Chapter 1

Introduction to
Airport Operations
& Management

09 March 2023

Prepared by: Syamil Azmin

Airport Management Topics:

• Chapter 1: Introduction to Airport Operations & Management

• Chapter 2: Aerodrome Certification
• Chapter 3: Airport Operations Function
• Chapter 4: Terminal Service Division
• Chapter 5: Aerodrome Data & Physical Characteristics
• Chapter 6: Airside Operations & NOTAM
• Chapter 7: Landside Operations
• Chapter 8: Airport Engineering Management
• Chapter 9: Cargo Management
• Chapter 10: Aviation Security
• Chapter 11: Airport Fire & Rescue Services
• Chapter 12: Airport Facilitation
 Chapter

National Aviation Regulatory Requirements

“Malaysia Aviation Legislation”
 CAAM Tertiary MAVCOM
Circulars, Codes,
Notice & Guideline
Information
(e-AIP), MAVCOM MAVCOM
Secondary (RSC)
Reg 2018
Directives
& Circular
CAD,
CAGM MAVCOM

Primary
(CoC)
Reg 2018
Other
CAA Directives
Air Traffic 1969
Inspectorate
Directives Operating
(ATID) License Malaysia MAVCOM
Aviation (ASC)
Legislation Reg 2016 Safety
Directives
Others
CAAM & CEO
Acts
Director Act Directives
General 2017

Malaysia
Directives CAR
MAVCOM (Security)
Act 2019
NCASP

Aviation
2015
CAR
Aviation
2016 CAR
Security
Directives (F&C)

Legislation
CAR 2016
(AO) NAMSAR
Flight 2016
Operation
Directives
 Civil Aviation
Authority of
1 Malaysia
Airport & Aviation Act 2017 Civil Aviation

6
Services
(Operating
2 Act 1969
(Amendment Act 2015
Company) & 2017)
Act 1991 Other Act &
Amendments under
GOVERNMENT of
International MALAYSIA
Interests in Mobile Civil Aviation
5 Equipment 3 Offences
(Aircraft)
Act 1984
Act 2006
Carriage by Air
4 Act 1974
 REGULATIONS REGULATIONS REGULATIONS REGULATIONS
Regulations under GOVENMENT of
MALAYSIA for CAAM

1 2 CIVIL AVIATION
3 4
CIVIL AVIATION (AERODROME CIVIL AVIATION CIVIL AVIATION
REGULATIONS 2016 OPERATIONS) (FEES AND CHARGES) (SECURITY)
REGULATIONS 2016 REGULATIONS 2016 REGULATIONS 2019

Latest Amendment Latest Amendment Latest Amendment

• Civil Aviation (Aerodrome • Civil Aviation (Fees and
• Civil Aviation (Amendment)
(No.2) Regulations 2019 Operations) (Amendment) Charges) (Amendment) (No.2)
Regulations 2018 Regulations 2019

• Regulations relate mostly • Regulations specify the • Specified various charges

to ATC, airlines and • Regulations related to
requirement to payable to CAAM under aviation security
ground handling services aerodrome operator the CAR
CAAM- AI, CAC, CAD, CAN, CAC, SI, SD
The Guideline and advisory aim to provide notices, directives, safety
information and guidance to illustrate means of complying in Civil Aviation
Authority Malaysia issued by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Civil
Aviation Authority of Malaysia, in exercise of the powers conferred by
section 24O of the Civil Aviation Act 1969 [Act 3].

CAD and CAGM will be a Malaysian Standard in adopting

SARPs as required by ICAO with no recommended practices

Section 24O,CAA 1969

Every notice, circular, directive and information issued under this Act or under any
subsidiary legislation made under this Act shall be published by the Director General in
such manner as in his opinion will ensure that the notice, circular, directive and
information is brought to the attention of the person who has to comply with such notice,
circular, directive and information. Any person fails to comply shall be guilty of an
offence and be liable
Individual: fine not exceeding RM50,000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3
year or both
Corporate body: fine not exceeding RM100,000
 LIST OF CAD (BASED ON ICAO’S 19 ANNEXES)
(PUBLISHED BY CAAM)

