Chapter 1

Introduction to
Airport Operations
& Management

01 March 2023

Prepared by: Syamil Azmin

Anyone interested in working
with an airport operator?
28 February 2023
• The MAHB (the Group) reported financial results
for the financial year ended 31 December 2022
(FY22), reporting revenue of RM3.13 billion,
86.9% higher compared to the revenue for the
same period last year (FY21).
• The Group’s Earnings Before Interest Taxes,
Depreciation and Amortisation (EBITDA) rose to
RM1,186.3 million from RM220.3 million a year
ago, driven by passenger traffic that more than
doubled compared to FY21.
• The Group’s Malaysia operations saw 52.7
million passenger movements in FY22, an
almost five-fold increase from FY21, with overall
recovery against pre-pandemic of 50.0%.
• Its Turkey operations saw 31.2 million
passenger movements, an increase of 23.0%
from FY21, mainly driven by a 10.4% growth in
its international passenger movements.
 24 February 2023
• Local airports within the Malaysia Airports Group
registered 6.3 million total passenger traffic
movements for the month of January 2023.
• This is the second consecutive month in which total
traffic hit the 6 million mark and it represents 75.0%
recovery against pre-pandemic levels.
• This 62.5% recovery against 2019 levels was mainly
driven by China’s reopening of international
borders early last month.
• The balance of 3.5 million passenger movements were
made up of domestic traffic passenger movements
recorded were contributed by the festive season and
additional flight offerings by MYAirline and AirAsia.
• For international destinations, Batik Air Malaysia
(formerly known as Malindo Air) introduced new
services from KLIA to Sapporo-Chitose and Osaka via
Taipei with three times and four times weekly flights
respectively. AirAsia X also introduced new flights from
KLIA to Osaka with three times weekly frequencies.
Budget 2023 for Air Transport Sector

An allocation of RM209 million to The government plans to expand

Wheelchair ramp facilities at seven
subsidise air transportation for rural and improve the capacity of the
airports in Sabah and Sarawak will be
areas in Sarawak and Sabah Penang International Airport and
constructed
the Subang Airport
Individual Assignment

PSC
RM Previous PSC
Domestic ASEAN Long Haul
KLIA 9 65 65
Old PSC
Klia2 9 32 32
Other 9 65/26 65
Passenger Service Charge Airports

What is PSC?
PSC is levied on departing passengers to partially RM Revised PSC with effect from 1 Jan 2017
cover operating and capital expenditures of airports. Domestic ASEAN Long Haul
• Airport Tax KLIA 11 35 73
Since 01 Jan 2017
• Security Service Charge Klia2 11 35 50
How PSC is collected? Other 11 35 73
The PSC is collected by the airlines from the Airports
passenger upon purchase of tickets and is paid to the
airport operator following completion of the flight RM Revised PSC with effect from 1 July 2018
Domestic ASEAN Long Haul
Why is PSC increased in Malaysia?
KLIA 11 35 73
The charges were necessary to sustain the local Current
aviation industry as 75 per cent of the 39 airports in Klia2 11 35 73

its stable were not commercially viable and required Other 11 35 73

Airports
massive outlay to remain operational.
Domestic PSC benchmarking with ASEAN countries as of 18 August 2017
International PSC benchmarking with ASEAN countries as of 18 August 2017
International PSC benchmarking with Global as of 18 August 2017
Individual Assignment (20%)

PSC
Passenger Service Charge
Submission before 05 April 2023
to [email protected]

On August 2022, MAVCOM has published First Consultation -

Regulation of Aviation Service Charges
Question 1
Do you agree for MAVCOM to review the current PSC in Malaysia after
the pandemic? Why? Explain the impacts to the passengers, airport
operator and stakeholders.

Question 2
Do you agree with the equalization of PSC rates covering all Malaysian
airports?
Airport Management Topics:

• Chapter 1: Introduction to Airport Operations & Management

• Chapter 2: Aerodrome Certification
• Chapter 2: Airport Regulatory Frameworks
• Chapter 3: Terminal Service Division
• Chapter 4: Aerodrome Data & Physical Characteristics
• Chapter 5: Airside Operations & NOTAM
• Chapter 6: Landside Operations
• Chapter 7: Airport Engineering Management
• Chapter 8: Cargo Management
• Chapter 9: Aviation Security
• Chapter 10: Airport Fire & Rescue Services
• Chapter 11: Airport Facilitation
Learning outcomes (Chapter 1):
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
1) Understand the aviation regulatory evolution and airport services in Malaysia
2) Understand the management of aerodrome
3) Explain the characteristics of airports
4) Explain the standards used in airport management and operations
Understand aviation regulatory
evolution and airport services
in Malaysia
What happened on 07
December 1944?
 , drafted in 1944 by 54 nations,
was established to promote cooperation and create and preserve friendship and understanding among
the nations and peoples of the world.
 • Establishment of International Civil Aviation
Organization.
• A specialized agency of the United Nations.
• Chicago Convention - 96 Articles.

