CHAPTER > 02

Biological
Classification
NEET KEY NOTES
Å Biological classification refers to the scientific procedure in which living organisms are classified and arranged into groups
and sub-groups in a hierarchial manner on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities.
Å Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a scientific basis for classification. Later Linnaeus gave the two kingdom system of
classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms.
Å This system though used till very recently, but was unable to distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular
and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (plants) and non-photosynthetic organisms (fungi).
Å In 1969, RH Whittaker proposed a five kingdom system of classification. He divided all living organisms into Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia as summarised in table below.
Characters Kingdom–Monera Kingdom–Protista Kingdom–Fungi Kingdom–Plantae Kingdom–Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Complexity of body Unicellular to multicellular Unicellular Unicellular to multicellular Multicellular Multicellular
Cell wall Non-cellulosic and Present or Absent Chitinous Cellulosic Absent
peptidoglycan
Nutrition Autotrophic or Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic Heterotrophic (saprophytic/parasitic) (photosynthetic) (holozoic or parasitic)

Å Earlier classification systems considered bacteria, BGA (Blue-Green Algae), fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and
angiosperms as plants due to the presence of cell wall in them. This classification system placed prokaryotic bacteria and BGA
with other eukaryotic groups.
Å It also grouped unicellular and multicellular, organisms together, e.g. Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra (in algae).
Å This system did not consider the differences in mode of nutrition and cell wall composition, so grouped fungi (heterotroph,
chitinous cell wall) with plants (autotroph, cellulosic cell wall).
Å Five kingdom classification considered such characteristics and segregated prokaryotic organism under Monera, unicellular
eukaryotes in Protista (this united Chlamydomonas and Chlorella with Paramecium and Amoeba earlier placed in plants and
animals, respectively).
 These reproduce asexually by binary fission.
Kingdom–Monera
Å

Å During unfavourable conditions, these form spores.

Å Bacteria are the sole members of this kingdom. Å These also show conjugation, a type of sexual
Å Bacteria are the most abundant microorganisms occurring in reproduction in which DNA is transferred from one
air, water, soil as well as in extreme habitats like deserts, bacteria to another through a conjugal tube.
snow, hot springs, etc. Å Pleomorphic bacteria, which lack cell wall is known as
Å Bacteria have been grouped under four categories based on mycoplasma. They are pathogenic and the smallest
their shape microorganism known.
n
Coccus (cocci) – Spherical
n
Bacillus (bacilli) – Rod-shaped Kingdom–Protista
n
Vibrium (vibrio) – Comma-shaped Å All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista.
n
Spirillum (spirilla) – Spiral-shaped. Å Members of kingdom–Protista are the connecting link
between prokaryotic monerans and complex
Å Bacteria show a wide range of mode of nutrition. They may
multicellular kingdoms–Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
be autotrophic (synthesise their own food from inorganic
substrates), chemotrophic (photosynthetic autotrophic),
Å These include chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids,
saprophytic or heterotrophic (depend on other organisms for slime moulds and protozoans.
food). Å These show a well-defined nucleus and membrane
bound organelles.
Å Bacteria are further divided into Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria. Å They reproduce asexually and sexually by a process
involving cell fusion and zygote formation.
Archaebacteria Å Kingdom–Protista has been further divided into the
Å Archaebacteria live in extreme environmental conditions. following groups
These include Å Chrysophytes include diatoms and golden algae known
n
Halophiles Bacteria residing in salty areas. as desmids. They are found in marine environment.
n
Thermoacidophiles Bacteria residing in hot springs. n
The cell wall of diatoms is embedded with silica and
n
Methanogens Bacteria which survive in marshy areas forms two thin overlapping sheath as in soap box.
(these are present in gut of many ruminant animals like n
Diatomaceous earth is the large amount of cell wall
cows and buffaloes). deposits of diatoms in their habitat. These are used in
polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
Å Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having different
cell wall structure. Their cell wall is made up of murein and Å Dinoflagellates are marine and photosynthetic
contains high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which is microorganisms.
responsible for ensuring their survival in extreme conditions. n
Due to the presence of different pigments, they
appear yellow, green, brown and red.
Eubacteria n
As the name suggest they have two flagella one lies
Å Another class–Eubacteria is also known as ‘true bacteria’. longitudinally and other transversely in furrow
Å These have rigid cell wall made up of peptidoglycan. between wall plates.
n
Gonyaulax is a red dinoflagellate, which undergoes
Å They could be photosynthetic autotrophs, chemosynthetic,
rapid multiplication and forms red tides. Toxins
autotrophs and heterotrophic bacteria.
released by these microorganisms when present in
Å Photosynthetic autotrophs include blue-green algae, which such large numbers may even kill other marine
have chlorophyll-a similar to green plants. Also known as animals such as fishes.
cyanobacteria. Å Euglenoids are freshwater organism found in stagnant
Å These could be unicellular, colonial or filamentous, water.
freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae. n
Cell wall is absent, a protein rich layer called pellicle
Å Some bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised is present over the surface.
cells known as heterocyst, e.g. in Nostoc and Anabaena. n
In the presence of sunlight, they behave as
Å Some bacteria utilise inorganic substances like nitrate, nitrite, autotrophs, while in its absence they behave as
ammonia, etc., for oxidation and release of energy for ATP heterotrophs, e.g. Euglena.
production. These are known as chemosynthetic autotrophic Å Slime moulds are saprophyte, which are dependent on
bacteria. dead and decaying organic matter.
Å Heterotrophic bacteria (most abundant in nature) are n
They form an aggregation called plasmodium.
dependent on other organisms for nutrition. These include n
During unfavourable conditions, they form spores,
N2 -fixing bacteria, pathogens, etc. which are highly resistant.
Å Protozoans are heterotrophs and live as parasites or n
Basidiomycetes are club fungi, their mycelium is
predators. These are grouped into branched and septate, reproduce asexually by
n
Amoeboid protozoans found in fresh or marine water or fragmentation and their vegetative cells fuse to form
moist soil. They have pseudopodia (false feet) to capture dikaryotic structure (plasmogamy), e.g. mushrooms,
prey as in Amoeba. bracket fungi, etc.
n
Flagellated protozoans either free-living or parasitic n
Deuteromycetes are imperfect fungi, reproduce
having flagella. The parasitic forms cause diseases, e.g. asexually by conidia and sexual forms absent in these
sleeping sickness by Trypanosoma. e.g. Alternaria, Trichoderma, etc.
n
Ciliated protozoans are aquatic, actively moving Å Heterothallism is the condition in fungal organisms
organisms due to thousands of cilia present on them. The where different thalli exist within a single genus of
coordinated ciliary movement drives food into cavity fungus.
called gullet, e.g. Paramecium.
n
Sporozoans are non-motile forms with an infectious spore Kingdom–Plantae
like stage in their life cycle, e.g. malaria causing parasite Å These include chlorophyllous organisms with cellulosic
Plasmodium. cell wall.
Å Life cycle consists of a dominant sporophyte and a
Kingdom–Fungi highly reduced gametophyte showing alternation of
Å These are heterotrophic organisms with their cell wall made generations.
up of chitin. Å Few members are insectivorous plants, e.g. Cuscuta,
Å These have cosmopolitan distribution and are found in bladderwort, etc.
warm and humid places. Å Plants are classified into algae, bryophytes,
Å Fungal body consists of long, thread-like structures called pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
hyphae, which together form a network called mycelium. In
certain organisms, hyphae are continuous tube with Kingdom–Animalia
multinucleated cytoplasm (coenocytic), while others have
Å Animals are motile organisms showing holozoic
septae or cross walls.
nutrition. They follow a definite growth pattern.
Å Their mode of nutrition is saprophytic and parasitic. They
Å They directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.
can also live as symbionts in association with algae as lichen
and with roots of higher plants as mycorrhiza. Å Sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female
Å Reproduction in fungi occurring by vegetative means, gametes followed by embryo development.
includes fragmentation, fission and budding, asexually by
zoospore production conidia, etc., and sexually by oospores, Viruses, Viroids, Prions
ascospores and basidiospores. and Lichens
Å Sexual cycle involves plasmogamy (fusion of two Å Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular organisms,
protoplasts), karyogamy (fusion of two haploid nuclei) and which are not characterised in the system of
meiosis. classification given by Whittaker.
Å In some fungi, two haploid cells result in diploid cells. In
Å They have both living and non-living characteristics.
some cases, dikaryon stage occurs in which two nuclei are
present within a cell. This phase is known as dikaryophase Å They form inert crystalline structure outside the living
of fungus. cell, but inside the host cell they can multiply easily.
Å Production of dikaryon (n + n, i.e. two nuclei per cell) is a Å They take over the host machinery and replicate
characteristic of the classes–Ascomycetes and themselves.
Basidiomycetes. Å Pasteur and DJ Ivanowsky gave the name virus, which
Å Fungi are classified into classes–Phycomycetes, means venom or poisonous fluid.
Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Å MW Beijerinck in 1898, called fluid obtained from
n
Phycomycetes are lower fungi or algal fungi, their infected tobacco plant as Contagium vivum fluidum
mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic, reproduce asexually (infectious living fluid).
through zoospores or aplanospores and sexually through Å Viruses are obligate parasite. These are inert outside
isogamy or anisogamy, e.g. Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.
specific host cell and exist in crystalline form as
n
Ascomycetes are sac fungi, their mycelium is branched
demonstrated by WM Stanley.
and septate, asexual spores are conidia and sexual spores
are ascospores, e.g. Aspergillus, Neurospora, etc. Å Genetic material of viruses could be DNA or RNA.
Å Virus contain a protein coat called capsid, which is made up Å Viruses which infect plants have ssRNA, while which infect
of capsomeres. Capsomeres are arranged in a helical or animals are either ssDNA/RNA or dsDNA/RNA.
polyhedral geometric form. Å Viruses which infect bacteria are known as bacteriophage.
These are usually dsDNA viruses.
Head Å Viroids, discovered by TO Diener are the smallest known
Sheath Collar agents of infectious disease. These are only naked nucleic
acid without a protein coat.
Å Prions are abnormally folded proteins with cause infectious
neurological diseases, e.g. mad cow disease in cattle.
Å Lichens are the symbiotic association of algae (phycobiont)
Tail fibres
and fungi (mycobiont). They are also not included in five
Bacteriophage virus kingdom system.

