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Complex Exponential Fourier Series

1. Fourier series expresses a periodic signal as a linear combination of complex exponentials or sinusoids of different frequencies. 2. The Fourier series decomposes a signal into its constituent frequencies by calculating the coefficients for each harmonic or sinusoid. 3. These coefficients can then be used to reconstruct the original signal by taking the linear combination of sinusoids using the Fourier series equation.

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135 views

Complex Exponential Fourier Series

1. Fourier series expresses a periodic signal as a linear combination of complex exponentials or sinusoids of different frequencies. 2. The Fourier series decomposes a signal into its constituent frequencies by calculating the coefficients for each harmonic or sinusoid. 3. These coefficients can then be used to reconstruct the original signal by taking the linear combination of sinusoids using the Fourier series equation.

Uploaded by

saurabh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Continuous Time Fourier Series

Fourier Series is an expansion of a periodic continuous time signal f(t)


with time period T into an infinite sum of complex sinusoidal
functions (𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ) of different frequencies.
∞ 𝑗 2𝜋𝑛
σ
f(t) = 𝑛=−∞ 𝑐𝑛 . 𝑒 𝑡
𝑇
where the coefficient 𝑐𝑛 are given as
2𝜋𝑛
𝑇/2 −𝑗 𝑡
𝑐𝑛 = ‫׬‬−𝑇/2 𝑓 𝑡 .𝑒 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ……..
𝑐𝑛 for n = 0 correspond to dc term
1
for n = 1 correspond to fundamental frequency 𝑓𝑓 =
𝑇
for other n correspond to nth harmonics
Hence
1. Given a periodic signal we can generate coefficients 𝑐𝑛
2. Given 𝑐𝑛 for all n, we can generate f(t)
The continuous-time Fourier series expresses a periodic signal as a linear
combination of harmonically related complex exponentials. Alternatively, it
can be expressed in the form of a linear combination of sines and cosines or
sinusoids of different phase angles.
Fourier Series - Example
Consider a square wave signal x(t) extending from -∞ 𝑡𝑜 + ∞.

2𝜋𝑛
We know f(t) = σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑐𝑛 . 𝑒
𝑗
𝑇
𝑡
2𝜋𝑛
𝑇/2 −𝑗 𝑇 𝑡
where 𝑐𝑛 = ‫׬‬−𝑇/2 𝑓 𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ……..
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛
𝑇/2 1/2
Now T =1, 𝑐𝑛 = ‫׬‬−𝑇/2 𝑓 𝑡 . 𝑒 −𝑗 𝑇 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬−1/2 𝑓 𝑡 . 𝑒 −𝑗 1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Again f(t) = -1 for -1/2 ≤ t < 0 and f(t) = 1 for 1/2 < t ≤ 0,
2𝜋𝑛 2𝜋𝑛
0 −𝑗 1 𝑡 1/2 −𝑗 1 𝑡
𝑐𝑛 = ‫׬‬−1/2(−1). 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + ‫׬‬0 1. 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 =
1 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑡 𝑡=0 1 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑡 𝑡=1/2
= 𝑒 +
𝑡=−1/2 −2𝑗𝜋𝑛
𝑒 𝑡=0
2𝑗𝜋𝑛
1 1
= [1 - 𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑛 ] + [𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑛 -1]
2𝑗𝜋𝑛 −2𝑗𝜋𝑛 𝑐𝑛 = 0, for n even
1 1
= [ 2 - 𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑛 - 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑛 ] 𝑐𝑛 = , for n odd
2𝑗𝜋𝑛 𝜋𝑗𝑛
Summation of Sinusoids
Summation of Sinusoids

Sinusoid 50 Hz

Sinusoid 100 Hz

Summation Waveform
Periodic Sinusoid 50 Hz

Sinusoid f Hz

Sinusoid f + ∆𝑓 Hz
Addition of two sinusoids of
nearly equal frequencies will
generate beat patterns
Decomposition into a series of Sinusoids

Time Domain Signal Frequency Domain


Signal

Source : Internet
Fourier Series - Example Decomposition into a series of Sinusoids
Consider a square wave signal x(t) extending from -∞ 𝑡𝑜 + ∞.

𝑐𝑛 = 0, for n even
f(t) = σ∞ 𝑗 2𝜋𝑛 where 𝑐 = 1 , for n odd
𝑛=−∞ 𝑐𝑛 . 𝑒 𝑇
𝑡 𝑛 𝜋𝑗𝑛

f(t)

Source : Internet
Positive & Negative Frequencies
Complex Sinusoids : Interpretation

Positive and Negative Frequencies : Negative frequencies are just a


mathematical construct to allow us to analyse real signals using a
complex number framework, which is used when looking into a
double sided spectra.
Signal Representation as Fourier Series Magnitude & Phase
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos(𝜃) + 𝑗. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 = cos(𝜃) − 𝑗. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 = 2.cos(𝜃)
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
cos(𝜃) =
x(t) = A.cos(Ω0 t + 𝛼) 2

x(t) = ( . 𝑒 𝑗.𝛼 ). 𝑒 𝑗.Ω0t + ( . 𝑒 −𝑗.𝛼 ). 𝑒 −𝑗.Ω0 𝑡


𝐴 𝐴
𝜃 = Ω0 t + 𝛼 2 2
Frequency Domain Representation

Fourier Spectrum t in sec or (x,y) in mm


𝑭𝟎 = Frequency in cycle/sec(Hz) or cycle/mm
𝒇𝒔 = Sampling Freq in cycle/sec(Hz) or cycle/mm
𝑭
𝒇𝟎 = Normalized Frequency = 𝟎 = (- 𝟏, 𝟏) in cyles/sample
𝒇𝒔 𝟐 𝟐
𝛀𝟎 = 2.𝝅. 𝑭𝟎 radian/sec
𝝎𝟎 = 2.𝝅. 𝒇𝟎 Normalized Angular Frequency in radian/sample = (-𝝅, 𝝅)

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