No. CAD Issuance Department

1 CAD 1 - Personnel Licensing (PEL) FLIGHT OPS, ANS & AIRWORTHINESS
2 CAD 2 - Rules of the Air PUU
3 CAD 3 - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation ANS
4 CAD 4 - Aeronautical Charts ANS
5 CAD 5 - Units of Measurements ANS
6 CAD 6 Part 1 - Commercial Air Transport Aeroplane (CAT) FLIGHT OPS
7 CAD 6 Part 2 - General Aviation Aeroplane (GA) FLIGHT OPS
8 CAD 6 Part 3 - Helicopters (HELI) FLIGHT OPS
9 CAD 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks AIRWORTHINESS
10 CAD 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft AIRWORTHINESS
11 CAD 10 – Aeronautical Communications ANS
12 CAD 11 - Air Traffic Services (ATS) ANS
13 CAD 12 - Search and Rescue (SAR) ANS
14 CAD 14 – Aerodrome Design and Operations ANSA
15 CAD 15 - Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) ANS
16 CAD 16 – Environmental Protection ANS
17 CAD 18 - National Transport of Dangerous Goods Programme AVSEC
18 CAD 19 - Safety Management (SM) FLIGHT OPS, AIRWORTHINESS
 LIST OF CAD
No. CAD No. Title Applicability Effective Date
1 CAD 14 Vol I Aerodromes Design and Prescribe physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be
15 May 2022
Issue 02 Operations provided for aerodromes.
2 CAD 14 Vol II Heliports Prescribe physical characteristics and obstacle limitation surfaces to be
15 May 2022
(Issue 02) provided for at heliports.
3 CAD 19 Safety Management Standards & Requirements based on Annex 19, Safety Management 17 Dec 2021
4 CAD 1900 Safety Reporting System Contains the standards and requirements and procedures pertaining to
mandatory occurrence reporting and is compliant with Malaysian Civil Aviation 15 Oct 2021
Regulations. T
5 CAD 1405 Certification and Surveillance Certification and surveillance of aerodromes in accordance with CAD 14 Vol 1,
15 May 2022
Issue 01 of Aerodrome Cad 14 Vol II, Cad 1407 and CAD 1408
6 CAD 1406 Helidecks Standards and Applicable to Helideck Operations.
15 May 2022
Issue 01 Requirements
7 CAD 1407 Water Aerodromes Applicable to seaplanes of a maximum certified take- off weight of 5700 kg or
15 May 2022
Issue 01 less and only for flights under Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
8 CAD 1408 STOLPORT Apply to Visual Meteorological Condition (VMC) operations.
15 May 2022
Issue 01
 LIST OF CAGM
No. CAD No. Title Applicability Effective Date
1 CAGM 1400 Wildlife Hazard Management Programme Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome 17 Dec 2021
2 CAGM 1401 Aerodrome Disabled Aircraft Removal Plan Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome 17 Dec 2021
3 CAGM 1402 Global Reporting Format for Runway Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome
17 Dec 2021
Surface Conditions
4 CAGM 1403 Apron Markings and Signs Standards & Requirements based on ADM Part 4 & Airport Best Practice, ACI
17 Dec 2021
Handbook
5 CAGM 1404 Guidance for Safety Assessments for Standards & Requirements based on ICAO Doc 9981, PANS Aerodrome
17 Dec 2021
Aerodromes
6 CAGM 1405 Certification and Surveillance of To provide guidance for Certification and Surveillance of Aerodrome,
Issue 01 Aerodrome pursuant to Civil Aviation Directive 1405 – Certification and Surveillance of 3 Jun 2022
Aerodrome (CAD 1405).
7 CAGM 1409 Guidelines for Aeroplane Landing Areas Applies to aeroplanes of a maximum certified take- off weight of 5700 kg or
15 May 2022
Issue 01 less and for flights conducted by day light hours and under VFR.
8 CAGM 1410 Pavement Distress Manual Applicable and prescribes the manual for the types of pavement distress, in
15 May 2022
Issue 01 accordance with CAD 14 Vol 1.
9 CAGM 1411 Guidelines for the Establishment and To provide guidance for the establishment and operation of onshore
15 May 2022
Issue 01 Operation of Onshore Helicopter Landing Helicopter Landing Sites, pursuant to Civil Aviation Directives 2001 – Protection
Sites of Persons and Property (CAD 2001 – Protection of Persons and Property).
10 CAGM 1412 Guidance for Obstacle Management Applicable to the use of navigable airspace by aircraft and to existing or
15 May 2022
Issue 01 proposed air navigation facilities, aerodromes and air traffic services routes.
11 CAGM 1413 Airport Emergency Plan (AEP) Process of preparing an airport to cope with an emergency occurring at the
15 May 2022
Issue 01 airport or in its vicinity.
12 CAGM 1414 Airport Firefighting and Rescue Service Rescue and Firefighting (RFF) is provided to create and maintain survivable
15 May 2022
Issue 01 (AFRS) conditions.
13 CAGM 1902 Safety Management System To provide guidance for Safety Management System (SMS), pursuant to Civil
17 Dec 2021
Aviation Directives 19 – Safety Management (CAD 19 – Safety Management).
 Acts & Regulations - MAVCOM
ACTS REGULATIONS
REGULATIONS REGULATIONS

1
MALAYSIA 1
AVIATION
COMMISSION
MALAYSIA AVIATION COMMISSION
(AVIATION SERVICES CHARGES)
2 3
MALAYSIA AVIATION MALAYSIA AVIATION
ACT 2015 REGULATIONS 2016 COMMISSION COMMISSION
Amendment • Specified various charges payable to (CODE OF (REGULATORY
• Malaysia Aviation Aerodrome Operator CONDUCT) SERVICES CHARGES)
Commission
REGULATIONS 2018 REGULATIONS 2018
(Amendment) Act Amendment
2018 • Malaysia Aviation Commission (Aviation Service
Charges) (Amendment) Regulations 2017
 Codes & Guidelines under Government
of Malaysia for MAVCOM
CODES GUIDELINES

1- COMPETITION

1- Guidelines on Aviation Service Market Definition

2- Guidelines on Anti-Competitive Agreements
3- Guidelines on Abuse of Dominant Position
4- Guidelines on Substantive Assessment of Mergers
5- Guidelines on Notification and Application Procedure
for an Anticipated Merger or a Merger
1-CONSUMER 6- Guidelines on the Determination of Financial Penalties
7- Guidelines on Leniency Regime
Malaysian Aviation Consumer
Protection Code 2016 2- LICENSING

