Power system Protection Lectures

By
Pratap Mysore, P.E.

Instrument Transformers
 Current Transformer (CT)
• Steps down high currents to relay
input levels.
• Applications – Metering and

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Relaying.

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 CT Types
• Bushing CT

• Free Standing CT

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• Auxiliary CT

• Optical CT

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 Transformer Fundamentals

VP*IP =VS*IS - PowerIN = PowerOUT

IPNP =ISNS : Ampere-Turns are balanced

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IP IS

IP NS VP NP
VP NP NS VS = =
IS NP VS NS

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Transformer – Magnetizing current
Due to magnetic core, magnetizing current is needed to maintain flux.

IP IS
Voltage Transformer:
Current in the primary winding is
determined by the load connected VP IM
NP NS VS
to the secondary winding.

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Total Primary Current, IP = (NS/NP)IS + IM

With secondary winding open, The primary current is magnetizing current – around 1% of the
full load current in power transformers.

If secondary is shorted, the primary current is determined by the system impedance and the
transformer impedance - The current magnitude is much higher than the full load rating of the
transformer – Short circuit results in damaging the transformer.
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 Current Transformer (CT)
• Steps down high currents to relay input levels.

IS

IP VS
NS ZB
IM

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Bushing CT
Primary current is determined by the external
load
NP =1; IP = NS*IS ; VS = IS*ZB
Secondary Voltage = IS*ZB
ZB, load connected to the secondary winding
- also called “Burden”
IS = IP(1/NS) -IM 6
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Bushing CT
Internally or Externally mounted on the Bushing

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CT rating- If primary is not an integral part of the CT,
The CT should be rated for the equipment ratings.
Ex: Transformer or breaker bushing CT. 8
 Free Standing CT
• Used in systems up to UHV levels.

Air
Oil
Nitrogen

The cores can be either at

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Insulator
the bottom or at the top
Primary
winding
of the bushing.

Secondary
Core & winding

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 Current Transformer Classification
Metering Class Protection Class

Used with Meters –
Used with protective relays
Indication or Billing
Required to replicate scaled

Current Range of interest- down secondary currents
Up to Full load ratings of close to the primary fault

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equipment or customer currents – Could be as high
load. as 20 -25 times the full load
current

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 Auxiliary CT

Used for Ratio Matching

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 Metering CT Specification
Accuracy is defined at 10% and 100% of rated current
at a specified burden

Specified as “##B## - %accuracy B Burden in ohms”.

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2000/5 0.3 B 1.0

Error will not exceed 0.3% at full rated current of
2000A on the primary with 1.0 ohms burden
connected to the secondary.

As per ANSI standard, error should not exceed 0.6%
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at 10% of the rated current ( 200 primary amperes)
 Metering Accuracy of CTS

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Metering CT Burden (0.9 PF)
• Accuracy is defined at a rated connected load (referred to as Burden)
• Example:
Burden Resistance (Ω) Inductance (mH) Impedance (Ω) Power factor
Designation @ 60 HZ

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B-0.1 0.09 0.116 0.1 0.9

B-0.5 0.45 0.58 0.5 0.9

B –1.8 1.62 2.08 1.8 0.9

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Protection Class - CT Designation
• C-Class low leakage flux, The ratio can be
calculated.

• T- Class – high leakage ratio cannot be calculated

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and has to be determined by tests.
• X- Class – 1% accuracy at rated current and user
defined accuracy at 20 times the rated current. Refer
C57.13 to specify.

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 Protection Class CT
Specified as “C### C-voltage” Rating

The CT secondary will be able to push 100A (20 times

the rated secondary) through a specified connected

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burden.
C800 - CT secondary winding can develop at least
800V across secondary to push 100 amps through 8
ohms burden.

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 Protection Class CT Accuracy
• C-Class – Error will not exceed 3% at rated current and 10% at 20
times the rated current. This is based on designated burden.

Burden Resistance (Ω) Inductance (mH) Impedance (Ω) Power factor

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Designation @ 60 HZ
B-1.0 0.5 2.3 1.0 0.5

B - 2.0 1.0 4.6 2.0 0.5

B - 4.0 2.0 9.2 4.0 0.5

B – 8.0 4.0 18.4 8.0 0.5

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CT Secondary Voltage required to push
100A through the burden

• CT winding Resistance- Value provided by CT manufacturer –

typical value: 0.002 ohms/turn –
• Ex: 1200/5 CT , C400

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• Winding resistance = 0.002(1200/5) =0.48 ohms
• CT Burden – 4 ohms ( Assume resistive)
• At 100A, CT terminal voltage = 4*100 =400V
• Voltage drop due to winding resistance =0.48*100 =48 V
• CT internal Voltage =400V+48 =448V