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Introduction and Kingdom–Monera

1 Aristotle classified the plants on the basis of their 5 In the five kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas
morphological characters and categorised them into and Chlorella are included in
(a) trees, shrubs and herbs (a) Plantae (b) Algae
(b) algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and (c) Protista (d) Monera
angiosperms
6. Cyanobacteria are classified under which of the
(c) embryophytes and tracheophytes following kingdom?
(d) algae and embryophytes (a) Protista (b) Monera
2 Who proposed two kingdom system of classification (c) Algae (d) Plantae
and named kingdoms as Plantae and Animalia? 7 Among the following, which one is the most abundant
(a) Carolus Linnaeus (b) RH Whittaker group of microorganisms?
(c) Carl Woese (d) Herbert Copeland (a) Algae (b) Viruses
3 Which of the following characters served as the (c) Protists (d) Bacteria
criteria for five kingdom system of classification 8 Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on
proposed by Whittaker? their shape. Refer to the given figure. Identify A, B , C
(a) Cell structure and D.
(b) Body organisation and mode of nutrition
(c) Reproduction and phylogenetic relationships
Spore
(d) All of the above
A B
4 In five kingdom system of classification of
RH Whittaker, how many kingdoms contain
eukaryotes? Flagellum
(a) Four kingdoms
(b) One kingdom
(c) Two kingdoms
(d) Three kingdoms C D
 (a) A–Vibrio, B–Cocci, C–Bacilli, D–Spirilla 19 …… include blue-green algae, which have
(b) A–Cocci, B–Bacilli, C–Spirilla, D–Vibrio chlorophyll-a similar to green plants.
(c) A–Bacilli, B–Spirilla, C–Vibrio, D–Cocci Complete the given sentence with an appropriate
(d) A–Spirilla, B–Vibrio, C–Cocci, D–Bacilli option.
9 Some bacteria thrive in extreme environmental (a) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
conditions such as the absence of oxygen, high salt (b) Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
concentration, high temperature and acidic pH. (c) Protista
Identify the type of bacteria. (d) Saprophytic
(a) Cyanobacteria (b) Eubacteria
(c) Archaebacteria (d) Mycobacteria 20 Specialised cells called heterocysts are present in
(a) dinoflagellates
10 Which of the following conditions would be favoured (b) chrysophytes
by thermoacidophiles? (c) archaebacteria
(a) Hot and alkaline (b) Snow and acidic (d) cyanobacteria
(c) Hot and sulphur spring (d) Gut of cows
21 Some of the cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric
11 Which of the following are found in extreme saline nitrogen in their specialised cells called
conditions? NEET 2017 (a) akinetes (b) heterocyst
(a) Archaebacteria (b) Eubacteria (c) endospores (d) homocyst
(c) Cyanobacteria (d) Mycobacteria
22 Identify the diagram of heterocyst. JIPMER 2019
12 The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the
production of biogas from the dung of ruminant
animals, include the NEET 2016
(a) thermoacidophiles (b) methanogens (a) (b)
(c) eubacteria (d) halophiles
13 Methanogens belong to NEET 2016
(a) eubacteria (b) archaebacteria
(c) dinoflagellates (d) slime moulds
14 Thermococcus, Methanococcus and (c) (d)
Methanobacterium are
(a) archaebacteria having eukaryotic histone homologue
(b) bacteria with cytoskeleton
(c) archaebacteria with negatively supercoiled DNA as
eukaryotes, but lack histones 23 Given figure is of a filamentous blue-green algae.
(d) bacteria having positively coiled DNA, cytoskeleton, Identify the algae and choose the option that is correct
mitochondria for A, B and C in the figure.
15 Eubacteria include
(a) blue-green algae and bacteria
(b) archaebacteria and blue-green algae B
(c) cyanobacteria and eukaryotes
(d) bacteria and eukaryotes C
16 Pigment containing membranous extensions in some
cyanobacteria are CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(a) heterocysts (b) basal bodies
(c) pneumatophores (d) chromatophores
17 The cyanobacteria are also referred to as
CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(a) protists (b) golden algae A
(c) slime moulds (d) blue-green algae (a) A–Gelidium, B–Vegetative cell, C–Heterocyst
18 In cyanobacteria, which of the following is present? (b) A–Volvox, B–Somatic cell, C–Mucilaginous sheath
(a) Chlorophyll-c (b) Chlorophyll-b (c) A–Chara, B–Mucilaginous sheath, C–Heterocyst
(c) Chlorophyll-a (d) Chlorophyll-c1 (d) A–Nostoc, B–Heterocyst, C–Mucilaginous sheath
24 Nostoc and Anabaena belong to 27 Which of the following bacteria play an important
(a) parasitic bacteria (b) archaebacteria role in the recycling of nutrients like nitrogen,
(c) cyanobacteria (d) coccibacteria phosphorus, iron and sulphur?
25 Which of the following is photoautotrophic bacteria? (a) Chemoheterotrophic bacteria
(b) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
(a) Nostoc (b) Clostridium
(c) Parasitic bacteria
(c) Salmonella (d) Escherichia coli
(d) Saprophytic bacteria
26 Identify the label A, B, C and D in the following
28 Oxygen is not produced during photosynthesis by
figure.
NEET 2018
A B
(a) Cycas (b) Nostoc
(c) Green sulphur bacteria (d) Chara
C
29 Citrus canker is a
(a) viral disease (b) bacterial disease
(c) fungal disease (d) protozoan disease
30 Which among the following are the smallest living
D cells, known without a definite cell wall, pathogenic
to plants as well as animals and can survive without
(a) A–Plasma membrane, B–Cell wall, C–RNA, D–Spore oxygen? NEET 2017
formation (a) Bacillus (b) Pseudomonas
(b) A–Cell wall, B–Cell membrane, C–DNA, D–Binary (c) Mycoplasma (d) Nostoc
fission
(c) A–Mucilaginous sheath, B–Cell membrane, C–RNA, 31 Mycoplasma are classified under which of the
D–Conjugation following kingdoms?
(d) A–Plasma membrane, B–Mucilaginous sheath, (a) Animalia (b) Protista
C–DNA, D–Transformation (c) Monera (d) Fungi

TOPIC 2~ Kingdom–Protista
32 Which of the following is not a feature of Protista? 37 Diatoms and desmids are found in
(a) Protists are prokaryotic (a) freshwater (b) marine water
(b) Some protists have cell walls (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) terrestrial habitat
(c) Mode of nutrition is both autotrophic and heterotrophic 38 Chrysophytes are
(d) Body organisation is cellular (a) planktons
33 Which of the following kingdoms have no well- (b) nektons
defined boundaries? (c) benthic organisms
(a) Plantae (b) Protista (d) active organisms
(c) Monera (d) Algae 39 Silica gel is obtained by
34 Members of Protista are primarily (a) red algae
(a) terrestrial (b) aquatic (b) diatoms
(c) pathogenic (d) photosynthetic (c) Euglena
(d) mycoplasma
35 Chrysophytes, euglenoids, dinoflagellates and slime
moulds are included in the kingdom NEET 2016
40 In which of the following organisms the cell wall is
(a) Protista (b) Fungi composed of two thin overlapping shells, which fit
(c) Animalia (d) Monera together like a soap-case?
(a) Diatoms (b) Golden algae
36 Which of the following groups of organisms is/are (c) Slime moulds (d) Gonyaulax
placed under the group–Chrysophyta?
41 Diatomaceous earth is used for all except
(a) Diatoms only
(a) filtration of oils
(b) Desmids only
(b) filtration of syrups
(c) Diatoms and golden algae (c) cleaning agent in metal polishes
(d) Desmids and Paramecium (d) gobar gas production
42 Which one of the following is a characteristic feature 50 Plant-like nutrition is present in
of the group–Chrysophyta? (a) Amoeba (b) Paramecium
(a) They are parasitic forms, which cause diseases in animals (c) Euglena (d) Plasmodium
(b) They have a protein rich layer called pellicle 51 Slime moulds are
(c) They have indestructible wall layer deposited with silica (a) pathogenic (b) parasite
(d) They are commonly called dinoflagellates (c) saprophytic protists (d) autotrophic
43 Which of the following organisms are known as chief 52 The free-living thalloid body of the slime mould is
producers in the oceans? NEET 2018 known as
(a) Cyanobacteria (b) Diatoms (a) protonema (b) plasmodium
(c) Dinoflagellates (d) Euglenoids (c) fruiting body (d) mycelium
44 Dinoflagellates have 53 Under favourable conditions slime moulds form
(a) two flagella, which lie longitudinally (a) protonema (b) plasmodium
(b) only one flagellum in the transverse groove between the (c) mycelium (d) fruiting bodies
cell plates 54 Identify the given figure and select the correct option.
(c) only one flagellum in the longitudinal groove between
the cell plates
(d) one flagellum lies longitudinally and the other
transversely in a furrow between the wall plates
45 In which of the following groups, the cell wall has
stiff cellulose plate on the outer surface?
(a) Diatoms (b) Red algae
(c) Dinoflagellates (d) Slime moulds
46 Refer to diagram given along side and
select the incorrect option regarding it. (a) It is marine water plankton
(a) It belongs to kingdom–Protista and is a (b) It is a saprophytic protist
dinoflagellate (c) It is parasitic predator believed to but primary relative
(b) It is mostly marine, photosynthetic with of animals
colour depending on main pigment present (d) Ciliated protozoan
in its cells 55 Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in NEET 2018
(c) They have two flagella, a short and a long (a) using pseudopodia for capturing prey
one
(b) having a contractile vacuole for removing excess water
(d) These organisms release toxins in large number which
(c) using flagella for locomotion
kill other marine animals
(d) having two types of nuclei
47 Red tides in warm coastal water develop due to the
presence of 56 Protozoans are
(a) dinoflagellates (b) euglenoid forms (a) heterotrophs (b) autotrophs
(c) diatoms and desmids (d) slime moulds (c) producers (d) saprophytes