Article 15 of the Convention on International

Civil Aviation requires that all aerodromes open
to public use under the jurisdiction of a
Contracting State provide uniform conditions
for the aircraft of all other Contracting States.
Other Requirements:

Article 28: Each State undertakes to provide airports and air

navigation services in accordance with the rules and
methods established in the Convention.

Article 37: Adoption of International Standards and Procedures.

Article 38: Deviations from international rules and procedures.

After the World War II, standardization is important so that
a common facilities, ground equipment and procedures are
being practice by airports around the world.

In compliance with Article 37 of the Convention on International

Civil Aviation in Chicago in 1944, the ICAO adopted Annex 14
to the convention on 29th May 1951
36 Countries Elected by The Assembly (2022 – 2025)

Part I - States of chief importance in air transport

Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, United Kingdom, United States

Part II - States which make the largest

contribution to the provision of facilities for
international civil air navigation
Argentina, Austria, Egypt, Iceland, India, Mexico, Nigeria,
Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Venezuela

Part III -States ensuring geographic representation

Bolivia *(138), Chile *(146) , El Salvador *(132), Equatoria
Guinea *(145), Ethiopia *(154), Ghana *(150), Jamaica
*(149), Malaysia *(136), Mauritania *(143), Qatar *(160),
Republic of Korea *(151), Romania *(138), UAE *(161),
Zimbabwe *(148)
How is the aviation industry in Malaysia evolve?
 Aviation Regulatory Evolution

1. Series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two 1. The meeting of the victorious Allied
international peace conferences Powers following the end of World
2. Among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war War I to set the peace terms for the
crimes in the body of secular international law defeated Central Power

PAN-American Aviation
2nd Hague Peace
Hague Conference 1899 Convention of Paris 1919 Convention in Havana
Conference 1907
1928

Annex (1-18), Article (1-97),

CAA 1969 & MCAR 1996 Chicago Conference 1944 Warsaw Convention 1929
Nine Freedom (1-9) ICAO

1. Enacted to make better provision 1. Unification of certain rules relating

in the law relating to Civil Aviation to international carriage by air
Aviation Regulatory Evolution

Airport and Aviation Services

CAA 1969 Aviation Offences Act 1984
(Operating Company Act) 1991

1. MCAR 2016
2. MAVCOM Reg 2016
3. MCA (Aerodrome Operations) Reg 2016 i) MAVCOM Act 2015
4. MCA (Fees & Charges) Reg 2016 ii) Civil Aviation (Amendment) Act 2015
MCAR 1996
5. Malaysian Aviation Consumer Protection
Code 2016
 THE AVIATION REQUIREMENTS & ITS RELATIONS FOR
AERODROME CERTIFICATION
INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS LEGISLATION

ICAO / ACI / IATA / FAA MOT / CAAM / MAVCOM

ACTs
ICAO CONVENTION PRIMARY
CAA SECTION 3(2)

CAA SECTION 3(1)

ICAO Council President, ARTICLE 37 REGULATIONs
Mr. Salvatore Sciacchitano SECONDARY CAA SECTION 24o

Annexes, ADM,
ICAO SARPS
ASM, APM
DIRECTIVES,
TERTIARY CIRCULARs

Docs i.e., PANS, Heliport Manual,

ICAO DOCS
SMS Manual, SMGCS, WGS-84
International Aviation Regulatory Body
ICAO
ICAO is funded and directed by 193 national governments to
support their diplomacy and cooperation in air transport as
signatory states to the Chicago Convention (1944). The
stipulations ICAO standards contain never supersede the
primacy of national regulatory - local, national regulations which
are enforced in, and by, sovereign states, and which must be
legally adhered to by air operators making use of applicable
airspace and airports.

ACI
In 1991 airport operators around the world created Airports
Council International – the first worldwide airport association
to represent their common interests and foster cooperation with
partners throughout the air transport industry.

IATA
Advocating for the interests of airlines across the globe and
challenge unreasonable rules and charges, hold regulators and
governments to account, and strive for sensible regulation and
to assist airlines by simplifying processes and increasing
passenger convenience while reducing costs and improving
efficiency.
• Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM)
• The CAAM is established as an agency under the Ministry of Transport
(MOT) Malaysia to provide safe, efficient and orderly flow of air
transportation and to regulate aviation activities in Malaysia
Currently acting by :
Hajijah Mohd Bujang
• The Malaysian Aviation Commission (MAVCOM) was formally
established on 1 March 2016 under the Malaysian Aviation
Commission Act 2015 as an independent entity to regulate
economic and commercial matters related to civil aviation in
Malaysia.

