checking for Extraneous Solutions

Solve the equation.
_
x-1 =_
x+9
x-2 2x - 4
SOLUTION

_
x-1 =_
x+9
x-2 2x - 4
(x - 1)(2x - 4) = (x - 2)(x + 9) Use cross products.
2x2 - 6x + 4 = x2 + 7x - 18 Multiply.
2
x - 13x + 22 = 0 Subtract x2, 7x, and -18 from both
sides.
(x - 11)(x - 2) = 0 Factor.
x = 11 or x = 2 Use the Zero Product Property to solve.

664 Saxon Algebra 1

 Check Verify that the solutions are not extraneous.
Math Reasoning
Justify Why do you have _
x-1 =_
x+9
; x = 11 or _
x-1 =_
x+9
;x=2
to check both solutions x- 2 2x - 4 x-2 2x - 4
to the equation?
_
11 - 1  _
11 + 9
Substitute. _
2-1 _
2+9
11 - 2 2(11) - 4 2-2 2(2) - 4
_
10 = _
10 ✓ Simplify. _1 = _
11 ✗
9 9 0 0
2 is an extraneous solution.

The solution is x = 11.

Example 5 Application: Painting

It takes Samuel 7 hours to paint a house. It takes Jake 5 hours to paint the
same house. How long will it take them if they work together?
SOLUTION

Understand The answer will be the number of hours h it takes for Samuel
and Jake to paint the house.
Samuel can paint the house in 7 hours, so he can paint _1 of the house
7
per hour.
Jake can paint the house in 5 hours, so he can paint _15 of the house per hour.
Plan The part of the house Samuel paints plus the part of the house Jake
paints equals the complete job. Samuel’s rate times the number of hours
worked plus Jake’s rate times the number of hours worked will give the
complete time it will take them to paint the house. Let h represent the
number of hours worked.
(Samuel’s rate)h + (Jake’s rate)h = complete job
_1 h + _1 h = 1
7 5

Math Reasoning Solve

Verify Show that the

_1 h + _1 h = 1
solution _ 35
hours 7 5
12
satisfies the original
equation. (35) _
1 h + (35) _
1 h = (35)1 Multiply each term by the LCD, 35.
7 5
5h + 7h = 35 Simplify each term.

h=_
35 Combine like terms; and divide both sides by 12.
12
Together, they can paint the house in 2_
11
12 hours.

Lesson 99 665
 Lesson Practice
Solve each equation.

a. _
6 =_7
(Ex 1)x x-1

b. _
2 =_
x
(Ex 1) x+4 6

c. _
12 + _
16 = 5
(Ex 2) 2x 4x

d. _
4 -_
2 =_
1
(Ex 3) x-2 x 3x

e. _
x+5 _
= x-2
(Ex 4) x+4 2x + 8
f. Lawn Care It takes John 2 hours to mow the yard. Sarah can do it in
(Ex 5)
3 hours. How long will it take them if they mow the yard together?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Solve.

1. _
4 =_8 2. (x - 13)(x + 22) = 0
(99)x x+4 (98)

3. Physics A student is biking to a friend’s house. He bikes at 10 miles per hour.

(94)
The friend lives 20 miles away, give or take 2 miles. What are the minimum and
maximum times it will take him to get there?

*4. Verify Without graphing, show that the point (2, -6) lies on the graph of
(96)
y = x2 + x - 12.
_ 4x
+_ 1
5. Simplify: __
12x - 60 4x - 16
. 6. Factor x + 4x2 - 5.
(92) _ -2 (75)
9x - 20 - x2

7. Larry weighed 180 pounds. He has lost 2 pounds a month for x months. Write a
(52)
linear equation to model his weight after 8 months.

*8. Write What is an extraneous solution?

(99)

9. Find the LCD of _ 2x - __ 12 .

(95) 2x2 - 72 x2 + 13x + 42

10. Population The function y = -0.0003x2 + 0.03x + 1.3 shows the population of
(89)
Philadelphia County between the years 1900 and 1990, where x is the number of
years after 1900 and y is the population for that year in millions of people. Find
the vertex of the parabola that represents the function. What does it represent in
terms of the scenario?

666 Saxon Algebra 1

 11. Multi-Step The coordinates of three friends’ houses on a city map are P(3, 3),
(86)
Q(5, 9), and R(11, 3). The friends plan to meet at the point that is half-way
−−
between Q and the midpoint of PR.
−−
a. Find the midpoint of PR.
b. Find the coordinates of the point where the friends plan to meet.