48 Which of the following protists releases toxins that 57 Which of the following group is considered as
may even kill fishes and other marine animals? primitive relatives of animals?
(a) Euglena (b) Gonyaulax (a) Chrysophytes (b) Protozoans
(c) Paramecium (d) Plasmodium (c) Euglenoids (d) Slime moulds
49 Which group of organisms is represented by the given 58 Protozoans are divided into ……… groups. Most
figure? suitable word to fill the blank is
(a) three (b) four
(c) two (d) eight
59 Which of the following groups belong to protozoans?
(a) Amoeboid, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans
(b) Diatoms, amoeboid, ciliates, sporozoans
(a) Dinoflagellates (b) Protozoans (c) Desmids, ciliates, flagellates, amoebiod
(c) Slime mould (d) Euglenoids (d) Dinoflagellates, ciliates, Plasmodium, amoeboid
60 Flagellate protozoans are 64 Which of the following groups always produce an
(a) free-living only infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle?
(b) parasites only (a) Amoeboid protozoans
(c) either free-living or parasites (b) Ciliated protozoans
(d) saprophytes (c) Flagellated protozoans
61 Which of the following is a flagellated protozoan? (d) Sporozoans
(a) Amoeba (b) Entamoeba 65 Plasmodium is a
(c) Plasmodium (d) Trypanosoma (a) ciliated protozoan (b) sporozoan
62 Trypanosoma causes (c) flagellated protozoan (d) amoeboid protozoan
(a) sleeping sickness (b) cholera 66 Which one of the following organisms is scientifically
(c) malaria (d) food poisoning incorrectly named and incorrectly described?
(a) Plasmodium falciparum–A protozoan pathogen causing
63 Paramecium is an aquatic and actively moving the most serious type of malaria
organism due to the presence of (b) Trypanosoma gambiense–The parasite of sleeping
(a) pseudopodia sickness
(b) false feet (c) Diatoms–Very good pollution indicators
(c) thousands of cilia (d) Noctiluca–A chrysophyte, which shows
(d) flagella bioluminescence

TOPIC 3~ Kingdom–Fungi
67 The body of a fungus is made up of a number of 73 Fungi that absorb nutrients directly from the
elongated, tubular filaments called cytoplasm of living host are called
(a) hyphae (b) Woronin bodies (a) saprophytes (b) parasites
(c) mycelium (d) thallus (c) symbionts (d) mycorrhiza
68 Cell wall of fungi is composed of JIMPER 2018 74 Mycorrhizae are mutualistic and symbiotic
(a) chitin (b) pectin associations between
(c) cellulose (d) mannans (a) fungi and vascular plants
69 Which one of the following is wrong for fungi? (b) fungi and non-vascular plants
NEET 2016 (c) fungi and roots of higher plants
(a) They are eukaryotic (d) fungi and bryophytes
(b) All fungi possess a purely cellulosic cell wall 75 Mycorrhiza promotes the plant growth by
(c) They are heterotrophic (a) absorbing inorganic ions from soil
(d) They are both unicellular and multicellular (b) helping the plant in utilising atmospheric nitrogen
70 Which of the following is a non-hyphal unicellular (c) protecting the plant from infection
fungus? (d) serving as plant growth regulator
(a) Yeast (b) Puccinia 76 Fungi show vegetative reproduction by all of the
(c) Ustilago (d) Alternaria following methods except
71 Which of the following options describe the (a) by fragmentation (b) by fission
coenocytic condition in fungus? (c) by budding (d) by protonema
(a) Uninucleate hypha without septum 77 Fungi show asexual reproduction by all of the
(b) Multinucleate hypha without septum following kinds of spores except
(c) Multicellular hypha (a) conidia (b) oospores
(d) Multiciliate hypha (c) sporangiospores (d) zoospores
72 Fungi that absorb soluble organic matter from dead 78 Fungi show sexual reproduction by all of the
substrates are called following processes except
(a) saprophytes (a) oospores
(b) parasites (b) ascospores
(c) obligate parasite (c) basidiospores
(d) lichens (d) zoospores
79 In fungi, the various types of spores are produced in 90 Isogamous means gametes
distinct structures known as (a) similar in morphology
(a) fruiting body (b) spore sac (b) similar in anatomy
(c) peristome (d) pollen sac (c) female gamete is bigger than male gamete
80 In fungi, the fusion of protoplasms between two (d) male gamete is bigger than female gamete
motile or non-motile gametes is called 91 Which of the following is a parasitic fungi on
(a) plasmogamy (b) plasmokinesis mustard?
(c) karyogamy (d) cytokinesis (a) Rhizopus (b) Albugo
81 In fungi, karyogamy is the fusion of two (c) Agaricus (d) Neurospora
(a) gametes (b) nuclei (c) cells (d) cytoplasm 92 All of the following fungi belong to Phycomycetes,
82 Which of the following is the correct sequence of except
Class → Mycelium→ Fruiting body observed in the (a) Rhizopus (b) Mucor (c) Albugo (d) Agaricus
kingdom–Fungi? 93 The hyphae of Rhizopus are
(a) Phycomycetes → Septate, coenocytic → Not present (a) unbranched, aseptate and uninucleate
(b) Ascomycetes → Aseptate and branched → Ascocarp (b) branched, aseptate and multinucleate
(c) Basidiomycetes → Aseptate and branched (c) branched, septate and uninucleate
→ Basidiocarp (d) unbranched, septate and coenocytic
(d) Deuteromycetes → Septate and branched
94 Ascomycetes are commonly known as
→ Not present
(a) toad stool (b) sac fungi
83 In some fungi, two haploid cells result in a diploid (c) imperfect fungi (d) bracket fungi
cell. In some cases, dikaryon stage occurs in which
95 Yeast and Penicillium are the examples of class
two nuclei are present within a cell. This phase is
(a) Phycomycetes (b) Ascomycetes
known as
(c) Deuteromycetes (d) Basidiomycetes
(a) monokaryophase (b) dikaryophase
(c) plasmogamy (d) karyogamy 96 Members of Ascomycetes are
84 Dikaryophase of fungus occurs in (a) saprophytic (b) decomposers
(a) Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes (c) parasitic or coprophilous (d) All of these
(b) Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes 97 Claviceps is a member of
(c) Phycomycetes and Basidiomycetes (a) Ascomycetes (b) Basidiomycetes
(d) Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (c) Zygomycetes (d) Phycomycetes
85 Fungi are divided into four classes on the basis of 98 Which of the following fungus is used extensively in
(a) morphology of the mycelium biochemical and genetic work?
(b) mode of spore formation (a) Neurospora (b) Mucor
(c) fruiting bodies (c) Rhizopus (d) Aspergillus
(d) All of the above 99 Identify the edible and delicate Ascomycetes
86 Rhizopus is included in the class members.
(a) Ascomycetes (b) Phycomycetes (a) Agaricus and Puccinia (b) Morels and truffles
(c) Basidiomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes (c) Puffball and Agaricus (d) Puffball and mushrooms
87 Which of the following classes consists of coenocytic, 100 Which of the following are the commonly known
multinucleate and aseptate mycelium? forms of Basidiomycetes?
(a) Basidiomycetes (b) Ascomycetes (a) Mushrooms (b) Puffball
(c) Phycomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes (c) Bracket fungi (d) All of these
88 Phycomycetes are most commonly found as 101 Where the members of Basidiomycetes occur?
(a) obligate parasite (a) Soil
(b) obligate saprophyte (b) Logs
(c) coprophilous component (c) Tree stumps and living plant bodies
(d) Both (a) and (b) (d) All of the above
89 In Phycomycetes, asexual reproduction occurs by 102 In Basidiomycetes, the mycelium is
(a) zoospores (b) aplanospores (a) branched and aseptate (b) branched and septate
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) conidia (c) unbranched and septate (d) coenocytic
103 In Basidiomycetes, vegetative reproduction occurs by 109 Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores
(a) endospores (b) conidia known as
(c) akinetes (d) fragmentation (a) conidia (b) endospores
104 Among rust, smut and mushroom, all the three (c) zoospores (d) heterocyst
(a) are pathogens (b) are saprobes 110 Sexual reproduction is present in all fungi classes,
(c) bear ascocarps (d) bear basidiocarps except
(a) Ascomycetes (b) Phycomycetes
105 All of the following fungi belong to Basidiomycetes, (c) Basidiomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes
except
(a) Agaricus (b) Ustilago (c) Puccinia (d) Alternaria 111 All the given fungi belong to Deuteromycetes, except
(a) Alternaria
106 Which of the following are the common parasites of (b) Colletotrichum
class–Basidiomycetes? (c) Trichoderma
(a) Ustilago and Puccinia (d) Ustilago
(b) Agaricus and Trichoderma 112 Which one of the following matches is correct?
(c) Alternaria and Colletotrichum CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(d) Colletotrichum and Puccinia
(a) Phytophthora Aseptate mycelium Basidiomycetes
107 In Deuteromycetes, the mycelium is (b) Alternaria Sexual reproduction absent Deuteromycetes
(a) septate and branched (b) septate and unbranched (c) Mucor Reproduction by conjugation Ascomycetes
(c) coenocytic (d) multinucleated (d) Agaricus Parasitic fungus Basidiomycetes

108 The imperfect fungi, which are decomposers of litter 113 Select the incorrect match.
and help in mineral cycling belong to (a) Morels and truffles — Phycomycetes
CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (b) Mushrooms and puffballs — Basidiomycetes
(a) Deuteromycetes (b) Basidiomycetes (c) Smut and rust — Basidiomycetes
(c) Phycomycetes (d) Ascomycetes (d) Bread mould — Phycomycetes

TOPIC 4 ~ Kingdom–Plantae and Animalia

114 Insectivorous plants are 119 Which of these best describe the sporophytic
(a) autotrophic (b) partially heterotrophic generation in plant’s life cycle?
(c) parasitic (d) pathogenic (a) The haploid generation
115 Which of the following are the examples of (b) Generation that produces gametes
insectivorous plant? (c) Generation that produces spores
(a) Bladderwort (b) Venus flytrap (d) Generation that has xylem and phloem
(c) Nepenthes (d) All of these 120 Kingdom–Animalia includes
116 Cuscuta is a/an (a) heterotrophic organisms
(a) parasite (b) pathogen (b) eukaryotic organisms
(c) saprophyte (d) autotroph (c) multicellular organisms
117 Plants show ............ in their life cycle. (d) All of the above
(a) only sexual phase (b) only asexual phase 121 The reserve food material of animals is
(c) alternation of generations (d) None of these (a) glycogen or animal fat (b) glucose
118 Which of the given options best describes the (c) cellulose (d) chitin
gametophyte in the alternation of generations of a 122 Which of the following is not a feature of
plant’s life cycle? kingdom–Animalia?
(a) Generation that produces gametes (a) Lack cell wall
(b) Generation that produces spores (b) Holozoic mode of nutrition
(c) Generation that has xylem and phloem (c) A definite growth pattern
(d) The diploid generation (d) Chlorophyllous
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 27