• The functions, as laid out in the Act, include to:

i. Regulate economic matters relating to the civil aviation
industry;
ii. Provide a mechanism for protection of consumers;
iii. Provide a mechanism for dispute resolution between
aviation industry players;
iv. Administer and manage air traffic rights; and
v. Advise the Government, administer and manage routes
under public service obligations
• The Ministry of Transport is responsible for the formulation
and implementation of policies, strategies and programs for
public transportation which covers land, aviation and maritime
sectors. These will ensure better services in providing an
efficient, safe and effective transportation system towards
strengthening multimodal transportation as well as enhancing
the country’s competitiveness.
• Ministry of transport is responsible for aviation transport
sector, land transport sector and maritime sector

Aviation Transport Sector

1. Flight Services
(Scheduled, Charter, Air Service Agreement, Rural Air Services)
2. Airport Services (Airports & Ground Handling)
3. Safety Standards (Airworthiness, Aviation Security, Flight
Operations, Airport Standards, Air Traffic Management)
4. Air Accident Investigation
5. ICAO Conference & Convention
6. Human Capital Development (MAvA & Flying School)
7. Act & Regulations
8. Aviation Development Project
ICAO Hierarchy vs. State Documentation

National Regulations

National Law

Regional Requirements

ICAO SARPS (Annexes,

Manuals, Circulars,
Procedures)
Malaysia’s Legislation

ACT Parliament

REGULATIONS Minister

CIVIL AVIATION DIRECTIVE CAAM

Airport Services in Malaysia

05 International airports

18 Domestic airports
Including TGC

17 STOLports
 International Airport

5 Airports managed by Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad

KUL BKI PEN KCH LGK

• London • Taipei • Singapore • Pontianak • Chengdu
• Singapore • Shenzen • Hanoi • B. Sri Begawan • Kunming
• New Delhi • Macau • Hong Kong • Singapore • Zunyi
• Doha • Dong Mueang • Guangzhou • Etc. • Etc.
• Muscat • Singapore • Taipei
• Etc. • Wuhan • Etc.
• Etc.
International Airport

Senai International Airport managed by Senai Airport Terminal Services Sdn Bhd
Domestic Airport

17 Domestic Airports managed by Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad

No. IATA Airport Name No. IATA Airport Name

Code Code
1 SZB Subang Airport 9 AOR Alor Setar Airport
2 MYY Miri Airport 10 LBU Labuan Airport
3 KBR Kota Bharu Airport 11 IPH Ipoh Airport
4 SBW Sibu Airport 12 KUA Kuantan Airport
5 TWU Tawau Airport 13 LDU Lahad Datu Airport
6 TGG Sultan Mahmud Airport 14 MZV Mulu Airport
7 SDK Sandakan Airport 15 MKZ Melaka Airport
8 BTU Bintulu Airport 16 LMN Limbang Airport
17 MKM Mukah Airport
STOLport

18 Domestic Airports managed by Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad

No. IATA Airport Name No. IATA Airport Name

Code Code
1 PKG Pangkor 10 LWY Lawas
2 TOD Tioman 11 KPI Kapit
3 RDN Redang 12 BLG Belaga
4 KUD Kudat 13 MUR Marudi
5 SMM Semporna 14 LSM Long Semado
6 GSA Long Pasia 15 LBP Long Banga
7 BBN Bario 16 LKH Long Akah
8 LGL Long Lellang 17 BKM Bakelalan
9 ODN Long Seridan
Airports in India

• 30 international airports
• 10 customs airports
• 107 domestic airport including heliports and aerodromes
Airports in India – Hub and Spoke
Airports in India – 10 Busiest Airports
 Who owns and operates Delhi International Airport,
Hyderabad International Airport, and New Goa Manohar
International Airport?
The runway is shared with a large military base The airport has one 3,200-meter-long runway,
with several fighter jets and transport aircraft of an apron with 27 parking spaces, and a
the Yemeni Air Force passenger terminal.[1]
 Terminal Design Capacity Activity

No. Airports Terminal Design Terminal Floor Area No. Airport Terminal Design Terminal Floor Area
Capacity (Sqm.) s Capacity (Sqm.)
1 KUL – klia2 45,000,000 257,000 12 TGG 1,500,000 19,499
2 KUL – MTB 25,000,000 479,404 13 SDK 1,500,000 11,650
3 BKI 9,000,000 112,350 14 BTU 1,000,000 9,851
4 PEN 6,500,000 54,582 15 AOR 800,000 10,252
5 KCH 5,300,000 55,452 16 LBU 2,200,000 22,139
6 SZB 1,500,000 21,474 17 IPH 600,000 2,926
7 LGK 4,000,000 23,000 18 KUA 500,000 5,398
8 MYY 2,000,000 16,448 19 LDU 100,000 1,740
9 KBR 1,500,000 8,881 20 MZV 50,000 2,722
10 SBW 1,800,000 15,240 21 MKZ 500,000 5,930
11 TWU 1,500,000 12,000 22 LMN 75,000 1,732
Terminal 2

Terminal 3

Terminal 1
Airport Classification

Airport Category A, B, C and D

Category A B C D
Handles more than 4 Handles more than 1 Handles 0.2 mppa up Handles less than 0.2
Passenger Handling mppa mppa up to 4 mppa to 1 mppa mppa

More than 30,000 15,000 Sqm – 30,000 5,000 Sqm. – 15,000 Less than 5,000 Sqm.
Terminal Size Sqm. Sqm. Sqm.

