RS 299a

STATISTICS IN
RESEARCH
February 18, 2023
 Overview
This course covers the concepts and
principles of descriptive and inferential
statistical techniques.

Topics (Midterm) : 2

1. Basic Concepts in Statistics

2. Mathematical Symbols in Statistics
3. Data Collection and Presentation
4. Descriptive Statistics
 Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
in Statistics
Objectives:
✓ Discuss the nature and uses of
Statistics
✓ Differentiate descriptive
statistics and inferential
statistics 4

✓ Identify the population and

variable in a given situation or
problem
✓ Classify data according to type
of variables and appropriate
level of measurement
Lesson 1.
Definition and Nature of
Statistics
The word statistics is derived
from the Latin word status meaning
“state”.
5

The word Statistics has two

basic meanings:
1. actual numbers derived from data
2. method of analysis
Uses of Statistics
The following are examples of the uses of Statistics
• A teacher administers a diagnostic test to his/her students as
basis for coming up with an intervention.
• Surveys are designed to collect early returns on Election
Day to forecast the outcome of an election.
• Consumers are sampled to provide information for
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predicting product preference
• A research physician conducts experiments to determine the
effect of various drugs and controlled environmental
conditions on human in order to infer the appropriate
method of treatment of a particular disease
• An economist observes various indices of economic health
over a period of time and uses the information to forecast
condition of the economy next year.
THE PROCESS

collection presentation 7

interpretation analysis
 Lesson 2.
Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics

STATISTICS
8

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
 Definition
▹ Descriptive statistics give information
that describes the data in some
manner.
▹ Inferential statistics is concerned with 9

drawing conclusions about large

groups of data called the population
based on selected elements of that
population, known as sample.
 Population and Sample

Statistics
• Sample 10
description
sample

Parameter
• estimation
• generalization
• hypothesis
testing population
 Population and Sample
▹ Population is a collection of all elements
under consideration in the research study.
▹ Sample is a subset of the population from
which information is collected. 11

Parameter is a numerical characteristic of a population.

Statistic is a numerical characteristic of a sample.
Census is the method of collecting data from
the population. On the other hand, survey is the
method of collecting data from a sample. From here we
collect information and statistics.
Activity 1 Descriptive
or 12

Inferential
Determine whether the following statements use DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS or
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS.

1. A basketball player wants to find his successful shoots average for that past 10 games.
2. A manager would like to predict based on previous years’ sales, the sales performance of a company
for the next five years.
3. A politician would like to estimate, based on an opinion poll, his chance for winning in the
upcoming senatorial election.
4. A teacher wishes to determine the percentage of students who passed the examination.
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5. A student wishes to determine the average monthly expenditures on school supplies for the past five
months.
6. A secretary presents the enrolment of a certain institution during a particular period using a
statistical table.
7. Several manufacturing industries were surveyed to estimate the industry’s’ capital investments.
8. Based on a random sample, it was concluded that the average cost of a hotel room in Vigan City was
greater than one in Laoag City
9. Nine out of 500 books printed by a printing company have misprints.
10. It is expected that short term bond interest rates will decrease by 2% in 2019.
Lesson 3.
Type of Variables
Variables are characteristics or attributes
which are observable or measurable on
every individual or subject of study.
Values of a Variable: 14

▹ Label
▹ Count
▹ Measurement
▹ Observation
Examples of variables
1. civil status
2. educational attainment
3. cell phone load consumption
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4. frequency of regular holidays in August
5. age of students in a class
6. weight of Grade III pupils
7. attitude of children with parents abroad
Types of Variables

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Definitions
1. Qualitative variable refers to the characteristics
of each individual or object.
2. Quantitative Variable is a numerical amount on
each individual or object.
Discrete and Continuous Variables: 17

A discrete variable can assume only a finite

or countable number of values.
A continuous variable can assume an infinite
number of values corresponding to the point on a line
interval.
Lesson 4.
Levels of Measurement
The term measurement can be
defined as the assignment of numbers to
objects or events according to certain
prescribed rules.
Ratio 18

Scales

Interval
Scales

Ordinal
Scales

Nominal
Scales
Level 1: NOMINAL
Nominal is characterized by data
that consists of names, labels, or
categories only. The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering scheme.
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Examples:
▹ Sex
▹ Religion
▹ Place of residence
Level 2. ORDINAL
Ordinal involves data that may be arranged in
some order, but differences between data
values cannot be determined or are
meaningless.
The ranking of objects or events would 20

be a good example of an ordinal scale.

Examples:
▹ Military rank
▹ Job position
▹ Year level
Level 3. INTERVAL

Interval is like the ordinal level,

with the property that meaningful
amounts of differences between data can
be determined. However, there is no
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inherent (natural) zero starting point.
Examples:
▹ IQ score
▹ Temperature (in oC)
Level 4. Ratio
Ratio is the interval level modified to
include the inherent zero starting point. For at
this level, differences and ratios are meaningful.
We can make statements involving ratios, such
as “twice as long” or “half as fast”. Most physical
scales such as length, time, and weight are ratio 22

scales.
Examples:
▹ Height
▹ Width
▹ Area
▹ Weekly allowance
Activity 2 Identifying
the Level of
Measurement
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At what level are the following variables measured? Classify as nominal, ordinal,
interval, or ratio

1. student ID number
2. weights of books
3. zip codes
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4. number of siblings
5. final grades (4.0, 3.75, 3.5, 3.25, 3.0, 2.75, 2.5, …)
6. Instructors evaluated as (Superior, Above average, Average, Below Average, Poor)
7. Music listed according to their genre (rock, pop, classic, rap, mellow)
8. distance (in km) travelled by a motorcycle
9. volume of water drank per day
10. marital status of professors in a university
Activity 3

Basic Concepts 25

in Statistics
Identify the population, variable of interest, and type of variable in
the following statements.

1. The Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences would like to determine the average
grade of CAS students during the 2nd term, SY 2018-2019.
Population: ________________________________________________
26

Variable: ________________________________________________
Type of Variable: _____________________
Level of Measurement _____________________
2. The University registrar office would like to conduct a survey on the preferred
courses of Grade 12 students in Vigan City.
Population: ________________________________________________
Variable: ________________________________________________
Type of Variable: _____________________
Level of Measurement _____________________
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3. The security personnel in the university would like to know the number of students
who are smoking.
Population: ________________________________________________
Variable: ________________________________________________
Type of Variable: _____________________
Level of Measurement _____________________
4. A survey by a group of students will be conducted to Senior High School students
to determine their choice of school to enroll after graduation.
Population: _____________________________________________
Variable: _____________________________________________
Type of Variable: _____________________
Level of Measurement _____________________ 28

5. A school varsity player likes to determine the sports involvement of UNP students.
Population: ________________________________________________
Variable: ________________________________________________
Type of Variable: _____________________
Level of Measurement _____________________
Part 1: Course
Major Output
You want to conduct a research related to your field of
specialization. In order to organize and prepare your data
for analysis, answer the following:
a. What/ Who will be the subjects of your research study?
b. What do you intend to gather from your subjects?
c. State the title of your research study.
d. Discuss briefly the research you are going to conduct.
 THANKS!
See you again next meeting… 30