12. Find the quotient of (18x2 - 120 + 6x5) ÷ (x - 2).

(93)

13. What is the ratio of the volume of a cube with side lengths of 5 to the volume of a
(36)
cube with side lengths of 3?

*14. Formulate How can you quickly tell if a possible solution is extraneous using
(99)
the denominators in the original equation?

*15. Multiple Choice Which of the following is an extraneous solution to the

=_
(99) 10
equation _ x2
x-1
+_ 4x2 - 20x
(x - 1)(x - 5) 2x - 2 ?
A x = -1 B x=0
C x=1 D x=5

*16. Housekeeping It takes a man 8 hours to clean the house. His friend can clean it
(99)
in 6 hours. How long will it take them if they clean together?

*17. Error Analysis Two students solve the equation 0 = (x - 5)(x + 11). Which student
(98)
is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
x-5=0 x + 11 = 0 x-5=0 x + 11 = 0
x=5 x = -11 x = -5 x = 11

18. Geometry The area of a triangle is 24 square centimeters. The height is four more
(98)
than two times the base. Find the base and height of the triangle.

*19. Multi-Step The length of a lawn is twice the width. The lawnmower cuts 2-foot
(98)
strips. One strip along the length and width has already been cut.
2x feet

x feet
2 feet
2 feet
a. Write expressions for the length and width of the area left to be cut.
b. The area left to be cut is 144 square feet. Find the width of the yard.
c. What is the length of the yard?

20. Generalize How do you know when there is no solution to an absolute-value

(91)
inequality?

21. Architecture Mia is designing a rectangular city hall. She accidentally spills water
(93)
on her newly revised sketches. She is only able to determine the area, which is
(x2 - 15x + 56) square feet, and the length, which is (x - 7) feet. What is the
width?

Lesson 99 667
 *22. Multiple Choice What are the zeros for the function y = 4x2 + 28x - 72?
(96)
A 0, 4 B 0, -4
C 2, -9 D 2, -76

*23. Band The school band is performing a music concert. Tickets cost $3 for
(97)
adults and $2 for students. In order to cover expenses, at least $200 worth
of tickets must be sold. Write an inequality that describes the graph of this
situation.
y

3 units

O 2 units x
-40 40
-40

3 4
24. Measurement Jesse bought a new glass window to go in his front room. The area of
(93)
the window is (2 + 3x3 - 8x) square inches. The width is (x + 4) inches. What is
the length?

*25. Error Analysis Students were asked to write an inequality that results in a solid,
(97)
vertical boundary line. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
x≤6 x < -2

26. Graph the inequality 4x + 5y ≥ -7.

(97)

27. Multi-Step Pedro biked 6 miles on dirt trails and 12 miles on the street. His
(90)
biking rate on the dirt trails was 25% of what it was on the street.
a. Write a simplified expression for Pedro’s total biking time.
b. Analyze Explain how finding the simplified expression would change if
Pedro’s biking rate on the trails was 50% of what it was on the streets.

28. Graph the function y - 3 = -x2 + 3.

(84)

29. A square has a side length s. The square grows larger and has a new area
(83)
of s2 + 16s + 64. What is the new side length?

30. Write an equation where j is inversely proportional to m and n and directly

(Inv 8)
proportional to p and q.

668 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing
100
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The U-shaped curve that results from graphing a quadratic
(84)
function is called a(n) .

Evaluate each expression for the given values.

2. 3(x - y)2 - 4y2 for x = -5 and y = -2
(9)
3. -x2 - 3xy + y for x = 3 and y = -1
(9)

Determine the direction that the parabola opens.

4. f (x) = 3x2 + x - 4 5. f (x) = -2x2 + x + 1
(84) (84)

New Concepts The solution(s) of a quadratic equation, 0 = ax2 + bx + c, can be found by

graphing the related function, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. The U-shaped graph
of a quadratic function is called a parabola. The solutions of the equation
Math Language are called roots and can be found by determining the x-intercepts or zeros
of the quadratic function. These zeros can be found by graphing the related
The same function is
described by function to see where the parabola intersects the x-axis.
y = 3x 2 - 5
and f(x) = 3x 2 - 5. Graphical Solutions
The function notation y
for y is f(x). It is read, “f
of x.”
One Real Solution
4
The graph intersects the 2
x-axis at the vertex. x
O
-2 2 4 6

y
4

Two Real Solutions 2

O x
The graph intersects the 4
x-axis at two distinct points. -2

-4

y
O x
2 4 6
No Real Solutions
-2

The graph does not -4

intersect the x-axis.
-6
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com

Lesson 100 669

 Example 1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing
Solve each equation by graphing the related function.

a. x2 - 36 = 0
SOLUTION

Step 1: Find the axis of symmetry.