TOPIC 5 ~ Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens

123 Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular organisms, 133 The latest view for the origin of viruses is
which are not characterised in the classification of (a) they have arisen from nucleic acid and proteins found in
(a) Whittaker (b) Aristotle (c) Linnaeus (d) Watson primitive soup
(b) they arose from bacteria as a result of the loss of cell
124 Viruses did not find a place in classification since
wall, ribosome, etc.
(a) they are not truely living (b) they are non-cellular
(c) they arose from some bacteria, which had developed a
(c) they are obligate parasite (d) they are pathogenic nucleus only
125 Viruses are non-cellular organisms but replicate (d) they are modified plasmids, which are infect the
themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of fragments of the nucleic acids of the host
the following kindgom viruses belong to? 134 The genetic material of rabies virus is
(a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) None of these (a) double-stranded RNA (b) single-stranded RNA
126 Which of the following phenomenon proves that (c) double-stranded DNA (d) single-stranded DNA
viruses are living? 135 The non-living characteristic of viruses is
(a) They carry metabolic activity (a) ability to multiply only inside the host
(b) They carry anaerobic respiration (b) ability to cause diseases in the host
(c) They multiply in host cells (c) ability to undergo mutation
(d) They cause infection (d) ability of crystallisation
127 Tobacco mosaic virus is 136 Which of the following groups of diseases is caused
(a) spherical (b) rod-shaped by viruses?
(c) cuboidal (d) oval
(a) Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza
128 Given below is the diagram of a virus. In which one (b) AIDS, diabetes, herpes, tuberculosis
of the options, all the three A, B and C (name of the (c) Anthrax, cholera, tetanus, tuberculosis
virus) are correct? (d) Cholera, tetanus, smallpox, influenza
A 137 In plants, mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling,
yellowing and vein clearing are the symptoms of
B (a) viral diseases (b) bacterial diseases
(c) protozoan diseases (d) fungal diseases
138 Which of the following plant viruses has DNA?
(a) Tobacco mosaic virus (b) Potato mosaic virus
C (c) Tomato mosaic virus (d) Cauliflower mosaic virus
(a) A–RNA, B–Capsomere, C–Tobacco mosaic virus
(b) A–DNA, B–Capsid, C–Bacteriophage 139 Bacteriophages are
(c) A–RNA, B–Capsid, C–Tobacco mosaic virus (a) bacteria that attack viruses
(d) A–DNA, B–Capsid, C–Bacteriophage (b) viruses that attack bacteria
129 The genetic material of viruses consists of (c) free-living viruses
(a) ds or ssDNA only (d) free-living bacteria
(b) ds or ssRNA only 140 Identify the label A, B, C and D in the following
(c) DNA or RNA (Both ds and ss) figure.
(d) ssDNA or ssRNA
130 The protein coat of a virus is known as A
(a) nucleoid (b) capsid
(c) capsomere (d) outer envelope C B
131 The subunit of capsid is called
(a) capsomere (b) core
(c) nucleoside (d) nucleotide
132 Viruses are also known as
(a) nucleoprotein particles (b) virion D
(c) lipoprotein particles (d) core
 (a) A–Head, B–Collar, C–Sheath, D–Tail fibres 144 The advantage of fungus in lichen is
(b) A–Collar, B–Head, C–Sheath, D–Tail fibres (a) food
(c) A–Head, B–Collar, C–Tail fibres, D–Sheath (b) anchoring
(d) A–Collar, B–Tail fibres, C–Head, D–Sheath (c) mineral absorption
141 A new infectious agent that is smaller than virus is (d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) prion (b) viroid (c) bacteria (d) mycoplasma 145 The benefit given by algae in lichen is
142 Viroids differ from viruses in having NEET 2017 (a) food for fungi
(a) DNA molecules with protein coat (b) shelter
(b) DNA molecules without protein coat (c) mineral absorption
(c) RNA molecules with protein coat (d) protection
(d) RNA molecules without protein coat 146 Which of the following are most suitable indicators of
143 Lichens are mutualistic and symbiotic associations SO 2 pollution in the environment? CBSE-AIPMT 2015
between (a) Lichens (b) Conifers (c) Algae (d) Fungi
(a) mycobiont and virus 147 Which of the following would appear as the pioneer
(b) mycobiont and phycobiont organisms on bare rocks? NEET 2016
(c) mycobiont and root of higher plants (a) Liverworts (b) Mosses
(d) mycobiont and mosses (c) Green algae (d) Lichens

NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason 150 Assertion (A) Euglena is a plant due to the presence
■ Direction (Q. 148-157) In each of the following of chlorophyll.
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given by Reason (R) Euglena cannot be classified on the basis
corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the statements, of two kingdom system.
mark the correct answer as
151 Assertion (A) Fungi are wide spread in distribution
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
and they can even live on or inside other plants and
explanation of A
animals.
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A Reason (R) Fungi are able to grow anywhere on
(c) If A is true, but R is false land, water or on other organisms because they have
(d) If A is false, but R is true variety of pigments including chlorophyll,
carotenoids, fucoxanthin and phycoerythrin.
148 Assertion (A) The two kingdom classification, used 152 Assertion (A) In fungi, sexual apparatus decreases in
for a long time, was found to be inadequate. complexity from lower to higher forms.
Reason (R) Two kingdom system of classification did Reason (R) In algae, sexual apparatus increases in
not distinguish between the eukaryotes and complexity from simple to higher forms.
prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms 153 Assertion (A) Viruses cause diseases and replicate
and green algae and fungi. when they are in the host cell.
149 Assertion (A) Five kingdom system of classification Reason (R) Viruses do not replicate outside the host,
did not differentiated between the heterotrophic but they survive in environment.
group, fungi and the autotrophic green plants. Though 154 Assertion (A) Polluted water bodies have high
they showed a characteristic difference in their cell abundance of Nostoc and Oscillatoria.
wall composition. Reason (R) These blue-green bacteria can tolerate
Reason (R) Fungal cell wall contains chitin, while adverse conditions very well compared to other
green plants have a cellulosic cell wall. aquatic plants.
155 Assertion (A) Slime moulds are called as fungus like 162 Which of the following statements about methanogens
animals. is not correct? NEET (Odisha) 2019
Reason (R) These do not have cell wall. (a) They can be used to produce biogas
(b) They are found in the rumen of cattle and their excreta
156 Assertion (A) Kingdom–Plantae includes all
(c) They grow aerobically and breakdown cellulose rich
eukaryotic, chlorophyll containing organisms. food
Reason (R) Few of its members are partially (d) They produce methane gas
heterotrophic.
163 In the light of recent classification of living organisms
157 Assertion (A) Three domains system classifies into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and
organisms based on cellular characteristics. eukarya), which one of the following statements is
Reason (R) The three domains are, i.e. archaea, true about archaea?
bacteria and eukarya. (a) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects
(b) Archaea have some noble features that are absent in
II. Statement Based Questions other prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(c) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and
158 Which of the statements given below is correct? eukaryotes
(a) Biological classification is the scientific ordering of (d) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes
organisms in a hierarchial series of groups on the basis
of their relationships, i.e. morphological, evolutionary 164 Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?
and others (a) Bacteria reproduce only by binary fission
(b) Under unfavourable conditions, bacteria produce several
(b) Whittaker classified organisms on the basis of
types of spores
autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition
(c) Bacteria reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by
(c) In five kingdom system of classification, living adopting a primitive type of RNA transfer from one
organisms can be divided into prokaryotic and bacterium to other
eukaryotic cells on the basis of cell structure (d) Both (a) and (b)
(d) All of the above
165 Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
159 Consider the following statements. Which of the (a) Golden algae are also called desmids NEET 2016
statements given below is incorrect? (b) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria
(a) All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under (c) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi
kingdom–Monera (d) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green algae
(b) The unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in
kingdom–Protista 166 Which statement is correct? AIIMS 2019
(c) Chlorella and Chlamydomonas, both lack cell walls (a) Mycoplasma is smallest and wall less living organism
(d) Paramecium and Amoeba lack cell walls (b) Influenza and herpes are caused by virus having DNA
and RNA
160 Choose the incorrect statement about members of (c) Nostoc and Anabaena are important decomposers
kingdom–Monera. (d) Methanogen are methane producing bacteria in wheat
(a) Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites crops
(b) Some synthesise their own food from inorganic solutes 167 Select the incorrect statement. NEET 2016
(c) Bacterial structure is very complex though they have (a) Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan
very simple behaviour (b) Pili and fimbriae are mainly involved in motility of
(d) Hundreds of bacteria are present in handful of soil bacterial cells
161 Read the following statements about bacteria and (c) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells
select the correct option. (d) Mycoplasma is a wall-less microorganism
(a) Bacteria are simple in structure, but complex in 168 Consider the following statements about mycoplasma.
behaviour Which of the statement given below is incorrect?
(b) Bacteria are complex in structure, but simple in (a) They are pleomorphic bacteria, which lack cell wall
behaviour (b) Mycoplasma is the smallest living organism
(c) Bacteria are simple in both structure and behaviour (c) They cannot survive without oxygen
(d) Bacteria are complex in both structure and behaviour (d) Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants
169 Select the incorrect statement. NEET 2016 176 Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) The walls of diatoms are easily destructible NEET (Odisha) 2019
(b) ‘Diatomaceous earth’ is formed by the cell walls of (a) Lichens do not grow in polluted areas
diatoms (b) Algal component of lichens is called mycobiont
(c) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans (c) Fungal component of lichens is called phycobiont
(d) Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in water (d) Lichens are not good pollution indicators
170 Which of the following following statement about 177 Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect?
Euglena is/are true? (a) Protistan body includes a well-defined nucleus, and all
(a) Euglenoids bear flagella cellular organelles
(b) Euglena when placed in continuous darkness, loose (b) Protists have nucleus along with flagella and cilia
their photosynthetic activity and die (c) Protist cells have no nucleus but have some cellular
organelles to perform basic functions
(c) The pigments of Euglena are quite different from those
of green plants (d) All of the above
(d) Euglena is a marine protist 178 Which of the statement(s) given below is/are correct?
171 Which of the following statement(s) given below (a) Kingdom–Protista forms a link between monerans and
the other organisms like plants, animal and fungi
is/are incorrect?
(b) Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process
(a) Diatomite is porous and chemically inert. It is therefore, involving cell fusion and zygote formation
used in filtration of sugars, alcohols, oils, syrups and
(c) Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a
antibiotics
well-defined nucleus and other membrane bound
(b) Diatomite deposits are often accompanied by petroleum organelles
fields (d) All of the above
(c) Both (a) and (b)
179 Which of the following statement about plant is false?
(d) Desmids are mainly found in dirty water and are usually
indication of polluted water (a) Plants are heterotrophs
(b) Plants show alternation of generations during their life
172 Which of the statement(s) given below is/are correct cycle
for amoeboid protozoans? (c) Plants are multicellular eukaryotes
(a) Live in freshwater, sea water or moist soil (d) Plants are non-motile
(b) Has pseudopodia for locomotion and capturing prey
(c) Have silica shells on their surface in marine forms 180 Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(d) All of the above (a) Viruses are obligate parasites NEET (National) 2019
(b) Infective constituent in viruses is the protein coat
173 Which of the following statements is correct? (c) Prions consist of abnormally folded proteins
(a) Slime moulds are haploid (d) Viroids lack a protein coat
(b) Protozoans lack cell wall
181 Select incorrect statement. CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(c) Dinoflagellates are immotile
(a) The viroids were discovered by DJ Ivanowsky
(d) Pellicle is absent in Euglena
(b) WM Stanley showed that viruses could be
174 Consider the following statements about crystallised
Ascomycetes. Which one of the statement given (c) The term ‘Contagium vivum fluidum’ was coined by
below is false? MW Beijerinck
(a) They are saprophytic, decomposer, coprophilous and (d) Mosaic disease in tobacco and AIDS in human being
parasitic are caused by viruses
(b) Include unicellular and multicellular forms 182 State whether the given statements are true or false.
(c) Mycelium is coenocytic and aseptate I. Bacteria show both autotrophic and heterotrophic
(d) Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora are important nutrition.
examples of Ascomycetes II. Some of the bacteria are autotrophic. They may be
175 Which of the following statement is incorrect? photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic
NEET (National) 2019 autotrophic.
(a) Claviceps is a source of many alkaloids and LSD III. Heterotrophic nutrition involves obtaining of
(b) Conidia are produced exogenously and ascospores readymade organic food from outside sources.
endogenously (a) I and II are true
(c) Yeasts have filamentous bodies with long thread-like (b) I is true, II and III are false
hyphae (c) I, II and III are true
(d) Morels and truffles are edible delicacies (d) Only I is true
183 Read the following statements regarding 187 Consider the following statements.
archaebacteria and select the correct option. I. In this group, the plasmodium differentiates and forms
I. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having fruiting bodies, bearing spores at their tips.
different cell wall structure. II. Spores possess true walls.
II. Their cell wall is made up of cellulose and contains III. The spores are dispersed by air currents.
high amount of unsaturated fatty acid, which is IV. The spores are extremely resistant and survive for many
responsible for their survival in extreme years even under adverse conditions.
conditions. The above statements are assigned to
III. Thermoacidophiles have dual ability to tolerate high (a) euglenoids (b) slime moulds
temperature as well as high acidity. (c) dinoflagellates (d) chrysophytes
Which of the statements given above are correct? 188 Consider the following statements.
(a) I and II I. Bruce discovered that the parasite of sleeping sickness
(b) I and III is transmitted by tse-tse fly.
(c) II and III II. Sleeping sickness of Trypanosoma gambiens is also
(d) All of the above called gambian trypanosomiasis, which is found in
184 Analyse the following statements and identify the Western and central parts of Africa.
correct option given below. III. Trichomonas vaginalis inhabits vagina of women and
causes the disease leucorrhoea.
I. In diatoms the walls are embedded with silica and thus
the walls are indestructible. IV. Entamoeba histolytica resides in the upper part of the
human’s large intestine and causes the disease known as
II. Diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall amoebic dysentery.
deposits in their habitat, this accumulation over
billions of years is referred to as diatomaceous Which of the statements given above are correct?
deposition or diatomaceous earth. (a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
(a) I is true, but II is false (c) I, II and IV (d) All of these
(b) I is false, but II is true 189 Consider the following statements and place them into
(c) I and II are true true and false category.
(d) I and II are false I. The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic
185 The given statements describe a group of organisms. organisms.
I. Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer II. The common mushroom and toad stools are fungi.
called pellicle which makes their body flexible. III. White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to the
II. They have two flagella, a short and a long one. presence of parasitic fungus.
III. They are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, IV. Some unicellular fungi (Ustilago) are used to make
when deprived of sunlight they behave like bread and beer.
heterotrophs by predating on other smaller V. Puccinia graminis tritici is responsible for yellow rust
organisms. of wheat.
IV. They are connecting link between plants and animals. VI. Penicillium yields the antibiotic penicillin.
True False
Which of the following group is referred to here by
(a) I, II, III IV, V, VI
the above statements?
(b) I, II, III, VI IV, V
(a) Slime moulds (c) II, III, VI I, IV, V
(b) Dinoflagellates (d) IV, V I, II, III, VI
(c) Euglenoids
190 In Phycomycetes, asexual reproduction takes place by
(d) Protozoans
zoospores or by aplanospores. Regarding these spores,
186 Consider the following statements about slime consider the following statements and choose the
moulds. correct option.
I. Plasmodium is found in acellular slime moulds. I. Zoospores are motile and aplanospores are non-motile
II. Pseudoplasmodium is found in cellular slime moulds. in nature.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? II. These spores are endogenously produced in
(a) I is true, but II is false sporangium.
(b) Both I and II are false Which of the statements are true and false?
(c) I is false, but II is true (a) I is true, but II is false (b) I is false, but II is true
(d) Both I and II are true (c) I and II are true (d) I and II are false
191 Consider the following statements about sexual 196 Organisms of kingdom–Animalia
reproduction. I. are capable of locomotion.
I. In class–Phycomycetes, sexual reproduction produces II. have specialised sensory and neuromotor system.
a resting diploid spore called zygospore. III. show sexual reproduction by copulation of male and
II. Zygospores are formed by the fusion of two gametes. female followed by embryological development.
III. All zygospores are of isogamous type. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) I and II (b) I and III
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these (c) Only I (d) All of these
192 Analyse the following statements about 197 I. DJ Ivanowsky (1892) recognised certain microbes as
class–Ascomycetes. causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco.
I. Mycelium is branched and septate. II. MW Beijerinck (1898) demonstrated that the extract
II. The asexual spores are conidia, produced on the special of infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in
mycelium called conidiophores. healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium
III. Sexual spores are called ascospores, which are vivum fluidum.
produced in sac-like asci. III. WM Stanley (1935) showed that these microbes could
be crystallised and crystals consist largely of protein.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these The above statements are assigned to
(a) Bacteria (b) Virus
193 Consider the following statements.
(c) Prions (d) Lichens
I. Mycelium is branched and septate.
II. The asexual spores are generally not formed. 198 Which of the following statements are false about
III. Vegetative reproduction takes place by viruses?
fragmentation. I. Viruses are facultative parasites.
IV. Sex organs are absent, but sexual reproduction takes II. Viruses can multiply only when they are inside the
place by somatogamy. living cells.
V. Karyogamy and meiosis take place in basidium to form III. Viruses cannot pass bacterial proof filters.
four haploid basidiospores. IV. Viruses do not contain proteins, DNA and RNA.
VI. Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called (a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
basidiocarp. (c) I, III and IV (d) All of these
The above statements are assigned to 199 TO Diener (1971) discovered a new infectious agent
(a) sac fungi (b) bracket fungi that was smaller than viruses.
(c) imperfecti fungi (d) club fungi
Consider the following statements about this
194 Consider the following statements about infectious agent.
Deuteromycetes. I. It causes potato spindle tuber disease.
I. Some members are saprophytes or parasites. II. These are infectious RNA particles.
II. A large number of members are decomposers of litter III. It lacks a protein coat.
and help in mineral cycling.
IV. The molecular weight of its RNA is low.
III. Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Cercospora and
Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycetes. The above statements are assigned to
(a) viruses (b) viroids
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(c) prions (d) lichen
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these
200 Study the following statements and identify the
195 Consider the following statements about plants.
correct option given below.
I. Kingdom–Plantae includes eukaryotic, autotrophic,
I. Viruses that infect plants have single-stranded RNA
chlorophyll containing organisms.
and viruses that infect animals have either single or
II. It includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, double-stranded RNA or double-stranded DNA.
gymnosperms, but not angiosperms.
II. Bacterial viruses or Bacteriophages are usually
III. Plants show alternation of generation [between haploid single-stranded RNA viruses.
gametophytic (n) phase and diploid sporophytic (2n) (a) I is true, but II is false
phase]. (b) I is false, but II is true
Which of the statements given above are correct? (c) I and II are true
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these (d) I and II are false
201 Which of the following statements correctly describe 205 Match the organisms in Column I with habitats in
viruses? Column II and choose the correct option from the
I. Simple and unicellular organisms. codes given below. NEET (Odisha) 2019
II. Contain DNA or RNA and enclosed by protein coat. Column I Column II
III. Possess own metabolic system and respond to stimuli.
A. Halophiles 1. Hot springs
IV. Maintain genetic continuity and undergo mutations.
B. Thermoacidophiles 2. Aquatic environment
The correct combination is
C. Methanogens 3. Guts of ruminants
(a) I and II (b) II and IV (c) II and III (d) I and III
D. Cyanobacteria 4. Salty area

