Fire Extinguishers

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 Categorization
• Extinguishers may be categorized according to :

working
theory

Chemical Mechanical

portability

portable semi-portable
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 type of extinguishing
agent

water Powder
Foam Gas

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 • General Requirements

• (1) All fire extinguishers shall be of approved types and

designs.

• (2) The capacity of required portable fluid extinguishers shall

be not more than 13.5 liters and not less than 9 liters. Other

extinguishers shall not be in excess of the equivalent

portability of the 13.5 liters fluid extinguisher and shall not be

less than the fire-extinguishing equivalent of a 9 liters (fluid

extinguisher.
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• (3) Spare charges shall be provided in accordance with

requirements to be specified by the Administration.

• (4) Fire extinguishers shall be periodically examined and

subjected to such tests as the Administration may require.

• (5) One of the portable fire extinguishers intended for use in

any space shall be stowed near the entrance to that space.

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 Fire Extinguishers Types
Water Fire Extinguisher

This type can be either :

(1) Chemical water extinguisher.

depends on chemical reaction between acid and alkaline fluids,

resulting pressurizing CO2, salt and water.

(2) Mechanical water extinguisher.

depends on cartridge filled with CO2 that will pressurize the water out.
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CO2 Fire Extinguisher

• This type is always Mechanical type and it can be filled with :

• CO2.

• Both depends on pressurizing the whole cylinder withCO2,

and both have the advantage of being used on several

occasion till the extinguisher is emptied.

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 Dry powder Fire Extinguisher

• This type is always Mechanical type and it can be either :

• (1) Pressurized Extinguisher.

depends on pressurizing the whole cylinder with dry powder which

have a good advantage that it can be used on several occasion

till the extinguisher is emptied.

• (2) Extinguisher with CO2 cartridge.

depends on cartridge filled with CO2 that will pressurize the dry

powder out. 9 4/3/2020 12:41 AM

 Foam Fire Extinguisher

• This type can be either :

• (1) Chemical Foam extinguisher.

depends on chemical reaction between Chemical "A" &

Chemical "B" resulting pressurizing CO2 and Foam.

• (2) Mechanical Foam extinguisher.

• depends on cartridge filled with CO2 that will pressurize the

ready made foam out.

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 Note That

• (1) Mechanical type are used in upright position and all have

hose and nozzle varying according to type.

• (2) Chemical type have to be turned upside down to use and

they don't have hoses.

• (3) CO2 extinguisher is distinguished with its big nozzle to

tackle the whole fire.

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 Fixed Fire Extinguishing
Systems
• These are fixed stations that are built in the ship and are

connected to the areas that requires protection. The type of

the fixed installation and the extinguishing agent in use will

depend on the nature of the area to be protected.

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 Fire pumps & Fire Mains
• The fire pumps shall be independently driven. Sanitary,

ballast, bilge or general service pumps may be accepted as

fire pumps,

• Transfer or pumping of fuel oil not to be used

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• Relief valves shall be provided in conjunction with all fire

pumps if the pumps are capable of developing a pressure

exceeding the design pressure of the water service pipes,

hydrants and hoses. These valves shall be so placed and

adjusted as to prevent excessive pressure in any part of the

fire main system.

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 Number and position of
hydrants
• The number and position of the hydrants shall be such that at

least two jets of water not emanating from the same hydrant,

one of which shall be from a single length of hose, may reach

any part of the ship normally accessible to the passengers or

crew while the ship being navigated.

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 Pipes and hydrants
• (1) The pipes and hydrants shall be so placed that the fire

hoses may be easily coupled to them.

• (2) Unless there is provided one hose and nozzle for each

hydrant in the ship, there shall be complete interchangeability

of hose couplings and nozzles.

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 Fire hoses
• (1) Fire hoses shall be of material approved by the

Administration and sufficient in length to project a jet of water

to any of the spaces in which they may be required to be

used.

• (2) Each hose shall be provided with a nozzle and the

necessary couplings.

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 Nozzles
• (1) Standard nozzle sizes shall be 12 millimeters, 16

millimeters, and 19 millimeters or as near thereto as possible.

Larger diameter nozzles may be permitted at the discretion of

the Administration.

• (2) For accommodation and service spaces, a nozzle size

greater than 12 millimeters need not be used.

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 Comparing Jet to Spray

Jet

• Can be Aimed with better accuracy.

• Has a good reach.

• Must hit the seat of fire to cool effectively.

• Run-off water may be extensive.

• Very little steam is generated.

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 Spray

• Difficult to aim.

• Limited reach.

• Excellent cooling effect.

• Much steam is generated.

• Less amount of Run-off water (most of the water vaporize into

steam).

• Can push fire and smoke.

• Does not need to hit the seat of24 fire to be effective. 4/3/2020 12:41 AM
 Fire box

• Such boxes are either built-in while the ship is being

built or may be wall mounted (especially on open

decks), they are of red color with letter "F" or word

"FIRE”

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 A typical Fire Box may also contain :

• (1) Fire axe

• Required to be carried board ships, the usual type is the pick-up

axe with a wooden handle as it also can act as a wrenching lever

when the fire fighting persons try to break in closed spaces .