Amendment
1- Guidelines on Fit and Proper Person
• Malaysian Aviation Consumer
Protection (Amendment) Code
2019
 Circulars and Directives under
Government of Malaysia for MAVCOM
CIRCULARS

1- Circular on the Billing and Collection of the Malaysian Aviation Commission’s

Regulatory Services Charges

DIRECTIVES

1- Directive Relating to the Implementation of the Quality of Service

Framework at KL International Airport and KL International Airport 2 [No. 1 of 2018]

2- Directive Relating to the Implementation of the Second Phase of the Quality-of-Service

Framework at KL International Airport and KL International Airport 2 [No. 2 of 2018]

3- Directive Relating to the Implementation of the Third Phase of the Quality of Service
Framework at KL International Airport and KL International Airport 2 [No. 1 of 2019]
 Chapter

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

“International Aviation Legislation”

 INTRODUCTION
•

•
•
•

•
 ICAO SARPS
State Obligations under the Chicago Convention

Article 28 Article 37 Article 38

States undertake States undertake to Any State which finds it impracticable
to provide adopt international to comply in all respects with any
airports…in SARPs & procedures such international standard or
accordance with developed by ICAO procedure to bring its own regulations
international to secure the highest or practices into full accord with
specifications practicable degree of …shall give immediate notification to
for global uniformity in the International Civil Aviation
Harmonization. regulations, Organisation of such differences….
Standards and shall make immediate notification to all
Procedures. other States” of these differences.
 ICAO’s 19 Annexes
ANNEX 1 Personnel Licensing
ANNEX 2 Rules of the Air
ANNEX 14 Aerodromes
ANNEX 3 Meteorological Services for
International Air Navigation ANNEX 15 Aeronautical Information Services
ANNEX 4 Aeronautical Charts ANNEX 16 Environmental Protection
ANNEX 5 Units of Measurement to be Used in ANNEX 17 Security
Air and Ground Operations
ANNEX 18 The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
ANNEX 6 Operation of Aircraft
ANNEX 19 Safety Management
ANNEX 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration
Marks
ANNEX 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft
ANNEX 9 Facilitation
ANNEX 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications
ANNEX 11 Air Traffic Services
ANNEX 12 Search and Rescue
ANNEX 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident
Investigation
 Annex 14, Aerodromes
Volume I, Aerodrome Design and Operations
Nine Edition, July 2022
Chapter Title Appendix Title
1 General 1 Colours for aeronautical ground
2 Aerodrome Data lights, markings, signs and
panels
3 Physical Characteristics
2 Aeronautical ground light
4 Obstacle Restriction and characteristics
Removal
3 Mandatory instruction markings
5 Visual Aids for Navigation and information markings
6 Visual Aids for Denoting 4 Requirements concerning
Obstacles design of taxiing guidance signs
7 Visual Aids for Denoting 5 Location of lights on obstacles
Restricted Used Area
8 Electrical Systems Attachment Title
9 Aerodrome Operational A Guidance material
Services, Equipment and supplementary to Annex 14,
Installations Volume I

10 Aerodrome Maintenance B Obstacle limitation surfaces

Annex 14, Aerodromes
Volume II, Heliports
Fifth Edition, July 2020
Chapter Title
1 General
2 Heliport data
3 Physical characteristics
4 Obstacle Environment
5 Visual aids
6 Heliport Emergency Response

Appendix Title
1 International Standards and
Recommended Practices for instrument
heliports with non-precision and/or
precision approaches and instrument
departures
 Annex 19,
Safety Management
Second Edition, July 2016

Chapter Title Appendix Title

1 Definitions 1 State safety oversight
2 Applicability (SSO) system critical
3 State safety management elements (CEs)
responsibilities 2 Framework for a safety
4 Safety management management system
system (SMS) (SMS)

5 Safety data and safety 3 Principles for the

information collection, protection of safety
analysis, protection, data, safety information
sharing and exchange and related sources
 ICAO Doc 9981,
PANS Aerodrome (3 Edition, 2020) rd

Procedures for Air Navigation Part I — AD certification, safety

assessments and compatibility
Services (PANS) Aerodromes • Chapter 1 — Definitions
• Chapter 2 — Certification of
aerodromes
• Annex 14, Volume I, was primarily a design • Chapter 3 — Safety assessments for
document, and the SARPs therein were aerodromes
• Chapter 4 — Aerodrome compatibility
appropriate for designing new aerodromes. The
PANS-Aerodromes are complementary to Part II — Aerodrome operational
Annex 14, Volume I; Specifies in greater detail management
than SARPs, operational procedures to be • Chapter 1 – Training
• Chapter 2 - Reporting format using
applied by aerodrome operators to ensure standard runway condition report
aerodrome operational safety. • Chapter 3 – Inspections of the
movement area
• Chapter 4 – Work In Progress (WIP)
• At existing aerodromes where full compliance
• Chapter 5 - FOD Control
with Standards cannot be achieved, • Chapter 6 – Wildlife Hazard
alternative measures may be required in order to Management
accommodate a specific type of aeroplane. • Chapter 7 – Apron Safety
• Chapter 8 – Runway Safety
• Chapter 9 – Airside Driver Permit
Scheme and vehicle/equipment
safety requirement
 ICAO Docs
N List of Latest ICAO - Procedures of Air Navigations Services (PANS)
o