KLIA, PEN, BKI, KCH LGK, SZB, KBR, SBW SDK, AOR, KUA, BTU, IPH, MKZ, LDU and
Airports and MYY TGG, LBU and TWU LMN
Understand the management
of aerodrome
 Airport as A System

An operational system is a framework

comprising of the followings;

❖ Infrastructure / Facilities
❖ Equipment
❖ Personnel
❖ Operating and management procedures
 Management of Aerodrome

An operational system is a framework

comprising of the followings;
❖Airports Public Private
Aerodrome Aerodrome
❖Airstrips
License
❖Heliports Certified
Compliance to
There are 2 types of Aerodrome: National
Regulations
1. Public Use Aerodrome
Compliance to
2. Private Use Aerodrome International
Regulations
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
Malaysia Airports (Sepang) Sdn. Bhd.
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
Malaysia Airports Sdn. Bhd.
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
Malaysia Airports Sdn. Bhd.
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
PT Angkasa Pura II
(Western region of Indonesia)
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
PT Angkasa Pura II
(Western region of Indonesia)
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
PT Angkasa Pura I
(Central & Eastern region of Indonesia)
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
PT Angkasa Pura I
(Central & Eastern region of Indonesia)
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Private Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF)
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Private Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
Petronas
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
Dubai Airports Company
Public or Private Use Aerodrome?
Public Use Aerodrome
Managed By?
Abu Dhabi Airports Company
The Characteristics of Airports
 Characteristics of Airports

Crucial interface between Customers are airlines Capital intensive, long- Impact on local and
flight and ground transport and passengers term investments regional community

Dependence on local road Dependence on government Competition between airports for Compete with off-airport
and rail infrastructure planning systems airlines business somewhat limited stores for passenger retail
spending
 Airport & Airline:
What Would Modern Life Be Without It?
Things would be very, very slow
Transatlantic

Transpacific
 Helicopters are an efficient and effective tool at
transporting the injured quickly and safely to hospitals in
the area, reducing the time of travel, and increasing the
patient’s chance of living

Lots of people would be dead as a result of auto

accidents and other incidents in remote places
where help could not be received
Helicopters are an efficient and effective tool at transporting the injured
quickly and safely to hospitals in the area, reducing the time of travel, and
increasing the patient’s chance of living.
 The economy would be significantly slower, as items couldn’t be moved as
quickly and perishable items wouldn’t be able to make the long trip by land
without going bad, or without large amounts of equipment keeping them cool.
 • Connectivity with road, rail and public transportation
• Reduce travel time to destination
Crucial interface between
• Competitive cost to other mode of transport
flight and ground transport • Increase safety along the journey
 20 Minutes
Stockholm Central Arlanda Airport
 • Airlines and passengers are the major customer
• Provide facilities to process the passengers
• Provide retail and commercial shop for the needs of passenger
Customers are airlines
and passengers
• Ensure that the safety and security at airport and comply to the
standards
 • Airport development need proper planning
• Long discussion with government and other stakeholders
• Huge capital is required to provide necessary facilities
Capital intensive, long-
and amenities
term investments • Investment in infrastructure, technology and system
within the airport
S$985 million
RM4 Billion
£14 Billion
 Airport as multiplier effect to the community

Direct on-airport Direct off-airport Indirect Impacts

• All jobs within the • Employees outside the • Jobs in firms which supply goods
airport boundary airport working directly and services to the aviation industry
• Hotels, catering & retail for airport and airline • Aircraft fuel, aerospace equipment,
• Airline ticketing offices maintenance parts
Impact on local and
regional community

Induced Impacts Travel Agent Catalytic

• Jobs created when aviation • Sell holiday package • Jobs in firms attracted to the area as
employees spend their a result of the transport links
income created by the airport
• Surround local community
Economic Impact of European Airports

Sources: Intervistas, Economic Impact of European Airports 2013

 Direct Impacts: Day-to-day activities at airports in Europe employ almost 1.7 million people

The top 5 countries (Germany, United Kingdom,

France, Spain and Turkey) accounted over half (53%)
of the direct employment.

Sources: Intervistas, Economic Impact of European Airports 2013

Including indirect and induced impacts, European airports generate an
estimated almost 4.5 million jobs and contributed € 248 billion in GDP

Sources: Intervistas, Economic Impact of European Airports 2013

 • Connectivity with other modes of transport
• Development of road/rail infrastructure by Federal
Dependence on local road
Government or Local States
and rail infrastructure
 • Subject to governmental procurement and decisional policies
and practices
• Dependence on government budget allocation
Dependence on government
planning systems
 • Both has different business model
• A different kind of airport+airline competition exists when a
main airport where a full service carrier (FSC) operates
competes with a secondary airport and a low cost carrier (LCC).
• Eg; In some routes Alitalia and Milan Malpensa compete with
Competition between airports for
Ryanair and Milan Bergamo, or Lufthansa and Frankfurt
airlines business somewhat limited
International compete with Ryanair and Frankfurt Hahn
klia2 KLIA
 • Airport customers have excellent attributes
- They have disposable income: They can afford to fly
- They are captive audience: They have time & no place else to go
- They have just completed the stressful experiences of getting to the
airport, checking-in, passing security and are now in a self-indulgent
Compete with off-airport mood
stores for passenger retail • Arriving passengers are duty free customers and meeters and greeters
spending
buy refreshments
Integrated big data platform
to support operations at KLIA
Airlines and duty-free operator DFASS have partnered with SATS to
convert onboard catalogs into an omnichannel e-commerce experience.
Do you think that the development klia2 Gateway is a right commercial strategy?
The standards used in airport
management and operations
 Standardization is used to achieve safety & security at airport

The 2 most common standards are:

International Civil Aviation Organization Federal Aviation Administration

HQ: Montreal, Canada HQ: Washington, United States
Formed: 4 April 1944 Formed: 23 August 1958
After the World War II, standardization is important so that
a common facilities, ground equipment and procedures are
being practice by airports around the world.

