The Mole

Mole : a unit of measurement

-

Symbol : n
Unit : mol
The mole is the amount of substance
containing 6.02×1023 things
Avogadro 's No .

1 dozen = 12 Couple = 2 hattrick=3

1 gross 144
= Pair = 2 1 mole = 6.02×1023

Molar Mass
There are 6.02×1023 carbon atoms in 12.01g
of C- 12

In other words, each atom of C-12 has a mass of

12.01am u Corn)

Each mole of C-12 has a mass of 12.01g

Molar mass is the mass in
grams of 1
mole of
substance

Unit : 91m01

Molar Mass Formula

Substance 9 (Amount) -1
. . .
=
molar mass in glmol
 g)
e. Caco } ( chalk )

Ca = 40.08
C = 12.01
0 =
16.00×3--48.00

40.07+12.01+48.00=100 09g/not .

NaCl ( Table salts

Na= 22.99
Cl = 35.45

22.99+35.45--58.44 glmol

Homework

Pg . 275 Tca -

gs

a) 32.07 (8) = 256.56g /Mol

b) 1.01 (2) +32.07 = 34.09g /not
c) 22.99+76.00+1.01=40 00g /not .

d) 55.85+116.00+1.0113=106.88glmol
e) (14.01+(1.01×4)) 2+32.07=68 17g /not .

f) (40.08×3) (30.97+(16.00×4)) 2 =
370.18g/Mol
g) (24.31+32.07+(16.00×4)) -1 7- ((1.01×2)+16.00)
246.52g /mol
=
Converting Moles to Grams

Molar Mass → ¥1
Molar Mass can be used as a conversion factor

g)
e. Convert 15.2 mol g
→

¥a%÷n ←
"

207.2g
15 2
.
no / • =3 749.44g
1m01
=

Convert 892.1 mol of Caco} →

g

892 .im# 100-099

•

1m¢
=
89290 .

29g = 8.929×104

Convert 2193.1 mol of Clz →

g
70.909
2193.1m¥ .

7m04
=
755490.79--1.5549×105

Converting Grams to Moles

e. g) 0.526g Fe to Moles
7m01

0.52b¥ s-s.ge.ge#-- 0.00942=9.42×10-3

.

89.25g of Mg (CIOs)z to not

^ " "
89.25g (Mg¢10s> a) •

191.2g
= 0.4667887029
=
0.4668
Rounded No .
 Homework

Pg .
277 : 1lb -

e) , 2 ca -
c)

1m01
I b)
74.2g (A1 ) .

26.98g
= 0 -
526m01
1m01
c)
1000.00g (CaO) •

( 40.0s +16.001g
=
178m01
1m01
d) 1750.00g (HCI) '

11.01 -135.451g
=
48 0m01
.

0.2g (431-11802) .am?)-ii /oixis)+uo.ooxzi)g= 9.694×10

"
'

C) '

( in

(
2 a) D. 80m01 (1-1202) ' (1.01×2)+116.000×2119=27
1m01 2g .

b) } 25 .
Mo / ( Naffgoy) .
( 22-99+1.01+32 -07+116.00×4)g
1m01
=
zqgg
( 40-08+12 -01+116.00×3)g
C) 0.005mg/ (( cozy a
.

1m01
=
O.gg
 Aluminum carbonate
✓
Alz (costs

(26.28×2) (12.01+(16.00×3)) 3=232.59

+

v5

}Ñ¥¥¥%
Converting Things to Moles
' '
There are 3 main things : Atoms
Molecules
1m01
Formula Units
t
6.02×1023 things
Conversion Factor

e. g) convert 3. 25m01 Fe to atoms

"
b. 02×10 th
3. 25m01 (Fe) •

1m01
= 1.96×1024 -1h

e.
g) convert 891.5 mol 1-120 to molecules
6.02×1023 th
891.5 mold-1201 . =
5.367 ✗ 1026th
7m01

e.gl convert 91 atoms Ag to mol

1m01
97th (Ag) •
= 1.5×10-22
6.02×1023-1h

Mass to things
e. g) Convert 1.12g Al to Atoms
6.02×1023-4
1-
12g (A1 )
.