1 PANS-ATM: PANS Air Traffic Management (Doc. 4444)

2 PANS-TRG: PANS Training (Doc. 9868)
3 PANS-AD (PANS-Aerodrome, Doc 9981)
4 PANS-OPS (Aircraft operations, Doc 8168)
5 PANS-ABC (Abbreviations and codes, Doc 8400)
6 PANS-AIM (Aeronautical information management, Doc 10066)

Part ICAO Doc 9137 (Airport Service Manual) Edition

1 Rescue and Fire Fighting 4th Ed., 2015
2 Pavement Surface Conditions 4th Ed., 2002
3 Wildlife Hazard Management 5th Ed., 2020
5 Removal of Disabled Aircraft 4th Ed., 2009
6 Control of Obstacles 2nd Ed., 1983
7 Airport Emergency Planning 2nd Ed., 1991 Part ICAO Doc 9157 (Airport Design Edition
Manual)
8 Airport Operational Services 1st Ed., 1983
1 Runways 4th Edition, 2020
9 Airport Maintenance Practices 1st Ed., 1984
2 Taxiways, Aprons and Holding Bays 5th Edition, 2020
Part ICAO Doc 9184 (Airport Planning Manual) Edition 3 Pavements 2nd Edition, 1983
1 Master Planning 2nd Ed., 1987 4 Visual Aids 5th Edition, 2021
2 Land Use and Environmental Control 4th Ed., 2018 5 Electrical Systems 2nd Edition, 2017
3 Guidelines for Consultant / Construction Services 1st Ed., 1983 6 Frangibility 1st Edition, 2006
 Other ICAO’s Publications
No. Name of Publications Doc. No.
1 Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual Doc 9830
2 Aeronautical Information Services Manual Doc 8126
3 Aeroplane Performance Manual Doc 10064
4 Aircraft Type Designators Doc 8643
5 Air Traffic Services Planning Manual Doc 9426
6 Airworthiness Manual Doc 9760
7 Guidance on the Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management Doc 9829
8 Heliport Manual Doc 9261
9 Human Factors Training Manual Doc 9683
10 Manual of Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Operations Doc 9640
11 Manual of All-Weather Operations Doc 9365
12 Manual of Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS) Doc 9476
13 Manual on Certification of Aerodromes Doc 9774
14 Manual on Laser Emitters and Flight Safety Doc 9815
15 Manual on the ICAO Bird Strike Information System (IBIS) Doc 9332
16 Safety Management Manual (SMM) Doc 9859
17 Stolport Manual Doc 9150
18 World Geodetic System — 1984 (WGS-84) Manual Doc 9674
19 Assessment, Measurement and Reporting of Runway Surface Conditions Cir 355
 Airport Council International (ACI)

“International Aviation Legislation”

 ACI’s Handbooks
No. ACI’s Handbooks Edition
1 Managing Operations During Construction 1st Edition 2018
2 Apron Safety 1st Edition 2015
3 Apron Markings and Signs 3rd Edition 2017
5 Wildlife Hazard Management 2nd Edition 2013
6 Safety management Systems 1st Edition 2016
7 Runway Safety 1st Edition 2014
8 Emergency Preparedness and Contingency Planning 1st Edition 2014
9 Managing Rescue and Firefighting Services at Airports 1st Edition 2019
 ACI Other Publications
No. Latest ACI Publications Edition
AIRPORTS COUNCIL
INTERNATIONAL
1 Annual World Report – 2017 Airport Safety Data 2017
2 Aligning Airspace and Airport Capacity – Best Practice Jan 2020
Recommendations for Airport Operators
3 ACI Best Practice SMS Gap Analysis and Audit Tools May 2010
4 Guide to Airport Performance Measures Feb 2012
5 Policies and Recommended Practices 2016
6 ACI Policy Handbook 10th Edition 2020
7 Management of Security Handbook 1st Edition 2020
8 Airport Security Risk Assessment Handbook 1st Edition 2020
9 Autonomous Vehicles and Systems at Airports Report, 1st Edition 2019
Assessing Potential Security Threats and Risks
10 Landside Security Handbook 1st Edition 2018
 International Air Transport Association (IATA)

“International Aviation Legislation”

 IATA Manual
No. Latest IATA Manual Edition
1 Airport Development Reference 11th Edition 2019
Manual (ADRM)

ADRM is recognized as one of the industry most important guidelines to

Airport, Airlines, government authorities, architects, engineers and
planning consultant engaged in developing new airport or extending
existing airport infrastructure. Developed by IATA with technical
assistance from ACI and input from members of IATA and ACI.