In compliance with Article 37 of the Convention on International

Civil Aviation in Chicago in 1944, the ICAO adopted Annex 14
to the convention on 29th May 1951
How many Annexes
are there in ICAO?
 Annex 1 Personnel Licensing
Annex 2 Rules of the Air
Annex 3 Meteorological Services
Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts
ICAO Annex 5 Units of Measurement

Annexes Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft

Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
Annex 8 Airworthiness Aircraft
Annex 9 Facilitation
Annex 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications
Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
Annex 12 Search and Rescue
Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
Annex 14 Aerodrome
Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16 Environmental Protection
Annex 17 Security
Annex 18 The Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air
Annex 19 Safety Management
 Annex 14 - Aerodrome

• The ICAO’s Annex 14:

a) Contains information for planning, designing and operating airports
b) Provides the required set of standards for aerodromes used by international air transport
c) Regularly amended and supplemented
d) Adopted in 6 languages – English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish

• At present, Annex 14 has 2 volumes:

a) Volume I – Aerodrome Design & Operations
b) Volume II - Heliports
 Annex 14 - Aerodrome
• The following manuals, which supplement Annex 14, include guidelines for aerodrome
design, construction, planning and operation:
a) Aerodrome Design Manual (Doc 9157)
Part 1 - Runways
Part 2 – Taxiways, Aprons and Holding Bays
Part 3 – Pavements
Part 4 – Visual Aids
Part 5 – Electrical Systems

b) Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184)

Part 1 – Master Planning
Part 2 – Land Use and Environmental Control
Part 3 – Guidelines for Consultant/Construction Services

c) Heliport Manual (Doc 9261)

d) Stolport Manual (Doc 9150)
 Annex 14 - Aerodrome

e) Airport Service Manual (Doc 9137)

Part 1 – Rescue and Fire Fighting
Part 2 – Pavement Surface Conditions
Part 3 – Bird Control and Reduction
Part 4 – Fog Dispersal (withdrawn)
Part 5 – Removal of Disabled Aircraft
Part 6 – Control of Obstacles
Part 7 – Airport Emergency Planning
Part 8 – Airport Operations Services
Part 9 – Airport Maintenance Practices

f) Manual on the ICAO Bird Strike Information System (Doc 9332)

g) Manual of Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (Doc 9476)
 Annex 14 - Aerodrome

• Contain specifications for some physical characteristics,

configuration, materials, performance, personnel or procedures
Standards • This acceptance is unconditional in order to ensure safety or
regularity of international air navigation

• Include specifications referring to other physical characteristics,

configuration, materials, performance, personnel or procedures
Recommendations • This acceptance is considered as desirable in the interest of
safety, regularity or economy of international air navigation

• This is only as an informative character and supplement or

Notes explain in more detail the Standards and Recommendations
 National Standards & Practices

• If there is a need, the member state may adapt some of the provisions in
its national Standards and Recommended Practices if it files the
difference with ICAO.
• The States should publish the differences between their national
regulation and the Annex by the means of the Flight Information Service
Where do you refer current
Aeronautical Information of
an aerodrome?

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

Aerodrome Regulation
ICAO Hierarchy vs. State Documentation

National Regulations

National Law

Regional Requirements

ICAO SARPS (Annexes,

Manuals, Circulars,
Procedures)
Malaysia’s Legislation

ACT Parliament

REGULATIONS Minister

CIVIL AVIATION DIRECTIVE CAAM

Aviation Related Acts

1. Civil Aviation Act 1969

2. Civil Aviation (Amendment) Act 2015
3. Civil Aviation (Offences) Act 1984
4. Carriage by Air Act 1974
5. International Interests in Mobile Equipment (Aircraft) Act 2006
6. Airport and Aviation Services (Operating Company) Act 1991
7. Malaysia Aviation Commission Act 2015
Aviation Related Acts

1. Civil Aviation Regulation 1969

2. Civil Aviation Regulations 2016
3. Civil Aviation (Amendment) Regulations 2016
4. Civil Aviation (Aerodrome Operations) Regulations 2016
5. Civil Aviation (Fees and Charges) Regulations 2016
 Aerodrome
Regulation

Part I Part II

• Introduction • Application
• Regulatory Framework Structure • Regulatory Mechanisms
• ICAO Convention • Regulatory Organization
• Standards and Recommended Practices • Aerodrome Operator Obligation
• Civil Aviation Act 1969 • Penalties
• Civil Aviation Regulations 1996 • Exemptions
• Airport Standards Directives
• State Obligation to ICAO
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Classification of Aerodrome

Airports Airstrips Heliports

Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Establishment of Aerodromes

Public Use Aerodromes Private Use Aerodromes

(Section 24A & Section 5A)
• Licensed • Not licensed
• Certified • Not Certified
• National Regulations • National Regulations Non
Compliance Compliance
• International • International Regulations Non
Regulations Compliance Compliance
• National Practices Only
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Regulatory Framework
(ICAO Convention)
• Convention 1944
• Contracting States
• Assembly
• Council
• Structure of Convention
i) Articles to Convention
ii) Standards/Recommended Practices
iii) Assembly Resolutions
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I The Assembly

The Assembly, comprised of all Member States of ICAO, meets not less than
once in three years and is convened by the Council at a suitable time and place.