III. Matching Type Questions Codes

A B C D A B C D
202 Match the following columns. (a) 4 1 3 2 (b) 1 2 3 4
Column I Column II (c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 2 4 3 1
(Systems of classification) (Given by) 206 Match the following columns.
A. Two kingdom system of 1. RH Whittaker
classification Column I Column II
(Features) (Protista)
B. Five kingdom system of 2. Carl Woese
A. Chief producer in the oceans 1. Diatoms
classification
B. Red tide 2. Dinoflagellates
C. Six kingdom system of 3. Carolus Linnaeus
classification C. Connecting link between 3. Euglenoids
plants and animals
Codes D. Fungus animals 4. Slime moulds
A B C A B C
(a) 2 1 3 (b) 1 2 4 Codes
(c) 4 3 1 (d) 3 1 2 A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
203 Match the following columns.
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 1 2 3
Column I Column II
207 Match the following columns.
(Names) (Shape)
A. Coccus 1. Rod-shaped Column I Column II
(Types) (Examples)
B. Bacillus 2. Spherical
A. Amoeboid protozoans 1. Plasmodium
C. Vibrio 3. Spiral-shaped
B. Flagellated protozoans 2. Paramecium
D. Spirillum 4. Comma-shaped
C. Ciliated protozoans 3. Trypanosoma
Codes D. Sporozoans 4. Entamoeba histolytica
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 4 3 2 1 Codes
(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 1 4 3 2 A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
204 Match the following bacterial nutrition with their (c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 2 1 4 3
representative organisms.
208 Match the following columns and choose the correct
Column I Column II option from the codes given below. AIIMS 2019
(Types of bacteria) (Examples)
A. Chemoautotrophic 1. Nitrifying bacteria Column I Column II
bacteria (Categories) (Examples)
B. Photoautotrophic 2. Purple bacteria, green sulphur A. Chrysophyte 1. Gonyaulax
bacteria bacteria B. Dinoflagellate 2. Euglena
C. Symbiotic bacteria 3. Rhizobium, Frankia C. Euglenoids 3. Diatoms
D. Parasitic bacteria 4. Vibrio cholerae D. Slime moulds 4. Plasmodium
Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 4 3 2 1 (a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4 (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 3 1 2 4
209 Match the following columns. 213 Match Column I with Column II.
NEET (National) 2019
Column I Column II
(Categories) (Examples) Column I Column II
A. Phycomycetes 1. Alternaria and Trichoderma A. Saprophyte 1. Symbiotic association of fungi
B. Ascomycetes 2. Agaricus and Ustilago with plant roots
B. Parasite 2. Decomposition of dead organic
C. Basidiomycetes 3. Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora
materials
D. Deuteromycetes 4. Mucor, Rhizopus and Pythium C. Lichens 3. Living on living plants or animals
D. Mycorrhiza 4. Symbiotic association of algae and
Codes fungi
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 1 4 3 Codes
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 1 4 A B C D A B C D
210 Match the following columns. (a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 1 2 3 4
Column I Column II
(Categories) (Common names) 214 Match the following columns.
A. Phycomycetes 1. Algal fungi Column I Column II
B. Ascomycetes 2. Imperfect fungi (Scientists) (Related to)
C. Basidiomycetes 3. Bracket fungi A. DJ Ivanowsky (1892) 1. Viroids
D. Deuteromycetes 4. Sac fungi B. MW Beijerinck (1898) 2. First crystallised TMV
C. WM Stanley (1935) 3. Contagium vivum fluidum
Codes
A B C D A B C D D. TO Diener (1971) 4. Mosaic disease of tobacco
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 4 3 2 1 Codes
(c) 1 4 3 2 (d) 3 2 1 4 A B C D A B C D
211 Match the following columns. (a) 1 4 3 2 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 2 1 4
Column I Column II
(Features) (Related to) 215 Match the following columns.
A. Parasitic fungi on mustard 1. Neurospora Column I Column II
B. Rust and smut disease 2. Puccinia and Ustilago (Viruses) (Genetic materials)
C. Used in genetic work 3. Morels and truffles A. M-13 bacteriophage 1. dsRNA
D. Edible delicacies 4. Albugo B. Rice dwarf virus 2. ssRNA
E. Bread mould 5. Rhizopus C. Cauliflower mosaic virus 3. ssDNA
D. Polio virus 4. dsDNA
Codes
A B C D E Codes
(a) 3 5 4 2 1 A B C D A B C D
(b) 1 3 5 4 2 (a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 2 1 3 5 4 (c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 3 1 2
(d) 4 2 1 3 5 216 Match the following columns and choose the correct
212 Match the following columns. combination from the given options.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
(Names of fungi) (Categories) (Kingdoms) (Classes)
A. Rhizopus 1. Eurotiomycetes A. Plantae 1. Archaebacteria
B. Penicillium 2. Ustilagomycetes B. Fungi 2. Euglenoids
C. Ustilago 3. Deuteromycetes C. Protista 3. Phycomycetes
D. Alternaria 4. Zygomycetes D. Monera 4. Algae

Codes Codes
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 3 1 2 (b) 2 3 4 1 (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 3 4 2 1 (c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1
 NCERT & NCERT Exemplar
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

NCERT 223 The five kingdom classification was proposed by

217 Choose the incorrect statement amongst the (a) RH Whittaker (b) C Linnaeus
following. (c) A Roxberg (d) Virchow
(a) Alternation of generations is well-marked in 224 Organisms living in salty areas are called as
angiosperms (a) methanogens (b) halophiles
(b) Kingdom–Plantae includes prokaryotic photosynthetic (c) heliophytes (d) thermoacidophiles
organisms
(c) Mycoplasma is the smallest cellular organism, which. 225 Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by
does not contain cell wall (a) DJ Ivanowsky
(d) Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by viroid (b) MW Beijerinck
(c) Stanley Miller
NCERT Exemplar (d) Robert Hooke

218 All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to 226 A dikaryon is formed when
(a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) Bacteria (a) meiosis is arrested
(b) the two haploid cells do not fuse immediately
219 Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are
(c) cytoplasm does not fuse
the characteristics of
(a) Monera (b) Protista (d) None of the above
(c) Fungi (d) Slime mould 227 Association between mycobiont and phycobiont is
220 Difference between virus and viroid is found in
(a) the absence of protein coat in viroid, but present in (a) mycorrhiza (b) root (c) lichens (d) BGA
virus 228 With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose the
(b) the presence of low molecular weight RNA in virus, but correct sequence of events.
absent in viroid (a) Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and Meiosis
(c) Both (a) and (b) (b) Meiosis, Plasmogamy and Karyogamy
(d) None of the above
(c) Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis
221 Viruses are non-cellular organisms, but replicate (d) Meiosis, Karyogamy and Plasmogamy
themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of
229 Members of Phycomycetes are found in
the following kingdom do viruses belong to?
(a) Monera (b) Protista I. aquatic habitats.
(c) Fungi (d) None of these II. on decaying wood.
222 An association between roots of higher plants and III. moist and damp places.
fungi is called IV. as obligate parasites on plants.
(a) lichen Choose the correct answer from the following
(b) fern options.
(c) mycorrhiza (a) I and IV (b) Only III
(d) BGA (c) Only II (d) All of these
 Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (c) 11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (a)
16 (d) 17 (d) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (d) 21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (c) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (b) 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (c)
31 (c) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (b) 35 (a) 36 (c) 37 (c) 38 (a) 39 (b) 40 (a) 41 (d) 42 (c) 43 (b) 44 (d) 45 (c)
46 (c) 47 (a) 48 (b) 49 (d) 50 (c) 51 (c) 52 (b) 53 (b) 54 (b) 55 (d) 56 (a) 57 (b) 58 (b) 59 (a) 60 (c)
61 (d) 62 (a) 63 (c) 64 (d) 65 (b) 66 (d) 67 (a) 68 (a) 69 (b) 70 (a) 71 (b) 72 (a) 73 (b) 74 (c) 75 (a)
76 (d) 77 (b) 78 (d) 79 (a) 80 (a) 81 (b) 82 (d) 83 (b) 84 (a) 85 (d) 86 (b) 87 (c) 88 (d) 89 (c) 90 (a)
91 (b) 92 (d) 93 (b) 94 (b) 95 (b) 96 (d) 97 (a) 98 (a) 99 (b) 100 (d) 101 (d) 102 (b) 103 (d) 104 (d) 105 (d)
106 (a) 107 (a) 108 (a) 109 (a) 110 (d) 111 (d) 112 (b) 113 (a) 114 (b) 115 (d) 116 (a) 117 (c) 118 (a) 119 (c) 120 (d)
121 (a) 122 (d) 123 (a) 124 (a) 125 (d) 126 (c) 127 (b) 128 (c) 129 (c) 130 (b) 131 (a) 132 (a) 133 (d) 134 (b) 135 (d)
136 (a) 137 (a) 138 (d) 139 (b) 140 (a) 141 (b) 142 (d) 143 (b) 144 (d) 145 (a) 146 (a) 147 (d)

> NEET Special Types Questions

148 (a) 149 (d) 150 (d) 151 (c) 152 (b) 153 (b) 154 (a) 155 (c) 156 (b) 157 (b) 158 (d) 159 (c) 160 (c) 161 (a) 162 (c)
163 (b) 164 (a) 165 (b) 166 (a) 167 (b) 168 (c) 169 (a) 170 (a) 171 (d) 172 (d) 173 (b) 174 (c) 175 (c) 176 (a) 177 (c)
178 (d) 179 (a) 180 (b) 181 (a) 182 (c) 183 (b) 184 (c) 185 (c) 186 (d) 187 (b) 188 (d) 189 (b) 190 (c) 191 (d) 192 (d)
193 (b) 194 (d) 195 (b) 196 (d) 197 (b) 198 (c) 199 (b) 200 (a) 201 (b) 202 (d) 203 (c) 204 (a) 205 (a) 206 (b) 207 (b)
208 (d) 209 (c) 210 (c) 211 (d) 212 (c) 213 (c) 214 (c) 215 (a) 216 (a)

> NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

217 (b) 218 (b) 219 (d) 220 (a) 221 (d) 222 (c) 223 (a) 224 (b) 225 (b) 226 (b) 227 (c) 228 (c) 229 (d)