The Manual contain of

• Forecasting
• Master Planning
• Airside Infrastructure
• Passenger Terminal
• Cargo Terminal
• Airport Support Eléments
• Surface Access System
• Airport Simulation
• Airport Technology
• Jet Fuel Infrastructure
• ORAT
IATA ADRM - LOS
 REQUIREMENT FOR CERTIFICATION OF AERODROMES

CIVIL AVIATION (AERODROME OPERATIONS) REGULATIONS

ICAO Annex 14 Reg 6(1): No person shall maintain or operate an aerodrome unless
the person holds a certificate of aerodrome issued by the Authority
• 1.4.1: “STATES SHALL CERTIFY
AERODROMES USED FOR INTERNATIONAL
OPERATIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CAAM CAD 14
SPECIFICATIONS CONTAINED IN THIS
ANNEX AS WELL AS OTHER RELEVANT 1.7.1 Aerodromes used for international operations shall be certified in accordance
ICAO SPECIFICATIONS THROUGH AN with the specifications contained in this Directive as well as other relevant ICAO
APPROPRIATE REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK.” document.

Note.— Specific procedures on the stages of certifying an aerodrome are given in

• 1.4.2. RECOMMENDATION: STATES the ICAO PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981). For detailed requirements on
SHOULD CERTIFY AERODROMES OPEN TO
PUBLIC USE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THESE aerodrome certification refer to CAD 1405 – Certification and Surveillance, for
SPECIFICATIONS THROUGH AN guidance refer to CAGM 1405 – Certification and Surveillance.
APPROPRIATE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.
1.7.2 Other aerodromes, who require to be certified by CAAM, shall follow the
• 1.4.3. THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK specifications contained in this Directive as well as other relevant ICAO document.
SHALL INCLUDE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
CRITERIA FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF 1.7.3 CAD 1405 – Certification and surveillance includes the establishment of
AERODROMES.
criteria and procedures for the certification of aerodromes.
 CQ Structures

Each applicable CQ will need to be answered

Completed CQ will be verified by auditor

Unsatisfactory CQ will requires further validation

onsite

Satisfactory CQ may require further validation

during the onsite audit

Non-compliance with any CQ may lead to

findings (L1/L2) or OBS

Regular audit process - Corrective Action

Plan/Audit Response
 AIRPORT
AIRPORT MEANS THE AGGREGATE OF THE LANDS
COMPRISED WITHIN AN AERODROME INCLUDING BUILDING,
AIRCRAFT HANGERS, STORAGE, FACILITIES, ROAD AND CAR
PARKS USED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN WHOLE OR IN
PART FOR THE PURPOSES OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
OPERATION OF SUCH AERODROME.

(CAD 14, AERODROME DESIGN AND OPERATIONS)

AERODROME
Aerodrome means any area of land or water,
including any airport, airstrip (including water
airstrip), heliport, building, installation and
equipment, for the use wholly or partly for the
arrival, departure or movement of aircraft.
(CAD 14, Aerodrome Design and Operations)
 Components of Airport Systems
Three Major Components of Airport Systems

Other User, Aviation

Airports Airlines Agency & Stakeholder
 OTHER AVIATION AGENCY & STAKEHOLDERS

CAAM –Services
Ministry & AAIB – Other
• ATC Ground
Aviation Accident government
• AIS Handlers agencies
Regulator • Flight Calibration
Investigation

Facilitation
 AIRPORT OPERATIONAL AREA
APPROACH DEPARTURE

RUNWAY RUNWAY

TAXIWAY
AIRCRAFT
TAXIWAY
Land Side

AIRSIDE
PROCESSING
APRON E.G. FUEL APRON

Terminal
GATE GATE

PIER PIER Apron

CATERING
ARRIVAL DEPARTURE
Taxiway

TERMINAL
CONCOURSE CONCOURSE
MAIL
PASSENGER CARGO PASSENGER
BAGGAGE
RECLAIM
PROCESSING AREA
PROCESSING
Runway Strip
RESA Runway RESA
PUBLIC AREAS PUBLIC AREAS

LANDSIDE
PARKING ROADS OTHER GROUND ROADS PARKING
TRANSPORT
 TERMINAL BUILDING
PROVIDES FACILITIES FOR ALL PASSENGER ARRIVING AND
DEPARTING FROM AIRPORT AND ALLOWED AIRLINES,
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, CONCESSIONAIRES AND OTHER
SERVICES - HASSLE FREE, SAFE, SECURE AND EFFICIENT.

LANDSIDE
LANDSIDE - AREAS AND ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE AIRPORT
BOUNDARIES, EXCLUSIVE OF THE AIRSIDE. THE LANDSIDE
MAY ACCOMMODATE A VARIETY OF AVIATION AND NON-
AVIATION RELATED ACTIVITIES SUCH AS PASSENGER
PROCESSING, PUBLIC ACCESS, COMMERCIAL ZONES AND
AIRPORT CITIES.
 APRON
APRON MEANS THE DEFINED AREA, ON A LAND
AERODROME, INTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE AIRCRAFT
FOR PURPOSES OF LOADING OR UNLOADING PASSENGERS,
MAIL OR CARGO, FUELING, PARKING OR MAINTENANCE.

AIRCRAFT PARKING STAND

AIRCRAFT STAND MEANS A DESIGNATED AREA
ON AN APRON INTENDED TO BE USED FOR
PARKING AN AIRCRAFT.