Item Duties
1 Elect the Member States to be represented on the Council
2 Examine and take appropriate action on the reports of the
• An extraordinary meeting of the
Council and decide any matter reported to it by the Council
Assembly may be held at any time
upon the call of the Council 3 Approve the budgets of the Organization
• At the request of not less than one-fifth 4 the power to approve amendments to the Convention on
of the total number of Member States International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944), which are subject
• The last Assembly meeting in 2016 to ratification by Member States
5 reviews in detail the work of the Organization in the
technical, administrative, economic, legal and technical
cooperation fields
Assembly 39th Session 2016, Montreal, Canada
The following States were elected from among ICAO’s 193 Member States to the
Organization’s 36 Member Governing Council during the 2019 ICAO assembly.

Part I – States of Chief Important in Air Transport

Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and the United
States.

Part II – States which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities
for international civil air navigation
Argentina, Colombia, Egypt, Finland*, India, Mexico, Netherlands*, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, and
Spain.

Part III – States ensuring geographic representation

Costa Rica*, Côte d’Ivoire*, Dominican Republic*, Equatorial Guinea*, Greece*, Malaysia, Paraguay*, Peru*, Republic of
Korea, Sudan*, Tunisia*, United Arab Emirates, Zambia*.

* States which were newly-included in 2016

Aerodrome Regulation

Part I The Council

​The Council is a permanent body of the Organization responsible to the Assembly

Item Duties
1 To submit annual reports to the Assembly
• It is composed of 36 Member 2 Carry out the directions of the Assembly
States elected by the Assembly 3 Discharge the duties and obligations which are laid on it by the
for a three-year term. Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944
• The Council convenes the
Assembly. 4 It also administers the finances of ICAO
5 Appoints and defines the duties of the Air Transport Committee
The Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services, the
Finance Committee, the Committee on Unlawful Interference, the
Technical Co-operation Committee and the Human Resources
Committee
It appoints the Members of the Air Navigation Commission and it
elects the members of the Edward Warner Award Committee
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Regulatory Framework
(ICAO Convention)

• Article 1: Sovereignty
• Article 2: Territory
• Article 15: Uniform Conditions
• Article 28: Standard System
• Article 37: International Standards
• Article 38: Departures
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Standard & Recommended Practices
(SARPs)
• Adoption 1951
• Component Parts of Annex
i) Title Page
ii) Amendment Page
iii) Table of Contents
iv) Abbreviation and Symbols
v) Related Manuals
vi) Foreword
vii) Annex Proper (SARPS)
viii) Appendices
ix) Attachments
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I Materials of Annex Proper

i) Standards
ii) Recommended Practices
iii) Appendices
iv) Definitions
v) Tables and Figures
vi) Notes
vii) Attachments
Editorial Practices
i) Print Character
ii) Prefix
iii) Shall/Should
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I Technical Documents

• DOC 9137 [Part 1-9]: Services Manual

• DOC 9157 [Part 1-4]: Design Manual
• DOC 9184 [Part 1-2]: Planning Manual
• DOC 9261: Heliport
• DOC 9150: STOLPORT Manual
• DOC 9774: Aerodrome Certification
• DOC 9674: WGS – 84
• DOC 9476: SMGCS
• DOC 9332: Bird Strike Information System
• DOC 9683: Human Factors Training
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I Act

• Civil Aviation Act 1969 [Act 3]

• Primary Legislation
• Parliament
• Enacted: 27 February 1969
• Amended: 12 May 2003
• Structure of AA
- 10 Parts
- 28 Sections
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Act
• Section 2B Part IA:
Duties of Director General
• Section 3 (I) Part II:
Give Effect to Convention/Annexes
• Section 3 (2) Part II:
Minister Make Regulations
(d) Licensing, Inspection & Regulations
(e) Use of any entry to aerodromes
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Act

• Section 5A
Establishment of Aerodromes
• Section 6 III:
Trespassing Licensed/Government
Aerodrome
• Section 7 Part IV:
Control of Obstruction
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Act

• Section 20 Part V:
Noise and Vibration
• Section 24A Part VIIIA:
License to Provide Services
• Section 24B – 24D Part VIIIA:
Charges and Fees
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Act

• Section 24 VIIIA:
General Duties of Licensed Company
• Section 24K VIIIA:
Special Power in Emergency
• Section 24o Part VIIIA:
Publication of Directives
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I
Regulations