Answers & Explanations

1 (a) Aristotle classified plants into trees, shrubs and B represents the rod-shaped bacteria generally called as
herbs. He used simple morphological characters as a tool bacilli.
for his classification. He also divided animals into two C represents the spiral-shaped bacteria (with flagella
groups those which have red blood and those that did not. ranging from one to multiple) generally called as spirilla.
2 (a) Earlier, all the organisms of the world had been D represents the comma-shaped bacteria called as vibrio.
divided into two kingdoms, i.e. plant kingdom and 9 (c) Archaebacteria are a primitive group of bacteria.
animal kingdom. These bacteria can survive in extreme habitats such as
This system of classification was given by Carolus marshes, hot springs, deserts, snow, etc.
Linnaeus in the book Systema Naturae (1735). Archaebacteria have a unique cell wall structure and
4 (a) The five kingdom classification proposed by composition which is responsible for their survival in
Whittaker includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and such extreme conditions. Thus, the type of bacteria which
Animalia. corresponds to the features given is archaebacteria.
Out of which four kingdoms, i.e. Protista, Fungi, 10 (c) Thermoacidophiles belong to archaebacteria and
Plantae and Animalia contain eukaryotes. have dual ability to tolerate high temperature as well as
5 (c) In the five kingdom classification, high acidity. They often live in hot sulphur springs
Chlamydomonas and Chlorella have been included where the temperature may be as high as 80°C and pH
in kingdom–Protista as they are autotrophic, as low as 2.
eukaryotic organisms with cell wall. 11 (a) Saline bacteria are called halophiles (e.g.
6 (b) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. In five kingdom Halobacterium, Halococcus). It is a group that belongs
system of classification (by RH Whittaker), all archaebacteria which can tolerate high salinity and is
prokaryotes are included in the kingdom–Monera. commonly found in salt rich substrata.
8 (b) The given figures 12 (b) The primitive prokaryotes are methanogens.
A represents spherical-shaped bacteria generally called Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant
as cocci. animals such as cows and buffaloes.
 These are responsible for the production of biogas from 31 (c) Mycoplasma are classified under kingdom-Monera.
the dung of ruminants. There are two major groups of monerans, archaebacteria
16 (d) Cyanobacteria contain photosynthetic pigments and eubacteria. Some other groups of monerans are
found in chromatophores, which are the infoldings of mycoplasma, rickettsiae and actinomycetes.
the plasma membrane. In these, photosynthesis is Mycoplasma are the simplest and the smallest
carried out. free-living prokaryotes.
17 (d) Cyanobacteria, also known as Blue-Green Algae 32 (a) Option (a) is not a feature of protists. It can be
(BGA), are most primitive prokaryotic organisms. corrected as
These are considered to be the most ancient of all the Kingdom–Protista includes all unicellular eukaryotic
chlorophyll bearing organisms on earth. organisms like diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds,
18 (c) Cyanobacteria are Gram + ve photosynthetic sarcodine, etc. Rest of the options are features of
prokaryotes, which perform oxygenic photosynthesis. protists.
Their photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll-a, 33 (b) Although all single-celled eukaryotes are placed in
carotenoids and phycobilins. kingdom–Protista, yet its boundaries are not
21 (b) Heterocyst is a large sized, pale-coloured, well-defined.
thick-walled cell, specialised for nitrogen-fixation which 35 (a) All single-celled eukaryotic organisms like
occurs in terminal, intercalary or lateral position in chrysophytes (diatoms and desmids), euglenoids
filamentous cyanobacteria, e.g. Nostoc and Anabaena. (Euglena), dinoflagellates and slime moulds are
22 (a) The diagram in option (a) is a filamentous blue- included in the kingdom–Protista.
green algae (Nostoc), which possesses specialised cells 36 (c) Chrysophytes include diatoms and desmids (golden
called heterocysts. algae). These belong to the division–Chrysophyta/
23 (d) The parts labelled in the figure are identified as Bacillariophyta.
(A) Nostoc, a genus of cyanobacteria capable of 37 (c) Diatoms and desmids are found in freshwater as
nitrogen-fixation, due to the presence of heterocyst (B), well as in marine environment. These are microscopic
in them. C is mucilaginous sheath which increases the and float passively in water currents.
water holding capacity of cell. 38 (a) Chrysophytes are planktons which float passively in
26 (b) The diagram represents a bacterial cell. A water current. Chrysophytes (diatoms) constitute an
represents the cell wall which contains peptidoglycan. B important producer (first trophic level) in the form of
represents the cell membrane. phytoplanktons in aquatic ecosystem. These are the
C represents the genetic material (DNA) present as main source of food for aquatic animals.
nucleoid. 39 (b) The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are
Part D indicates the process of binary fission, by which indestructible (i.e. do not decay easily). These were
a mature cell divides into two equal daughter cells. collected over millions of years on the sea floors, called
27 (b) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise diatomite or diatomaceous earth or silica gel.
various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites These deposits may extend for several hundred metres in
and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP certain areas. Thus, silica gel is obtained from diatoms.
production. They play an important role in the recycling 41 (d) Diatomite or diatomaceous earth is used as a cleaning
of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulphur. agent in metal polishes, filtration of oil and syrup, etc.
28 (c) Green sulphur bacteria are anaerobic bacteria. They It has no role in biogas production.
do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Such 42 (c) In chrysophytes, the cell wall forms two thin
type of photosynthesis is known as anoxygenic overlapping shells, which fit together as in case of a
photosynthesis. These bacteria do not use water as a soap box.
source of reducing power. Instead, hydrogen is obtained
from hydrogen sulphide. The entire photosynthetic These walls are embedded with silica and thus, are
process of a green sulphur bacteria can be represented indestructible.
by the following reactions 43 (b) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans and they
H2 S → 2[H] + S contribute 40% of marine primary productivity. They
Hydrogen constitute a major group of unicellular eukaryotic
sulphide microalgae and are among the most common types of
Light phytoplanktons.
6CO2 + 12H2  → C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O
Enzymes 44 (d) In dinoflagellates, the two flagella are dissimilar
29 (b) Citrus canker is a disease, which affects citrus (heterodont), one is transverse flagellum and other is
plants. It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri. longitudinal flagellum. The longitudinal flagellum is
30 (c) Mycoplasma is the triple layered smallest living narrow, smooth, directed posteriorly and lies in the
cells. It does not have definite cell wall. It is an sulcus.
anaerobic organism. It cause diseases in plants (little The transverse flagellum is ribbon-like and lies in
leaf of brinjal) as well as in animals (pleuromorphic annulus. The two types of flagella beat in different
pneumonia in man). directions.
45 (c) In dinoflagellates, cells are generally covered by a 67 (a) The body of a fungus (except yeast) is made up of
rigid coat, the theca or lorica of articulated and a number of elongated , tubular filaments known as
sculptured plates formed of cellulose. Because of the hyphae. The network of hyphae is called mycelium.
presence of sculptured plates, these protists are often
68 (a) The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, the
known as armoured dinoflagellates.
second most abundant carbohydrate. It is a
46 (c) The given figure is of a dinoflagellate. For these, homopolymer of N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) joined
option (c) is incorrect and can be corrected as with β 1-4 linkages. NAG is a modification of glucose
Dinoflagellates have two flagella, one lying molecule.
longitudinally and other transversally in a furrow 69 (b) Option (b) is wrong for fungi and can be
between wall plates. corrected as
48 (b) Some dinoflagellates (e.g. Gonyaulax catenella) are In fungi, cell wall contains chitin or cellulose along
poisonous to vertebrates. When they are present in large with other polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Only in
numbers, they produce a toxin called saxitoxin into the some fungi, e.g. Phytophthora or other oomycetes a
sea water, which kills fishes and other marine animals. purely cellulosic cell wall is present. Rest of the
50 (c) Plant-like nutrition is present in Euglena. In options are correct.
euglenoids, the nutrition is holophytic 70 (a) Yeasts are unicellular, degenerated, non-mycelial,
(photoautotrophic), saprozoic or holozoic. The saprophytic fungi possessing no hyphae. But
photoautotrophs or holophytic forms possess chloroplasts sometimes, chain of buds is formed during rapid
with or without pyrenoids. In Euglena, photosynthetic growth, which may give false appearance of a
pigments include chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b.
mycelium and is called as pseudomycelium.
51 (c) Slime moulds lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic.
71 (b) The coenocytic condition of hyphae arises due to
These generally, live as saprotrophs except a few, which
continued nuclear division without undergoing
are parasites on algae, other fungi and flowering plants.
cytokinesis which makes the hyphae multinucleate. If
52 (b) The free-living thalloid body of the acellular slime the whole mycelium is without septum, the name is
moulds is called plasmodium. It is the wall less mass of called coenocytic.
multinucleate protoplasm, covered by slime.
74 (c) The symbiotic association of a fungus with the root
53 (b) Under favourable conditions slime moulds form an of a higher plant is known as mycorrhiza. The fungus
aggregation called plasmodium, which may grow and is dependent upon the higher plants for shelter and
spread over several feet. During unfavourable conditions, food and in turn fixes phosphorus for the host plant.
the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies
75 (a) The fungal mycelium of mycorrhiza in soil plays a
bearing spores at their tips. These spores are extremely
highly important role in absorbing and transferring
resistant and survive for many years.
inorganic (mineral) ions, especially, phosphorus and
54 (b) The figure represents a saprophytic protist organism, nitrogen from the soil to the plant, it is associated with
i.e. slime mould. These occur over dead and decomposed helping in its proper growth.
matter engulfing organic matter.
76 (d) In fungi, vegetative reproduction occurs by
55 (d) Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in having fragmentation, budding, fission, sclerotia and
two types of nuclei. rhizomorphs but not through protonema. Protonema
These two nuclei are usually of different size, i.e. one is refers to the earliest stage of life cycle in moss.
meganucleus and the other is micronucleus. The former 77 (b) In fungi, asexual reproduction occurs through the
controls metabolism whereas the latter is concerned with formation of spores, e.g. zoospores, sporangiospores,
reproduction, e.g. Paramecium. chlamydospores, oidia, conidia, etc. Oospore is a
62 (a) Trypanosoma gambiense causes gambian sleeping sexual structure.
sickness. It was first observed by Forde in 1901. Bruce 78 (d) Fungi show sexual reproduction by oospores,
