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Catalog of Minifrac Analysis 1657878108

This document discusses hydraulic fracturing and minifrac analysis techniques. It describes how hydraulic fracturing creates conductive paths between reservoirs and wellbores by propagating fractures perpendicular to minimum in-situ stresses. Minifrac tests involve injecting small fluid volumes to create fractures, then analyzing pressure falloff data to determine fracture and reservoir properties like closure pressure, net pressure, and permeability. Different analyses are used before and after fracture closure to characterize leakoff and derive values like reservoir pressure.

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seyyid ali lyl
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22 views18 pages

Catalog of Minifrac Analysis 1657878108

This document discusses hydraulic fracturing and minifrac analysis techniques. It describes how hydraulic fracturing creates conductive paths between reservoirs and wellbores by propagating fractures perpendicular to minimum in-situ stresses. Minifrac tests involve injecting small fluid volumes to create fractures, then analyzing pressure falloff data to determine fracture and reservoir properties like closure pressure, net pressure, and permeability. Different analyses are used before and after fracture closure to characterize leakoff and derive values like reservoir pressure.

Uploaded by

seyyid ali lyl
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Hydraulic Fracturing

(Minifrac Catalog)
Hesham Mokhtar Ali
Senior Reservoir Engineer
in/heshammokhtarali/
Hydraulic Propped Fracturing – Overview
• Create high conductive
path between the
reservoir and the
wellbore. After-closure

Before-closure

Pumping
Initiate Fracture Propagate Fracture

Typical pressure response during DFIT

Placing Proppant Flowback Idealized View of Induced Fracture


In-situ Stresses & Fracture Orientation
• The in-situ formation stresses are:
– Vertical (overburden) stress (σv)
– Maximum horizontal stress (σHmax)
– Minimum horizontal stress (σHmin)
• Hydraulic fractures open
perpendicular to the minimum in-situ
stress.
Net Fracture Pressure (NFP)
• To propagate and keep the fracture open, the pressure within the fracture (Pf) must be greater than σ3
(minimum stress).
• Net Pressure:
• Net pressure is the driving force in hydraulic fracture
propagation.
After-closure
• Net Pressure = Pressure Inside the frac ‐ closure pressure
• Pnet = ISIP-Pc (Pnet = Pf - σ3)
• ISIP: the minimum pressure required to hold the fracture
Before-closure
open.
• Pnet controls fracture width and height
• If Pnet = 0 the fracture is closed Pumping
• Frac width = f (Pnet/E)
• High Pnet and low E means wide fracture

Rule: Pf > ISIP > Pc 2000 psi

Example: Net pressure = 2500 psi ‐ 2000 psi = 500 psi


2500 psi
Net Fracture Pressure (NFP)
• Instantaneous Shut-in Pressure (ISIP) is the pressure at
sand face when friction removed.
• Net fracture pressure, Pnet = ISIP - closure P
• Pnet controls fracture width and height.

Effect of net pressure on the


fracture propagation
Fracture Dominated Analysis (BCA)
• ISIP: identified by significant slope change.

• Determination of ISIP:
ISIP = Gc.mG + Pc

• Where:
• ISIP: Instantaneous shut-in pressure
• Pc: Closure pressure
• Gc: Value of the G-Function at closure pressure
Pumping
• mG: Slope of the G-Function prior to closure
pressure
Minifrac
• Definition:
• A Minifrac test refers to a test in which a small volume of fluid is injected into formation at a
defined rate to create a fracture(s). Injection rate, pressure and falloff pressure are recorded for
analysis.
• Objectives:
– Pre-Closure Analysis:
• Fracture closure pressure and time
• Net pressure
• Fracturing fluid efficiency
• Fluid leak-o mechanisms and ow regimes
– Post-Closure Analysis:
• Flow regimes
• Reservoir (pore) pressure
• System permeability
Typical Minifrac Injection Test
Key Results From Minifrac Tests
• Following a brief injection period, the wellhead valve is closed, and the pressure falloff is recorded for a few hours
to several days, depending on how permeable the formation is.
• The pressure falloff data are then analyzed to yield the following information:
• Fracture closure pressure (pc)
• Instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP)
• Fracture gradient (ISIP / Formation Depth)
• Net Fracture Pressure (Δpnet)
– It is the additional pressure within the frac above the pressure required to keep the fracture open. It is an
indication of the energy available to propagate the fracture.
– Δpnet = ISIP - Closure Pressure
• Fracture Fluid Efficiency (FE)
– Fluid efficiency is the ratio of the stored volume within the fracture to the total fluid injected. A high fluid
efficiency means low leakoff and indicates the energy used to inject the fluid was efficiently utilized in creating
and growing the fracture.
• Formation leakoff characteristics and fluid loss coefficients
• Formation permeability (k)
• Reservoir pressure (pi)
Minifrac Analysis Techniques
• Due to the nature of a Minifrac test, the analysis is conducted in 2 parts;
– Before-Closure Analysis (BCA):
• used to identify fracture closure pressure, which is considered to be equivalent to minimum in-
situ stress
– After-Closure Analysis (ACA):
• used to estimate reservoir permeability and initial reservoir pressure.

• Similar to traditional Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA), specialized time and derivative functions are
utilized to perform BCA and ACA.
• This provides the advantage of verifying and improving on results obtained from diagnostic analyses.
Normal Ideal Leakoff
• Constant fracture area
• Homogenous matrix
Pressure Dependent Leakoff
• Natural fractures intersect with
hydraulic fractures.
Frac Height Recession
• Fracture grows into higher
stress zones before receding
back.
T-shaped Fractures
• Fracture pressure is greater than
overburden stress, creating both
vertical and horizontal fracture
components.
Post-closure Analysis
• Post-closure analysis is used to identify
reservoir properties, such as reservoir
pressure, transmissibility, and permeability.
• There are various ways to perform after
closure analysis.
• A recommended methodology is to use the
following plots:
– Bourdet derivative plot
– Primary pressure derivative plot
– Soliman/Craig linear and radial ow plots
Normal Leakoff
• Log-Log (Equivalent Time & PPD) Plot
Frac Height Recession
Hesham Mokhtar
Hesham Mokhtar

Hesham Mokhtar
Hesham Mokhtar
Hesham Mokhtar
Hesham Mokhtar

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