• Civil Aviation Regulations 1996

• Secondary Legislation
• Minister Under CAA Section 3(2)
• In Force: 1 April 1996
• Emended: May/June 2005
• Structure of CAR
- 16 Parts
- 204 Regulations
- 16 Schedule
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I Regulations
• Regulation 97:
Aerodromes for Public Transport
• Regulation 99:
Licensing Processes for Section 5A
• Regulation 100:
Charges and Conditions
• Regulation 102:
Aircraft Noise
• Regulation 103-104:
Fuel and Refueling
• Regulation 105
Vehicle Permit
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I Regulations
• Regulation 106: • Regulation 116:
Driving Permit Emergency & Other Services
• Regulation 107: • Regulation 117:
Use of Movement Area Aeronautical Ground Lights
• Regulation 108: • Regulation 118:
Traffic Signs Dangerous Lights
• Regulation 109:
Parking
• Regulation 110:
Licensed Vehicle
• Regulation 111-112:
Traffic Directions
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I Regulations
• Regulation 1649177: • Regulation 201:
Charges Application of Annex 1 - 18
• Regulation 182: • Regulation 99A - Z:
Right of Access Aerodrome Certification
• Regulation 183:
Obstruction of Authorised
Peron
• Regulation 185:
Enforcement of Directions
• Regulation 195:
Mandatory Reporting
Aerodrome Regulation

Part I State’s Obligation

i. Article 28
ii. Article 37
iii. Article 38
iv. Assembly Resolution A33 – 14
v. Annex 15 Para 4.1.2c
 Aerodrome
Regulation

Part I Part II

• Introduction • Application
• Regulatory Framework Structure • Regulatory Mechanisms
• ICAO Convention • Regulatory Organization
• Standards and Recommended Practices • Aerodrome Operator Obligation
• Civil Aviation Act 1969 • Penalties
• Civil Aviation Regulations 1996 • Exemptions
• Airport Standards Directives
• State Obligation to ICAO
Aerodrome Regulation

Part II
Application
Objectives:

Safety Efficiency Industry Performance

• Safe and efficient operations

• Safe and efficiency to users
• Safety and comfort in vicinity
Aerodrome Regulation

Part II
Regulatory Mechanism

1) Aerodrome Operating License

[CAA Section 24A/5A]

2) Aerodrome Certification
[CAR Regulation 99A – 99Z]
CAAM- AI, CAC, CAD, CAN, CAC, SI, SD
The Guideline and advisory aim to provide notices, directives,
safety information and guidance to illustrate means of complying in
Civil Aviation Authority Malaysia issued by the Chief Executive
Officer (CEO) of the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia, in exercise
of the powers conferred by section 24O of the Civil Aviation Act
1969 [Act 3].

CAD and CAGM will be a Malaysian Standard in adopting

SARPs as required by ICAO with no recommended practices

Section 24O,CAA 1969

Every notice, circular, directive and information issued under this Act or under any
subsidiary legislation made under this Act shall be published by the Director General in
such manner as in his opinion will ensure that the notice, circular, directive and
information is brought to the attention of the person who has to comply with such notice,
circular, directive and information. Any person fails to comply shall be guilty of an
offence and be liable
Individual: fine not exceeding RM50,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3
year or both
Corporate body: fine not exceeding RM100,000
List of Civil Aviation Directive (CAD)
No CAD No. Title Applicability Effective Date
.
1 CAD 14 Vol I Aerodromes Design and Prescribe physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be
Issue 03 Operations provided for aerodromes. 15 Nov 2022
Rev 00

2 CAD 14 Vol II Heliports Prescribe physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be
Issue 02 provided for at heliports. 15 Nov 2022
Rev 01

3 CAD 19 Safety Management Standards & Requirements based on Annex 19, Safety Management 17 Dec 2021
4 CAD 1900 Safety Reporting System Contains the standards and requirements and procedures pertaining to
mandatory occurrence reporting and is compliant with Malaysian Civil 15 Oct 2021
Aviation Regulations. T

5 CAD 1405 Certification and Certification and surveillance of aerodromes in accordance with CAD 14
Issue 01 Surveillance of Vol 1, Cad 14 Vol II, Cad 1407 and CAD 1408 15 May 2022
Aerodrome

6 CAD 1406 Helidecks Standards and Applicable to Helideck Operations.

Issue 01 Requirements 15 May 2022

7 CAD 1407 Water Aerodromes Applicable to seaplanes of a maximum certified take- off weight of 5700
Issue 01 kg or less and only for flights under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). 15 May 2022

8 CAD 1408 STOLPORT Apply to Visual Meteorological Condition (VMC) operations.

Issue 01 15 May 2022
List of Civil Aviation Directive (CAD)
No CAD No. Title Applicability Effective Date
.
1 CAD 14 Vol I Aerodromes Design and Prescribe physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be
Issue 03 Operations provided for aerodromes. 15 Nov 2022
Rev 00

2 CAD 14 Vol II Heliports Prescribe physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be
Issue 02 provided for at heliports. 15 Nov 2022
Rev 01