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 CT selection
• Select a CT that can develop at least 448 V with 10% error at
100A (Max. Error=10A)
• CT manufacturers publish curves known as “Excitation
Curves”

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 C400 CT Excitation Curves

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Voltage Knee point – a term used by
relay engineers
45 deg. Line intersection with the excitation curve.
Voltage developed by CT

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Knee-Point

10% error at 100A

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10A
 IEC Terminology
• IEC defines the Knee point as the voltage at which
10% increase in voltage results in 50% increase in
excitation current.
• IEC Classification –P: 5P20, 10P20 – 5% error at 20

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times the nominal current or 10% error at 20 times
the nominal current.
• Other Classification as TPS, TPX,TPY and TPZ
• Refer IEC 61869 series or/and IEC60044 series

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 CT Specifications – Rating Factor
• Rating Factor determines the overload capability of a CT
• Example: 2000/5 CT with rating factor of 2.0
• Maximum continuous current – 4000A
• Maximum secondary current -10A

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• Rating Factor of 3.0 allows 6000A on the primary and 15 A on the
secondary
• Ex: Emergency loading of a power Transformer up to 160% of the
Maximum normal rating – CT should also be rated to allow the
overload rating.

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 Multi Ratio CT
2000/5 CT built as per ANSI standard will
have three taps as shown;

The relay is connected the following taps

based on the required ratio.

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• 300/5 X3-X4
•400/5 X1-X2
•500/5 X4-X5
•800/5 X2-X3
•1100/5 X2-X4
•1200/5 X1-X3
•1500/5 X1-X4
•1600/5 X2-X5
•2000/5 X1-X5
2000/5 CT will have 400
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turns in the secondary
winding
 Effect of Tap on the Rating Factor
2000/5 with Rating Factor: 2.0 Nominal primary current: 2000A

 Iprimary cannot exceed 4000A

Isecondary cannot exceed 10A

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X1-X2 (80:1 or 400/5)

Secondary current cannot exceed 10A

Primary current cannot exceed 800A
X2-X5 (320:1 or 1600/5)

Secondary current cannot exceed 10A

Primary current cannot exceed 3200A

Effective overload capability will be
3200/2000 = 1.6

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 Polarity Marking
H
IPrimary 1
ISecondary
X1

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X2

•Sec. Winding X3
Designation –X,Y, Z, U,W X4
and V.
X5
•Ratio Designated as
xxxx:5A (ex: 1200:5A) 26
 Bushing CT designation

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CT circuit- Electrical representation

Cable impedance

Excitation
Current Relay
Burden

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Cable impedance

• Cable- #10 gauge – 1.0 ohms per 1000 ft.

• E/M relay burden generally published as Volt Ampere (VA)
– Depends on the relay and the setting – as high as 15.68
ohms – 3.92 VA @0.5 A
• Microprocessor Relays-
• 1-5 VA at 5A. 28
• Max. Z=0.2 ohms.
 CT Transient Performance

Voltage developed across the CT secondary = IS*ZB;

where; IS-Secondary Current and ZB-Burden(=cable
resistance+CT resistance+Burden)

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Flux in the core,φ is given by φ = ∫ VS dt

Fault current may contain DC offset

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 Fault current with DC offset

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 Flux
Core
Waveform

ωt
Asymmetrical Fault Current –Core Flux

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 φS/A

-φS/A

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 Effect of DC offset
• The Flux increases by a factor of X/R with D.C
offset.
• There will always be a residual flux if the fault
current had DC offset.

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• Resultant flux with DC offset, will be (1+X/R) times
the flux due to sinusoidal steady state current.

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CT C-Rating to avoid saturation
• V = (1 +X/R)*IF*ZB; IF-CT Secondary current and ZB -
burden

• Fault current 20,000A, X/R=17; CT ratio-2000/5; total burden

= 2 ohms ( cable Resistance-1.0 ohms, CT resistance 0.8 ohms

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and relay burden 0.2 ohms)
V = (1+17)*(20,000/400)*2 = 1800V
If C800 is used, it will saturate for few cycles.
This can be verified using Excel spread sheet of IEEE Power
Systems Relaying Committee

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IEEE Power Systems Relaying Committee
(PSRC) Documents
• http://www.pes-psrc.org/. published reports
• CT SAT Calculator (PSRC).xls

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 Protection CT Selection
• Maximum continuous Current for primary current rating.
• Use rating factor for emergency rating or select emergency
rating as the primary rating
• Determine the burden – Add cable impedance and the connected
relay impedance.

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• Determine the max. fault current
• Select the C Class (100, 200, 400 or 800) so that
C-Class V > (1+X/R)*If*(ZBurden)) to avoid saturation.
• C rating- try to select the maximum rating- C800. This may not
be possible due to space constraints.