Hint
x = -_b Use the formula.
When the coefficient of 2a
the x 2-term is positive,
the parabola will open x = -_0 =0 Substitute values for a and b.
upward. 2(1)
When the coefficient of The axis of symmetry is x = 0.
the x 2-term is negative,
the parabola will open Step 2: Find the vertex.
downward.
f (x) = x2 - 36
f (0) = (0)2 - 36 Evaluate the function for x = 0 to find the vertex.
The vertex is (0, -36).
Step 3: Find the y-intercept.
The y-intercept is c, or -36.
Step 4: Find two more points that are not on the axis of symmetry.
f (5) = 52 - 36 f (7) = 72 - 36
(5, -11) (7, 13)
Step 5: Graph. y
40
Graph the axis of symmetry x = 0, the vertex and 20
the y-intercept, both at coordinate (0, -36). Reflect x
O
the points (5, -11) and (7, 13) over the axis of -8 4 8
symmetry and graph the points (-5, -11) and -20
(-7, 13). Connect the points with a smooth curve.
-40
From the graph, the x-intercepts appear to be 6
and -6.

Math Reasoning Check Substitute the values for x in the original equation.

Write Why are the

x2 - 36 = 0; x = 6 x2 - 36 = 0; x = -6
x-intercepts substituted (6)2 - 36  0 (-6)2 - 36  0
into the original
equation? 36 - 36  0 36 - 36  0
0=0 ✓ 0=0 ✓
The solutions are 6 and -6.

670 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. -x2 - 2 = 0 y
O x
SOLUTION -4 -2 2 4

Graph the related function f(x) = -x2 - 2. -4

axis of symmetry: x=0 -8

vertex: (0, -2) -12

y-intercept: (0, -2)

two additional points: (1, -3) and (3, -11)
Reflect these two points across the axis of symmetry and connect them with
a smooth curve.

Caution From the graph, it can be seen that there is no x-intercept because the graph
does not intersect the x-axis.
When a parabola does
not cross the x-axis, There is no real-number solution.
there is no real-number
solution to the quadratic
equation.
c. x2 + 16 = 8x
SOLUTION

Write the equation in standard form.

x2 - 8x + 16 = 0
Graph the related function f(x) = x2 - 8x + 16.
axis of symmetry: x=4
vertex: (4, 0)
y-intercept: (0, 16)
two additional points: (2, 4) and (3, 1)
Reflect these two points across the axis of y
16
symmetry and connect them with a smooth curve.
12
From the graph, the x-intercept appears to be 4.
8
Check Substitute 4 for x in the original equation.
4
x2 - 8x + 16 = 0; x = 4 O x
2 2 6 8
(4) - 8(4) + 16  0
16 - 32 + 16  0
0=0 ✓

The solution is 4.

Lesson 100 671

 Example 2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using a Graphing
Calculator
Solve each equation by graphing the related function on a graphing
calculator.

Hint a. -6x - 9 = x2
For help with graphing SOLUTION
quadratic functions, see
Graphing Calculator Write the equation in standard form.
Lab 8: Characteristics of
Parabolas on p. 583. -x2 - 6x - 9 = 0
Graph the related function
f (x) = -x2 - 6x - 9.
The graph appears to have an x-intercept at -3.
Use the Table function to determine the zeros of this function.
The solution is -3.

b. -6x = -x2 - 13
SOLUTION

Write the equation in standard form.

x2 - 6x + 13 = 0.
Graph the related function f (x) = x2 - 6x + 13.
The graph opens upward and does not intersect
the x-axis.
There is no solution.

c. -3x2 + 5x = -7
Round to the nearest tenth.
SOLUTION

Write the equation in standard form.

-3x2 + 5x + 7 = 0
Graph the related function
f (x) = -3x2 + 5x + 7.
The graph appears to have x-intercepts at
3 and -1.
Use the Zero function to determine the zeros of this function. Round to the
nearest tenth.
The solutions are x = 2.6 and -0.9.