HANGARS
LARGE SHEDS ERECTED ON AIRPORT FOR HOUSING &
REPAIRING AIRPLANES. IT MAY BE STORAGE OR SERVICE
HANGARS
 TAXIWAYS Taxiway means a defined path on a land
aerodrome established for the taxiing of
➢ Path on an airport aircraft and intended to provide a link
connecting runways between one part of the aerodrome and
with ramps, hangers, another, including:

terminals and other a) Aircraft stand taxilane. A portion of an

facilities. apron designated as a taxiway and
intended to provide access to aircraft
stands only.
➢ They mostly have hard
surface such as asphalt b) Apron taxiway. A portion of a taxiway
or concrete system located on an apron and intended
to provide a through taxi-route across the
apron.

c) Rapid exit taxiway. A taxiway

connected to a runway at an acute angle
and designed to allow landing aeroplanes
to turn off at higher speeds than are
achieved on other exit taxiways thereby
minimizing runway occupancy times.
(CAD 14, Aerodrome Design and Operations)
 RUNWAY
Runway means a defined
rectangular area on a land
aerodrome prepared for the landing
and take-off of aircraft.
(CAD 14, Aerodrome Design and Operations)

•
 Single Parallel
Runway Runways

Runway

Intersecting Open-V
Runways Runways
Aerodrome
RWY Centre Line
Marking
RWY Side Stripe
Apron

Touch Down Zone

WDI

Terminal Aiming Point

TWY
Intersection
RWY Designation
Parallel TWY Centre
Taxiway Line

Threshold
RWY Holding
Position Transverse
Stripe

Runway
•

•
•

THREE SIX.
• ,R FOR RIGHT L FOR LEFT
0
•
LEFT (L), CENTER (C) AND RIGHT (R). 270 90

180 47
Aerodrome Lighting - AGL Back to the Basic
Aerodrome
Beacon

Runway Edge
Lights

Approach Lights
 INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS

International Airport – Any airport designated by the Contracting State in whose territory it is situated as an
airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where formalities incident to customs, immigration,
public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out.
(Source Annex 9, ICAO Doc 8973/7 and NCASP)
The aerodrome/heliport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where such formalities
as customs, immigration, public health, and animal and plant quarantine are carried out and
where air traffic services (ATC and ATIS) are available on a regular basis.
(CAAM’s e-AIP)
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS
❑ Airports that process the arrival,
departure and transfer of passengers
from Domestic Destination to another
International or Domestic Destinations.
❑ Multiple flight connections to Domestic
Destination and the surrounding
regions.
❑ Gateway to Malaysia.

❑ Example: KLIA, Penang International

Airport, Kota Kinabalu International
Airport, Kuching International Airport,
Langkawi International Airport
 DOMESTIC AIRPORTS

Domestic Airport is an aerodrome used for domestic air traffic only

and where air traffic services are available on a regular basis.
(CAAM’s e-AIP)
 DOMESTIC AIRPORTS
❑ Serve the needs for domestic airlines and air
travelers and do not have any international
connection.
❑ Some domestic airport also serve for international
flight(e.g Ipoh to Singapore)
❑ Passengers bound for international destination is
transferred to international airports for onward
journeys.

❑ Example : Kota Bharu, Terengganu, Limbang

a
 STOLPORTS

A Stolport is an airport whose physical characteristics, visual and non-visual aids and total
infrastructure are created to support safe and effective public air transport in and out of densely
populated urban areas as well as to and from rural areas with difficult terrain.
(Source – ICAO Doc 9150)

A stolport is an aerodrome available for the use of STOL aircraft.

(CAAM’s e-AIP)
STOLPORTS
❑“PADANG TERBANG” OR STOLPORT WHICH CAN
ONLY SUPPORT THE OPERATIONS OF AIRCRAFT THAT
ONLY REQUIRES A SHORT LENGTH OF RUNWAY FOR
TAKE-OFF AND LANDING.

❑TYPE AIRCRAFT - TWIN OTTER / DHC-6 VIKING

❑MASWINGS – MAIN OPERATOR
 AERODROME INFO & DATA

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) provide Information

• General – National regulation & Requirement
• En-Route – Airspace & Navigation Rules & Services
• Aerodrome – Aerodrome Data, Charts & physical
characteristics

Changes in Aerodrome Operational Capabilities

• Temporary changes – NOTAM
• Temporary Changes (> 3 months) – AIP Supplement
• Permanent changes - AIP Amendment

Information in Standard format

• Operational Hours express in UTC
• Coordinates according to WGS-84
 AERODROME INFO & DATA
Aerodrome data and chart published in Aeronautical Information
Publication (AIP)
Critical Coordinates (WGS-84) Charts
• Aerodrome Reference Point - Aerodrome Chart
• Aircraft Stand Coordinates - Ground Movement Chart
• Threshold Coordinates - Aircraft Parking/Docking Chart
• Navigation Landing Aids Coordinates - Aerodrome Obstacle Chart
 ICAO: Four letter code
IATA: Three letter code

AIRPORT ICAO IATA

Penang WMKP PEN
Alor Setar WMKA AOR
Mukah WBKM MKM
Kuching WBGG KCH
Tawau WBKW TWU
Kota Kinabalu WMKK KUL
Lahad Datu WBKD LDU
Bario WBGZ BBN
Langkawi WMKL LGK
KLIA WMKK KUL
 WHY DO WE NEED TO LEARN CAD14/ANNEX 14?