3 CAD 19 Safety Management Standards & Requirements based on Annex 19, Safety Management 17 Dec 2021
4 CAD 1900 Safety Reporting System Contains the standards and requirements and procedures pertaining to
mandatory occurrence reporting and is compliant with Malaysian Civil 15 Oct 2021
Aviation Regulations. T

5 CAD 1405 Certification and Certification and surveillance of aerodromes in accordance with CAD 14
Issue 01 Surveillance of Vol 1, Cad 14 Vol II, Cad 1407 and CAD 1408 15 May 2022
Aerodrome

6 CAD 1406 Helidecks Standards and Applicable to Helideck Operations.

Issue 01 Requirements 15 May 2022

7 CAD 1407 Water Aerodromes Applicable to seaplanes of a maximum certified take- off weight of 5700
Issue 01 kg or less and only for flights under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). 15 May 2022

8 CAD 1408 STOLPORT Apply to Visual Meteorological Condition (VMC) operations.

Issue 01 15 May 2022
List of Civil Aviation Directive (CAD)
No. CAD No. Title Applicability Effective Date

1 CAGM 1400 Wildlife Hazard Management Programme Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome 17 Nov 2022

2 CAGM 1401 Aerodrome Disabled Aircraft Removal Plan Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome 17 Dec 2021

3 CAGM 1402 Global Reporting Format for Runway Surface Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome
Conditions 17 Dec 2021

4 CAGM 1403 Apron Markings and Signs Standards & Requirements based on ADM Part 4 & Airport Best Practice, ACI Handbook 17 Dec 2021

5 CAGM 1404 Guidance for Safety Assessments for Aerodromes Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome 17 Dec 2021

6 CAGM 1405 Certification and Surveillance of Aerodrome To provide guidance for Certification and Surveillance of Aerodrome, pursuant to Civil Aviation
Issue 01 Directive 1405 – Certification and Surveillance of Aerodrome (CAD 1405). 3 Jun 2022

7 CAGM 1409 Guidelines for Aeroplane Landing Areas Applies to aeroplanes of a maximum certified take- off weight of 5700 kg or less and for flights
Issue 01 conducted by day light hours and under VFR. 15 May 2022

8 CAGM 1410 Pavement Distress Manual Applicable and prescribes the manual for the types of pavement distress, in accordance with CAD
Issue 01 14 Vol 1. 15 May 2022

9 CAGM 1411 Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of To provide guidance for the establishment and operation of onshore Helicopter Landing Sites,
Issue 01 Onshore Helicopter Landing Sites pursuant to Civil Aviation Directives 2001 – Protection of Persons and Property (CAD 2001 – 15 May 2022
Protection of Persons and Property).

10 CAGM 1412 Guidance for Obstacle Management Applicable to the use of navigable airspace by aircraft and to existing or proposed air navigation
Issue 01 facilities, aerodromes and air traffic services routes. 15 May 2022

11 CAGM 1413 Airport Emergency Plan (AEP) Process of preparing an airport to cope with an emergency occurring at the airport or in its
Issue 01 vicinity. 15 May 2022

12 CAGM 1414 Airport Firefighting and Rescue Service (AFRS) Rescue and Firefighting (RFF) is provided to create and maintain survivable conditions.
Issue 01 15 May 2022

13 CAGM 1902 Safety Management System To provide guidance for Safety Management System (SMS), pursuant to Civil Aviation Directives
19 – Safety Management (CAD 19 – Safety Management). 17 Dec 2021
LIST OF CAAM CADS VS ICAO ANNEXES
 COMPARISON
ANNEX 14 VS CAD 14
3.2.1 Recommendation.— Runway shoulders should be provided for a 3.2.1 Runway shoulders shall be provided for a runway where the code letter is D, E or
runway where the code letter is D, E or F. F.

3.13.5 Recommendation.— On an aircraft stand the maximum slope 3.13.5 On an aircraft stand the maximum slope shall not exceed 1 per cent.
should not exceed 1 per cent.

5.2.7.5 Recommendation.— A runway side stripe should have an overall 5.2.7.5 A runway side stripe shall have an overall width of at least 0.9 m on runways 30
width of at least 0.9 m on runways 30 m or more in width and at least 0.45 m or more in width and at least 0.45 m on narrower runways.
m on narrower runways.

5.4.3.5 Recommendation.— An intersection take-off sign should be 5.4.3.5 An intersection take-off sign shall be provided when there is an operational need
provided when there is an operational need to indicate the remaining take-off to indicate the remaining take-off run available (TORA) for intersection take-offs.
run available (TORA) for intersection take-offs.

7.2.2 Recommendation.— A taxi side stripe marking should be placed

7.2.2 Where a non-load-bearing surfaces cannot readily be distinguished from
along the edge of the load-bearing pavement, with the outer edge of the loadbearing surfaces, a taxi side stripe marking shall be placed along the edge of the
marking approximately on the edge of the load-bearing pavement. load-bearing pavement, with the outer edge of the marking approximately on the edge of
the load-bearing pavement.

9.1.7 Recommendation.— A fixed emergency operations centre and a 9.1.7 A fixed emergency operations centre and a mobile command post shall be
mobile command post should be available for use during an emergency. available for use during an emergency.
Thank You