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 Other Factors –CT Selection
• Max. secondary current <Microprocessor relay A/D limit
(Typical - 100Apk).

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 Will CTs Always Saturate?
• It depends on the burden, X/R and C-rating and also on the point of
fault incidence.

• Use Excel spread sheet on IEEE-PSRC website.

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 Faults
• Majority of faults are single line to ground.
• D.C offset is maximum if θ - ϕ =900
• System angle, ϕ is around 700 –850
• Fault should occur around zero on the voltage

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waveform.
• Most of the faults due to insulation failure are around
the voltage peak.
• D.C. offset Probability is low for line to ground faults.
• This is different for three phase faults - at least one of
the phases will have significant offset. 39
CT Saturation Calculator
• Examine the time to saturate, effective current calculated by the
relay

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Other types of CTs-Linear Coupler
• These are CTs without magnetic core.

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Further Reading/ References
• C.R. Mason- Chapters 7 and 8 (CT standards referred to as
“ASA” standards is now superseded by new IEEE standards
classification – C, T ratings
• NPAG – Chapter 6

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 Current Transformers References
-Books and Papers
• Stanley E. Zocholl, “Analyzing and Applying Current
transformers” SEL Publication, 2004.
• IEEE WG, “Transient response of Current Transformers”,
IEEE Trans. PAS, VOL.PAS-91, 1977.

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• Arthur Wright, “ Current Transformers, their transient and
steady state Performance”, Chapman and Hall, 1968.
• Brian D. Jenkins, “Introduction to Instrument-Transformers”,
CRC Press, 1967.

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 Current Transformers – IEEE Documents
• IEEE C57.13-2008, “IEEE standard requirements for instrument
Transformers”.
• IEEE C57.13.1-2006, “ IEEE guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current
Transformers.
• IEEE C57.13.3-2005, “ IEEE guide for Grounding of Instrument
Transformer secondary circuits and Cases”.

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• IEEE C57.13.5-2009, “ IEEE Standard for Performance and Test
Requirements for Instrument Transformers of a Nominal System voltage
of 115 kV and above”.
• IEEE C57.13.2 –2005 – This standard covers tests required for CT from
600V up to 38kV.
• IEEE C37.110-2007 “IEEE Guide for the Application of Current
Transformers for Protective Relaying Purposes”.
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 CT Selection
1. Rating Factor: Always referred to the primary current
• Ex: 2000/5 CT, RF:2.0
• Maximum Primary current = RF*2000 =4000 A
2. C-Rating shows how much voltage the CT secondary can

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produce to push current through the connected load not exceeding
10% error
• Ex: C800. Can push 100A through 8 ohms burden with 10% error or
less.

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Effect of tapping the CT to a Lower Ratio
2000/5 CT built as per ANSI
standard will have three taps as
shown;

The relay is connected the following

taps based on the required ratio.

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• 300/5 X3-X4
•400/5 X1-X2
•500/5 X4-X5
•800/5 X2-X3
•1100/5 X2-X4
•1200/5 X1-X3
2000/5 CT will have •1500/5 X1-X4
400 turns in the •1600/5 X2-X5
secondary winding •2000/5 X1-X5
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 Rating Factor
• Secondary current limit may reduce the primary rating.
• Ex: 2000/5 RF 2.0
• Max. primary current= 4000A;
• Max. secondary current=10A

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• If tapped at 800/5, max. current on the primary is limited to
1600A.

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C-Rating –Ex-C-800
200 V

800 V

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600 V

The C-rating reduces with lower CT ratio

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Potential Transformer

Steps down the voltage to 120V or less.

C57.13 specifies the ratings.

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Metering Accuracy –0.3, 0.6, 1.2 at 90% to110% of the nominal
rating.

C57.13.6 – 0.15 Accuracy Class specified.

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 Voltage Transformer Ratings

• Typically connected –Phase to ground.

• Standard Ratios as per Table 12 of IEEE C57.13-
2008.

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• 40250V/ 115V/67V on 69 kV system – Secondary
has a tap.
• Relays (legacy relays) are normally connected to 67 V
tap.
• Modern relays can withstand at least up to 150V.
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VT Burdens

Designation BURDEN At 120V and at 69.3V basis

VA Power Factor
W 12.5 0.1

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X 25.0 0.7

M 35.0 0.2
Y 75.0 0.85
Z 200.0 0.85
ZZ 400.0 0.85

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 Polarity

H1

Y-Winding
X2
X1

X3

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Capacitor Coupling Voltage Transformer

• CCVTs are more economical at higher voltages instead of

wound transformers.

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C1

Compensating
Reactor

Transformer
C2
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 CCVT Transient Performance

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 CCVT Transient Performance

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CCVT –Effect of Load on Transients

• Transients are higher if CCVT is loaded.

• Fault Point on the waveform also has an effect.

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