•
•

•
 CAD 14/ANNEX 14 VOL 1

CAD 14 /ICAO ANNEX 14 SETS OUT THE FUNDAMENTAL

STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES (SARPS) FOR
• AERODROME CERTIFICATION
• DESIGN OF AERODROME FACILITIES
• AERODROME OPERATIONAL SERVICES
• AERODROME OPERATIONAL SAFETY
(ICAO SPECIFY THAT SARPS REQUIRE STATES
UNDERTAKE TO APPLY THROUGH NATIONAL LEGISLATION.)
 CAD 14, VOL. I

CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
 CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL

1.4.1CAAM
1.4.1 States shall certify aerodromes used for international operations in
accordance with the specifications contained in this Annex as well as other
relevant ICAO specifications through an appropriate regulatory framework.
1.4.2 Recommendation.— States should certify aerodromes open to public
use in accordance with these specifications as well as other relevant ICAO
1.4.2 RESERVED specifications through an appropriate regulatory framework.

ACCEPTABLE LEVEL OF SAFETY

AERODROME REFERENCE CODE (TABLE 1-1)
WS

OMG
Aeroplane reference field length: The minimum field length
required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea
level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air and zero runway
slope

Reference field length Boeing 777-200ER

2890 m

Wing Span
60.9 m

CODE 4E
Wide-body aircraft
Reference field length AIRBUS 320NEO
2025 m
Wing Span
35.8 m

CODE 4C
Narrow-body aircraft
 CHAPTER 2 . AERODROME DATA
Specifies the need for measuring, monitoring and reporting data
related to facilities, services and equipment at an aerodrome;

2.1 AERONAUTICAL DATA

2.2 AERODROME REFERENCE POINT
2.3 AERODROME AND RUNWAY ELEVATIONS
2.4 AERODROME REFERENCE TEMPERATURE
Aerodrome Reference Point-The designated
2.5 AERODROME DIMENSIONS AND RELATED INFORMATION geographical location of an aerodrome.
2.6 STRENGTH OF PAVEMENTS
The bearing strength of a pavement expressed
2.7 PRE-FLIGHT ALTIMETER CHECK LOCATION in Pavement Classification Number (PCN) e.g.
PCN 50/F/A/Y/U
2.8 DECLARED DISTANCES
2.9 CONDITION OF THE MOVEMENT AREA AND RELATED FACILITIES
Declared Distances
2.10 DISABLED AIRCRAFT REMOVAL Take-Off Run Available (TORA)
2.11 RESCUE AND FIREFIGHTING Take-Off Distance Available(TODA),
Accelerated Stop Distance Available (ASDA)
2.12 VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEMS Landing Distance Available (LDA)
2.13 COORDINATION BETWEEN AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES
AND AERODROME AUTHORITIES
 CHAPTER 3 . PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 RUNWAYS
3.2 RUNWAY SHOULDERS
3.3 RUNWAY TURN PADS
3.4 RUNWAY STRIPS
3.5 RUNWAY END SAFETY AREAS
3.6 CLEARWAYS
3.7 STOPWAYS
3.8 RADIO ALTIMETER OPERATING AREA

3.9 TAXIWAYS
3.10 TAXIWAY SHOULDERS
3.11 TAXIWAY STRIPS
3.12 HOLDING BAYS, RUNWAY-HOLDING POSITIONS,
INTERMEDIATE HOLDING POSITIONS AND ROAD-HOLDING
POSITIONS

3.13 APRONS
3.14 ISOLATED AIRCRAFT PARKING POSITION

3.15 DE-ICING / ANTI-ICING FACILITIES

 CHAPTER 4 . OBSTACLE RESTRICTION AND
REMOVAL
- OBSTACLE LIMITATION SURFACES-
VARIOUS OLS – OUTER HORIZONTAL,
INNER HORIZONTAL, CONICAL,
TRANSITIONAL, APPROACH AND TAKE-
OFF CLIMB, SURFACES, INNER
APPROACH SURFACE, INNER
TRANSITIONAL, BALKED LANDING

- OBSTACLE LIMITATION
REQUIREMENTS- OBJECTS (EXISTING
AND NEW) AND THEIR IMPACT ON
SAFETY AND THEIR REMOVAL/RISK
MITIGATION