216?%g •

1m01
= 2.50×10
"
th ( A1)
Convert 25.23g INACIJ to formula units
7m01 6.02×1023-4
= 2.599×1023th
25.23g (NaCl) '(22.99 -135.451g
'

7m01

Convert 8.92×102 "thCNHs ) -10g

1m01 ""01+1%01×3
8.92×102"£h(NH,) .

6. 02×1023 -1h
•

1m01
"g=zgzg
Homework
Pg 2801-4
.

b- 02×10"
1. 8160g (ps) 207.2g
. •

7m01
-4=2.37×1025 -1h
2. 0.2g (c) 12.01g
'
qmol
.
6.02×1023-4=7.00×1022
7m01 -1h

1m01 6.02×1023-14=1.6×1023
3. 7.3g ((21-14)^42.01×2) -117.07×4)g
,

7m01

4. 1500g (Caclz) '

1m01 .
6.02×1023-14=8.1×1024
40.08+135.45×2)g 1m01

Calculating Number of Atoms or Ions in a sample

e.g) Calculate the number Hina 17.23g sample of NH4

yz.ge/g.b-02x1OZ3th3-bhA-i
1m01 )

17.23g (Nts) °

9th
=
1.826×1024
1m01
.

More Homework

1m01 6.02×1023-1h 21h14)

1. 15-094-1202> "
. .
=
5.31×10231-1
(1.01×2)+(16.00×2) Imo , y-1h
= 5.31×10230
 7m01 6.02×102344 3-141cal
2. 2. 5.
"

gccazlpoy> 2) (40.08×3) -1130.97+(16.00×4))2j 1m01 7th

•

= 1.5×7022
ymol 12.07+(16.00×2)
Ggg
=
3. 8.4×102"th( Coz) 6.02×1023 -1h 1m01
'
-

Percent Composition

STARBURST -_ 88 %
20310090=43.35
¥310090 __ 0.493%

% Composition is the proportion of each element in a compound

by mass

% Composition obeys the law of definite proportion 1-

2 Ways to calculate % Composition

% Composition from lab Data : % Composition from chemical formulas:

A Determine %C from CACOH)z

44g sample of CO2 contains
40.08h
12g of carbon and 32g of Oxygen %Ca-zy.in 10090=54.0990
%C= 1%10040--27<27%0
32.00h
100%
% 0--74 .in __
43.18%

%C=%g- 10040=72.7340 1-1=2.02 u

% 100010=2.73 %
zy.nu
n >

Sum of percentages should 100

but there could be rounding Elements in a compound are
always present in the same
error
proportion by mass
Review Question
1m01
1 .
7.2×10631 Fe) •

G. 02×1023 ( Fe )
=
1. 2×1040 Mol (Fe)
55.859 6.7×10
""
2. 1.2×1040 mollie)
=
1m01 gcfe )
•

Empirical Formulas
Some compounds have the same % composition by mass

eg ) CHO and.
Czltyoz } 40% C , 6.7%1-1 , 53-3%0

But , they have very different properties and applications .

How do you convert mass data to number of atoms in a

molecule or ions in a formula units ?

eg ) Find the empirical formula of a substance with

.

40.0%46.7%1-1 ,
and 53.3%0
Compound
*
has the same % of each element no matter the
mass
We can set the mass to 100g conveniently

C40%40g40g.LY?g--3.33mo117mol
H 6.7% 6.7g 6.7g 's .org = 6. 63m01 2

0 53.3% 53.3g 53.3g ;%%g =3 .

33m01 1
3- 33 6.63 3.33
Mole ratio → C : H :O 3.33=1 : 2 : 1
. .