• (2) Fire hose shall be of material approved by the Administration

• (3) Nozzle

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• (4) Hose Wrench

• Hence, the hydrant, hose and nozzle will be very wet; it will be

very difficult to connect or disconnect them together and a

special wrench is used for some types of connectors.

• (5) Valve Spanner

• It is obvious that there must be a coupling at each end of any

hose so the hose can be connected to the hydrant and nozzle

or may be two hoses together for more length.

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 International Ship/Shore Connection

•At least one on the ship to get water from the port when
the ship along side or in the dry dock in case of there’s
lack of access to water through Ship’s pumps.

•Internationally Standard dimensions .

•Must provide facilities that allow the use of the link on

both sides of the ship .

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 Fixed CO2 General Requirements
• Means shall be provided for automatically giving audible warning

of the release of fire-extinguishing gas into any space to which

personnel normally have access. The alarm shall operate for a

suitable period before the gas is released. The means of control

any fixed gas fire-extinguishing system shall be readily accessible

and simple to operate and shall be grouped together in as few

location as possible at positions not likely to be cut off by a fire

in the protected space.

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• How to operate CO2 System in the engine room
* When you open the control box shall issue an audible and
visible alarm in the machinery room in all sectors in order to
alert the staff should evacuate
* At the same time, the ventilation is turned off automatically
when you open the door of the control box.
* Stop quick release valve which control the fuel pump is turned
off and thus stop the main machinery and generators work
* All doors and openings leading to the room must be closed
* Open pilot cylinder ( small Co2 cylinder in the room of carbon
dioxide ) which flowing carbon dioxide gas in the system and
will open valves of all cylinders room mechanically, then the gas
flows through the pipe to the engine room
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 Foam

Fire-fighting foam is used to form a blanket on the surface of flaming

liquids, including oils. The blanket of foam keeps flammable vapours
from leaving the surface and keeps oxygen from reaching the fuel.
Fire cannot exist when the fuel and oxygen are separated. The water
in the foam also has a cooling effect, which gives foam its Class A
extinguishing capability.

the quality of foam influences by :

The chemical nature of the foam concentrates.
The temperature and pressure of the water.
The efficiency of the foam-making device.

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 Chemical foam

Foam can be formed as chemical foam by mixing an alkali

(usually sodium bicarbonate) with a acid (usually aluminum
sulphate) in water

Mechanical foam
is produced mixing a foam concentrate with water to
produce a foam solution.

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Automatic sprinkler , fire alarm and fire detection

systems

The sprinkler is the spray nozzle which distributes water a

defined fire hazard area. Each sprinkler operates by actuation

of its own temperature linkage. The typical sprinkler consists

of a frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and deflector.

Styles of each component may vary but the basic principles of

each remain the same.

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 General Requirements

• (1) Any required automatic sprinkler and fire alarm and

fire detection system shall be capable of immediate

operation at all times .

• (2) Any parts of the system which may be subjected to

freezing temperatures in service shall be suitably

protected against freezing. It shall be kept charged at the

necessary pressure and shall have provision for a

continuous supply of water as

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• (3) Each section of sprinklers shall include means for giving

a visual and audible alarm signal automatically at one or more

indicating units whenever any sprinkler comes into operation.

• (4) A gauge indication the pressure in the system shall be

provided at each section stop valve and at a central station.

• (5) The sprinklers shall be resistant to corrosion by marine

atmosphere.

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• (6) A test valve shall be provided for testing the automatic

alarm for each section of sprinklers by a discharge of water

equivalent to the operation of one sprinkler. The test valve for

each section shall be situated near the stop valve for that

section.

• (7) Spare sprinkler heads shall be provided for each section

of sprinklers to the satisfaction of the Administration.

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 Places where the fixed systems can be used :

* Fixed water : all ships

* Fixed co2 system : cargo/ machinery spaces

* Fixed foam Main : deck of tanker ships - Car carrier -Bilge

* Inert gas system : cargo spaces of oil tankers .

* Sprinkler system : passenger ships .

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 Fire detectors

Fire detectors on board ships are mainly to Discover fires as soon as

possible

• The fire is a chemical oxidization process that will result some heat ,

smoke , and flame , so fire detectors on board ships will depend on

reading these fire signatures as follows :

• Smoke detectors

• Heat detectors

• Optical flame detectors

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 detectors

Smoke detectors Optical flame

Heat detectors
detectors

1- Ionization type 1-Fixed temperature

detectors 1- Infrared type
2- Photoelectric detectors
type 2-Rate of rise detectors

3-Rate compensated 2- Ultraviolet type

2-1- Light obstruction detectors detectors
principle
1-1-The fusible element
2-2- Light scattering type 3- Combination IR/UV
principle
1-2-The continuous line type detectors
2-3-Cloud chamber type
principle 45 4/3/2020 12:41 AM
1-3-The bimetal type
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