- OBJECTS OUTSIDE THE OBSTACLE

LIMITATION SURFACES

- OTHER OBJECTS
CHAPTER 5 . VISUAL AID FOR
NAVIGATION

5.1 INDICATORS AND SIGNALLING

DEVICES
- WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR
- LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR
- SIGNALING LAMP
 CHAPTER 5 . VISUAL AID FOR NAVIGATION
5.2 Markings Marking indicates Location, Size/dimension , Colour, Conspicuity
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Runway designation marking
5.2.3 Runway centre line marking
5.2.4 Threshold marking
5.2.5 Aiming point marking
5.2.6 Touchdown zone marking
5.2.7 Runway side stripe marking
5.2.8 Taxiway centre line marking
5.2.9 Runway turn pad marking
5.2.10 Runway holding position marking
5.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking
5.2.12 VOR aerodrome checkpoint marking 5.2.1.4 Runway markings shall be white.
5.2.13 Aircraft stand marking 5.2.1.5 Taxiway markings, runway turn pad markings
5.2.14 Apron safety lines and aircraft stand markings shall be yellow
5.2.15 Road-holding position marking
5.2.1.6 Apron safety lines shall be red.
5.2.16 Mandatory instruction marking
 CHAPTER 5 . VISUAL AID FOR NAVIGATION
5.3 Lights The performance of airport runway lights is comprised of 4 key
attributes: configuration, color, coverage and candela.
5.3.1 General 5.3.16 Stopway lights
5.3.2 Emergency lighting 5.3.17 Taxiway centre line lights
5.3.3 Aeronautical beacons 5.3.18 Taxiway edge lights
5.3.4 Approach lighting systems 5.3.19 Runway turn pad lights
5.3.5 VASI (PAPI) 5.3.20 Stop bars
5.3.6 Circling guidance lights 5.3.21 Intermediate holding position lights
5.3.7 Runway lead-in lighting systems 5.3.22 De-icing/anti-icing facility exit lights
5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights 5.3.23 Runway guard lights
5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights 5.3.24 Apron floodlighting
5.3.9 Runway edge lights 5.3.25 Visual docking guidance system
5.3.10 Runway threshold and wing bar lights 5.3.26 Advanced VDGS
5.3.11 Runway end lights 5.3.27 Aircraft stand manoeuvring guidance
5.3.12 Runway centre line lights lights
5.3.13 Runway touchdown zone lights 5.3.28 Road-holding position light
5.3.14 Simple touchdown zone lights 5.3.29 No-entry bar
5.3.15 Rapid exit taxiway indicator lights 5.3.30 Runway status lights
 CHAPTER 5 . VISUAL AID FOR NAVIGATION

5.4 SIGNS
5.4.1 GENERAL
5.4.2 MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGNS
5.4.3 INFORMATION SIGNS
5.4.4 VOR AERODROME CHECKPOINT SIGN
5.4.5 AERODROME IDENTIFICATION SIGN
5.4.6 AIRCRAFT STAND IDENTIFICATION SIGNS
5.4.7 ROAD-HOLDING POSITION SIGN
CHAPTER 5 . VISUAL AID FOR
NAVIGATION
5.5 MARKERS
- UNPAVED RUNWAY EDGE MARKERS
- STOPWAY EDGE MARKERS
- EDGE MARKERS FOR SNOW-COVERED
RUNWAYS
- TAXIWAY EDGE MARKERS
- TAXIWAY CENTRE LINE MARKERS
- UNPAVED TAXIWAY EDGE MARKERS
- BOUNDARY MARKERS
CHAPTER 6 . VISUAL AIDS FOR
DENOTING OBSTACLES

- OBJECTS TO BE MARKED AND/OR

LIGHTED

- MARKING AND/OR LIGHTING OF

OBJECTS
 CHAPTER 7 . VISUAL AIDS
FOR DENOTING RESTRICTED
USE AREAS

- CLOSED RUNWAYS AND TAXIWAYS, OR

PARTS THEREOF
- NON-LOAD-BEARING SURFACES
- PRE-THRESHOLD AREA
- UNSERVICEABLE AREAS
 CHAPTER 8 . ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS

8.1 ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

FOR AIR NAVIGATION FACILITIES
8.2 SYSTEM DESIGN
8.3 MONITORING

The time interval between failure of the

primary source of power and the complete
restoration of the services shall be 15 seconds
maximum switch-over times for Precision
Approach Cat 1, 1 seconds for Cat II & III
 CHAPTER 9 . AERODROME
OPERATIONAL SERVICES,
EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS
9.1 AERODROME EMERGENCY PLANNING
9.2 RESCUE AND FIREFIGHTING
9.3 DISABLED AIRCRAFT REMOVAL
9.1.1 An aerodrome
9.4 WILDLIFE STRIKE HAZARD REDUCTION emergency plan shall
9.5 APRON MANAGEMENT SERVICE be established at an
aerodrome,
9.6 GROUND SERVICING OF AIRCRAFT
9.7 AERODROME VEHICLE OPERATIONS
9.8 SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS

9.9 SITING OF EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS ON

OPERATIONAL AREAS

9.10 FENCING
9.11 SECURITY LIGHTING
 10.2.3 A paved
runway shall be
maintained in a
CHAPTER 10 . AERODROME condition so as to
provide surface
MAINTENANCE friction
avoiding and characteristics at or
10.1 GENERAL eliminating any above the minimum
foreign object friction level
10.2 PAVEMENTS debris (FOD)

10.3 REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS 9.7.1 A vehicle shall be operated:

a) on a manoeuvring area only as
10.4 RUNWAY PAVEMENT OVERLAYS authorised by the aerodrome control
tower;
10.5 VISUAL AIDS b) on an apron only as authorised by
the appropriate designated
authority.

Category I shall have 85 Category II & III shall

per cent of the lights have 95 per cent of the
are serviceable lights are serviceable
 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE (TABLE 1-1) Reference code table

No Aircraft type Code Element 1 Code Element 2 Aerodrome

Reference
Code

Aeroplane Code Wing Code

reference No. span, letter
field (m)
length, (m)

1. DHC6 695 1 19.8

B 1B

1010 2 24.6 C 2C
2. ATR 42-200

3. Fokker: 50 1760 3 29.0 C 3C

4. A 320-200 2058 4 33.9 C 4C

5. B757-200 2057 4 38 D 4D

6. B747-400 3383
4 64.4 E 4E

4 4F
7. A380 3660 79.8 F
THANK YOU