=
3. 33
' •

3.33

empirical formula
'

The
. .
is CHZO
Homework

Pg . 293 #3

3. a) Same formula Noz ,

b) Not the same formula

c) Same formula CH ,

d) Same formula, Cutts 0

Pg .
292 # 1b C -

B) C 18.4g
18.4% 18.4g '¥%g= 1. 53m01 1

N 21.5% 21.5g 21.5g .ly?8Ig--1.-s3mo1 1

It 60.1% 60.1g 60.1g .LA?Iog--1.-s4mo1 1
i.
Empirical Formula __ KCN

c) 7m01
At 52.9% 52.9g 52.9g 'zaasg= 1.96 2
1m01
0 47.1% 47.1g 47.1g ya .oog -2.94 ' -
3

Empirical A/ 203
•

• . Formula -_

Pg.
298 # Ib -
c

Pg .
300 # Za
 M-e.BA/-ios--g-----@--sgo--
@ABf@--

Mole Ratio
✓
1 .
10 molloz) ✗
YI! =
2m01 ( Cs Hs )

2. 3m01 ( ↳ H g)
ÉÉ%% 15m01 Coal
✗ =

3. 3m01 ( Cst-181×47%(-4%+8)=12 mole 1-1201

4. 30 mokcoz ) }m¥É¥= 10m01 les Hs )

×

5. 8m01 (1-120) ✗
E¥¥% ,
=
10m01 ( Oz )
 " ""
6. Gmo / (1-120)×1^0 =3 no / (
Nz )
3m01 (1-120)

3m01 ( H2)
7. 5m01 ( Nz ) ✗ = 15m01 ( H2 )
Tmo / ( Nz)

3m01 ( H2)
8. Tmo / ( NH 3) ✗ = 1. 5m01 ( Hz)
2m01 (NH,)

(H2)
9. 10m01 ( NH3) ✗ 3m01 = 15m01 ( H2 )
2m01 (Nts )
 Cztly -1302 → 2C Oz -121-120
Step 1 : convert czHy to moles step 4 : Therefore
* 1. 60m01 (↳ Ha )
Katt 4) ✗
45g The of CO2 is
'
=
. . mass
28.06g
Get the moles of coz using mole ratios
1. 4 ✗
102g
Step 2:

2m01 ( (Oz)
1. 60m01 ( =3 27m01 ( coz )
(21-14)×1 no ( (zag )
,
.

steps : convert moles coz to grams

3. 21m01 (coz) ✗ 44.019402)
1m01 ( ( Oz)
=
141.2721g ( (Oz) = 1.4 ✗
102g (coz)

2 Agnos + Back →
ZAGCI + Bal Nos )z

1m01
step 1:
5g ( Agnos ) ✗ =
0.029 not = 2.9×10 Zmol
-

169.88g
step 2: 2.9×10 2m01 (
Agnos ) ✗
- 2m01
(1-94)=2.9×10-2 moi
2m01 (Agnos)

2.9×10-2 mol ( Agg ) ✗ 143.32g

steps : 1m01 = 4.16

step 4 : : .
The mass of
Aga is
2.02g
2K40g → ZKCI -13oz
7m01
0.20 mol ( KC/ Oz )
step 1 25g ( Kaos)
✗ =
:
yzz.s.gg I
2m01 ( KU )
0 20m01 ( KC / Oz) 0 20m01 ( KU )
step 2: .
✗
Zmolckclo ,)=
- 39.10
+ 35.45
step 3 :O 20m01 (ka ) ✗ 74.55g
15.2g( KU )
=
ymo, 74.55
.

step 4 :
.

The of Potassium chloride is

mass
15.2g
. .
Mass Mass Review Questions
-

Alas -13 Agnos →

3 Aga +
All NO>Is
1m01
1. 50m01 ( Alas )
Step 1:
200.0g ( Alds)
✗

133.33g
=

3m01 (1-94) =
step 2 : 1. 50m01 ( AIG3) ✗ 1m01 (Alds)
4. 5m01 ( Agcl )

143 329
4. 5m01 ( 644.94g (AGG)
-

Step 3: =

Agcl )
✗
1m01

i. The mass of Again precipitate form is

644.94g
 GNH }

6N

181-1

L ✓ Possible limiting
Reagents

1m01
0 25m01 ( Ssl
64.091581×256.56 gcsg,=
-

1m01
142g (Clz)× = 2. 00m01 (
Clz)
70.90g (Uz)
4m01 (Szclz)
0 25m01 ( sg) ✗ = 1m01
1m01 ( Sg)
.

4m01 (5242)
2. 00m01 ( Clz) ✗ = zmo /
4m01 (Clz)

i. Ss is the limiting reagent