672 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 3 Application: Physics
Gill drops a baseball from the top of a platform 64 feet off the ground. The
Hint height of the baseball is described by the quadratic equation h = -16t2 + 64,
The time t is plotted on where h is the height in feet and t is the time in seconds. Find the time t when
the x-axis. The height h is the ball hits the ground.
plotted on the y-axis.
SOLUTION

Graph the related function h(t) = -16t2 + 64

on a graphing calculator.
Height h is zero when the ball hits the ground.
Use the Zero function of the graphing calculator
to determine the zeros of this function.
There are two zeros for the given parabola: t = 2
and t = -2. Only values greater than or equal to zero are considered.
So, t = 2 is the only solution.
The baseball hits the ground in 2 seconds.

Lesson Practice
Solve each equation by graphing the related function.
(Ex 1)
a. 3x2 - 147 = 0
b. 5x2 + 6 = 0
c. x2 - 10x + 25 = 0

Solve each equation by graphing the related function on a graphing calculator.

d. x2 + 64 = 16x
(Ex 2)
e. x2 + 4 = 2x
(Ex 2)
f. Round to the nearest tenth: -7x2 + 3x = -7.
(Ex 2)
g. Marcus shot an arrow while standing on a platform. The path of its
(Ex 3)
movement formed a parabola given by the quadratic equation
h = -16t2 + 2t + 17, where h is the height in feet and t is the time in
seconds. Find the time t when the arrow hits the ground. Round to the
nearest hundredth.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Solve.
1. x(2x - 11) = 0 2. _
12 = _
4
(98) x-6 (99) x
*3. Generalize Using the path of a ball thrown into the air as an example, describe in
(100)
mathematical terms each part of the graph the path of the ball creates.

*4. Generalize What does the graph of a quadratic equation look like when there is no
(100)
solution? one solution? two solutions?

Lesson 100 673

 5. Given that y varies directly with x, identify the constant of variation such that
(Inv 7)
when x = 15, y = 30.

*6. Basketball Ramero shoots a basketball into the air. The ball’s movement forms a
(100)
parabola given by the quadratic equation h = -16t2 + 7t + 7, where h is the height
in feet and t is the time in seconds. Find the maximum height of the path the
basketball makes and the time t when the basketball hits the ground. Round to the
nearest hundredth.

*7. Multiple Choice What is the equation of the axis of symmetry of the parabola
(100)
defined by y = _14 (x - 4)2 + 5?
A x=1 B x=4 C x=5 D x = -4

*8. Solve -7x2 - 10 = 0 by graphing.

(100)

*9. Solve _
6 =_8 .
(99) x x+7

10. A deck of ten cards has 5 red and 5 black cards. Cards are replaced in the deck
(80)
after each draw. Use an equation to find the probability of drawing a black card
twice and rolling a 6 on a number cube.

11. Geometry The altitude of the right triangle divides the hypotenuse into segments 5
(99)
of lengths x units and 5 units. To find x, solve the equation _
x+5
6
=_6
x
.

*12. Multi-Step Henry starts working a half-hour before Martha. He can complete the 6 x
(99)
job in 4 hours. Martha can complete the same job in 3 hours.
a. Let t represent the total time they work together. In terms of t, how long does
Henry work?
b. Use an equation to find how long they work together to complete the job.
c. How long does Henry work?
a2 + 10a - 24
13. Find the quotient of __. 14. Simplify √
49y5 .
(93) a-2 (61)

15. Profit An entrepreneur makes $3 profit on each object sold. She would like to
(94)
make $270 plus or minus $30 total. What is the minimum and maximum number
of objects she needs to sell?

16. Data Analysis A student knows there will be 4 tests that determine her semester
(94)
grade. She wants her average to be an 85, plus or minus 5 points. What is the
minimum and maximum number of points she needs to earn during the semester?

17. Solve the equation 10x - 3 = 87.

(94)

18. Exercise Tom ran a total of _ 7x

miles in August and _2x + 1
7x + 42
miles in
(95) x2 + 3x - 18
September. How many more miles did he run in August?

19. Graph the function y = 5x2 - 10x + 5.

(96)

*20. Verify A boundary line is a vertical line. The inequality contains a < symbol.
(97)
Which half-plane should be shaded on the graph?

674 Saxon Algebra 1

 21. Multiple Choice Which point does not satisfy the inequality x + 2y < 5?
(97)
A (0, 0) B (2, 1) C (3, -4) D (-1, 3)

*22. Ages A boy is b years old. His father is 23 years older than the boy. The product
(98)
of their ages is 50. How old is each person?

*23. Error Analysis Two students find the roots of 3x2 - 6x = 24. Which student is
(98)
correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
3x2 - 6x = 24 3x2 - 6x = 24
3x(x - 2) = 24 3x2 - 6x - 24 = 0
3x = 0 x-2=0 3(x2 - 2x - 8) = 0
x=0 x=2 3(x - 4)(x + 2) = 0
x-4=0 x+2=0
x=4 x = -2

24. Does the graph of y + 2x2 = 12 + x open upward or downward?

(84)

25. Do the side lengths 18, 80, and 82 form a Pythagorean triple?
(85)

26. Multi-Step The volume of a prism is 3x3 + 12x2 + 9x. What are the possible
(87)
dimensions of the prism?
a. Factor out common terms.
b. Factor completely.
c. Find the dimensions.

27. Travel The Jackson family drove 480 miles on Saturday and 300 miles on Sunday.
(90)
Their average rate on Sunday was 10 miles per hour less than their rate was on
Saturday. Write a simplified expression that represents their total driving time.

28. Multi-Step At the carnival, a man says that he will guess your weight within
(91)
5 pounds.
a. You weigh 120 pounds. Write an absolute-value inequality to show the range of
acceptable guesses.
b. Solve the inequality to find the actual range of acceptable guesses.

29. Verify If the numerator of a rational expression is a polynomial and the

(92)
denominator of the rational expression is a different polynomial, will factoring
the polynomials always provide a way to simplify the expression? Verify your
answer by giving an example.

30. If a 9% decrease from the original price resulted in a new price of $227,500,
(47)
what was the original price?

Lesson 100 675

 INVESTIGATION

10 Transforming Quadratic Functions

Math Reasoning A quadratic function is a function that can be written in the form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a is not equal to 0.
Analyze If a = 0, would
the function still be
quadratic? If not, what In Investigation 6, linear functions were graphed as transformations of the
type of function would parent function f(x) = x. Similarly, you can graph a quadratic function as a
f(x) be? transformation of the quadratic parent function f(x) = x2.

Parameter Changes
Complete the table of values for f(x) = x2 and graph the quadratic parent
function.

x f (x)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

As is the case for the linear parent function, the quadratic parent function
f(x) = x2 can be written as f(x) = ax2, where a = 1. The graph changes
when other values are substituted for a.

1. Graph y = x2 and y = 2x2 on the same set of axes. Compare the

two graphs.
2. Graph y = x2 and y = _ x2 on the same set of axes. Compare the
1
2
two graphs.
3. Graph y = x2 and y = -x2 on the same set of axes. Compare the
two graphs.
4. Generalize What is the effect of a on the graph of y = ax2?
5. Predict How will the graph of f(x) = _x2 change in relation to the
2
3
quadratic parent function?
6. Predict How will the graph of f(x) = -4x2 change in relation to the
quadratic parent function?
The graph of a function of the form f(x) = ax2 always crosses the y-axis at
(0, 0). When c ≠ 0, the graph of the function f(x) = ax2 + c does not pass
through the point (0, 0).
7. Graph the quadratic parent function and the function f(x) = x2 + 1 on
the same set of axes. Compare the two graphs.
Online Connection 8. Graph the quadratic parent function and the function f(x) = x2 - 2 on
www.SaxonMathResources.com the same set of axes.

676 Saxon Algebra 1

 9. Predict How will the graph of f(x) = x2 + 7 compare to the graph of the
quadratic parent function?

Combinations of Parameter Changes

Predict How will each graph compare to the graph of the quadratic parent
function? Verify your answer with a graphing calculator.
10. f(x) = -x2 + 2

11. f(x) = _ x2 - 3
1
2

Investigation Practice

Describe how the graph for the given values of a and c changes in relation to the graph
of the quadratic parent function. Verify your answer with a graphing calculator.
a. f(x) = ax2 + c for a = 2 and c = 1

b. f(x) = ax2 + c for a = -3 and c = -2

c. f(x) = ax2 + c for a = _2 and c = 2

1

d. f(x) = ax2 + c for a = -_12 and c = -1

Write an equation for the transformation described. Then graph the original
function and the graph of the transformation on the same set of axes.
e. Shift f(x) = 2x2 - 4 up 2 units.

f. Shift f(x) = 3x2 + 5 down 4 units and open it downward.

Investigation 10 677