discovered that the parasite of sleeping sickness is ascospores and basidiospores. These various spores are
transmitted by tse-tse fly. produced in distinct sturctures called fruiting bodies.
63 (c) The most characteristic feature of Paramecium is the 80 (a) Plasmogamy is the first stage of sexual
presence of large number of cilia on its entire body reproduction in which the cytoplasm of two sex cells
surface. Paramecium uses these cilia for locomotion and fuse with each other.
capturing of food.
81 (b) Karyogamy is the fusion of two compatible nuclei
64 (d) Sporozoans include diverse organisms which have brought together as a result of plasmogamy.
an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle.
82 (d) Only option (d) represents the correct sequence of
66 (d) Option (d) contains the incorrectly named and Class → Mycelium → Fruiting body.
described organism. Noctiluca is a colourless Other options can be corrected as
dinoflagellate famous for bioluminescence and is called
as sea tinkle. Rest are correctly matched.
l
Phycomycetes → Aseptate and coenocytic mycelium
→ Fruiting bodies are not reported
 l
Ascomycetes → Branched and septate mycelium 104 (d) Basidiomycetes includes not only mushrooms, toad
→ Ascocarps stools, puffballs, jelly fungi and shelf fungi, but also
l
Basidiomycetes → Branched and septate mycelium many important plant pathogens, like rusts and smuts.
→ Basidiocarp. All these fungi bear characteristic fruiting bodies called
83 (b) In some fungi, during sexual reproduction, the basidiocarps.
cytoplasm of two cells fuses, but the two nuclei per cell 105 (d) The Alternaria sp., are imperfect filamentous fungi
do not. This results in the formation of an intervening belonging to the class–Deuteromycetes.
dikaryon or binucleate condition and the phase is called 106 (a) Ustilago and Puccinia are the common parasites
dikaryophase of fungus. included in Basidiomycetes. Puccinia graminis tritici
85 (d) The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore causes black rust of wheat, while Ustilago causes
formation and type of fruiting bodies are the basis for destructive smut diseases in most of the cereal plants.
the division of the kingdom–Fungi into four classes, i.e. 107 (a) In Deuteromycetes, the mycelium is septate and
(i) Phycomycetes (ii) Ascomycetes branched. Coenocytic forms are not known in
(iii) Basidiomycetes (iv) Deuteromycetes Deuteromycetes.
86 (b) Rhizopus (black bread mould) is included in the 108 (a) The imperfecti fungi, which are decomposers of
class–Phycomycetes. It is the common saprotrophic litter and help in mineral cycling belong to the class
fungi that attack a variety of food stuffs. Deuteromycetes.
87 (c) Coenocytic, multinucleate and aseptate mycelium is They are fungi, which do not fit into the commonly
found in class–Phycomycetes, e.g. Albugo. established taxonomic classification of fungi. They
include all those fungi in which the perfect stage (sexual
89 (c) In Phycomycetes asexual reproduction occurs stage) is not reported.
through motile zoospores or through non-motile
aplanospores, endogenously produced in the respective 109 (a) Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores
sporangium. known as conidia. These are non-motile fungal
mitospores, which are produced exogenously from the
92 (d) Agaricus belongs to the class–Basidiomycetes. tips and sides of the hyphae called conidiophores.
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both
edible and poisonous species. Rest all belong to the 112 (b) Option (b) is the correct match. Rest of incorrect
Phycomycetes. matches can be corrected as
93 (b) The mycelium of the Rhizopus is distinguishable (i) Phytophthora belongs to Phycomycetes (algal
into three types of hyphae namely, rhizoidal hyphae, fungi). They contain either unicellular thallus or
stolons and sporangiophores. The mycelium is aseptate, non-septate coenocytic mycelium.
branched and multinucleate (coenocytic). They are mostly plant damaging oomycetes (water
94 (b) Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac fungi, molds).
due to their sac-like appendage which holds the spores. (iii) Mucor also belong to Phycomycetes. They have
95 (b) Ascomycetes can be unicellular, e.g. yeast or mycelium which is coenocytic (multinucleate)
multicellular, e.g. Penicillium. and profusely branched. They reproduce
vegetatively via conjugation.
96 (d) Members of Ascomycetes are saprophytic,
decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on (iv) Agaricus belongs to Basidiomycetes (where
dung). karyogamy and meiosis occur). They contain
well-developed filaments, branched and septate
98 (a) Neurospora is widely used in genetics as a model mycelium. They are saprophytic, but not parasitic.
organism because it reproduces quickly, is easy to
culture and can survive on minimal media. 113 (a) Option (a) contains the incorrect match and can be
corrected as
99 (b) Morels and truffles differ widely in their form and
behaviour. The morels resemble mushrooms to the Morels and truffles are belong to class–Ascomycetes.
extent that they have a cap borne upon a central stem, Rest of the matches are correct.
while the truffles form solid, round balls, which grow 114 (b) In plants, nutrition is typically autotrophic. A few
underground. These are the edible Ascomycetes plants, such as Drocera and Nepenthes, are
members. Both morels and truffles, represent some of insectivorous to get additional nitrogen and hence are
the most highly priced edible mushrooms in the world. partially heterotrophic.
102 (b) The class–Basidiomycetes include those members 115 (d) Insectivorous plants can capture and digest live
that produce their basidia and basidiospores on or in a prey, to obtain nitrogen compounds that are lacking in
basidiocarp. In Basidiomycetes, the mycelium is their usual marshy habitat, e.g. bladderwort, Venus
branched and septate. flytrap, Nepenthes.
103 (d) In Basidiomycetes, vegetative reproduction takes 116 (a) Cuscuta is a parasitic plant. It has no chlorophyll
place by fragmentation. It is a form of asexual and cannot make its own food by photosynthesis.
reproduction, where a new organism grows from a Instead, it grows on other plants using their nutrients for
fragment of the parent. its growth.
117 (c) Plants show alternation of generation, i.e. life cycle proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome and
of plants has two distinct phase, the haploid may have relatively simple or elaborated structure.
gametophytic and diploid sporophytic that alternate 141 (b) Viroids were discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a
with each other. new infectious agents which were smaller than viruses.
120 (d) The kingdom–Animalia includes sponges, corals, Viroids lack capsid and does not have proteins
worms, insects, snails, starfishes, bony fishes, frogs, associated with them.
lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds and mammals. 142 (d) Viroids differ from viruses in having RNA
These organisms are heterotrophic, multicellular, molecules without protein coat. Viruses on the other
eukaryotes without chlorophyll. Heterotrophic hand posses DNA or RNA with a protein coat as their
organisms cannot synthesise their own food. genetic material.
121 (a) Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in Viruses can infect a wide range of organisms including
animals and humans. Glycogen is synthesised and plants, animals or bacteria, while viroids infect only
stored mainly in the liver and the muscles in body. plants.
Excess amount of glucose in blood is converted into fat. 143 (b) Lichen is a structurally organised entity consisting
Hence, glycogen is the reserve food material in animals. of a permanent association of a fungus and an alga. The
122 (d) Option (d) is not a feature of the animal kingdom. fungal component of a lichen is called mycobiont and
Kingdom–Animalia consists of achlorophyllous the algal component is called phycobiont.
organisms. Members of kingdom–Plantae are 144 (d) The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining
chlorophyllous. water. It provides a large surface area for the absorption
125 (d) Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular organisms, of mineral nutrients and also helps in anchorage.
which are not characterised or classified under any of 145 (a) The algal or cyanobacterial cells are photosynthetic
the classes described by Whittaker. and possess the green pigment, chlorophyll enabling
126 (c) Viruses are considered as living or alive by some them to use sunlight’s energy to make their own food
biologists because they have the capability to utilise the from water and CO2 through photosynthesis. They also
host cell machinery for multiplying their numbers or provide vitamins to the fungus.
reproducing. In the process, they affect the normal 146 (a) Lichens are useful bioindicators for air pollution,
stable condition of their host (i.e. they cause disease). especially sulphur dioxide pollution, since they derive
127 (b) The tobacco mosaic virus is a long, slender and their water and essential nutrients mainly from the
rod-shaped. It is a complex structure made up of atmosphere rather than from soil.
nucleoprotein (the protein and nucleic acid). The central 147 (d) In primary succession on rocks, lichens secrete
core of ribonucleic acid is surrounded by virus protein. acids to dissolve rock, help in weathering and soil
129 (c) The genetic material of viruses could be either RNA formation. Thus, lichens are pioneer species to colonise
the bare rock.
or DNA (both ds and ss). No virus contains both RNA
and DNA. In general, viruses that infects plants have 148 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
ssRNA and viruses that infect animals have either the correct explanation of Assertion.
single or double-stranded RNA or ds DNA. The two kingdom system of classification was used till
132 (a) Viruses are also known as nucleoprotein particles. very recently. This system did not distinguish between
The nucleic acid of virus is surrounded by a protein the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and
shell called capsid. multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green
algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
133 (d) The latest view for the origin of virus is that many Classification of organisms into plants and animals was
scientists believe that viruses are modified plasmids, easily done and was easy to understand, inspite of the
which are the fragments of the nucleic acids of the host. fact that, a large number of organisms did not fall into
Their genome fractions escaped and got inducted into either category. Hence, the two kindgom classification,
new host cells. was found to be inadequate.
135 (d) Viruses are known as the connecting link between 149 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
non-living and living beings. They are thought to be be corrected as
non-living as they do not show any sign of life outside
Five kingdom classification has proposed by RH
the host and are able to get crystallised.
Whittaker. The classification differentiated between the
136 (a) In humans, viruses cause various diseases like heterotrophic group, fungi and the autotrophic green
AIDS (HIV virus), mumps (paramyxovirus), smallpox plants, as they showed a characteristic difference in
(variola virus), herpes (HSVI) and influenza (RNA their wall composition–the fungi had chitin, while the
viruses of the family–Orthomyxoviridae). Thus, option green plants had cellulose in their cell walls. Thus, he
(a) depicts the correct group of viral diseases. placed them in separate kingdoms.
138 (d) Cauliflower mosaic virus is one of only a few 150 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
double-stranded DNA plant viruses. be corrected as
139 (b) Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates Euglena is a green-coloured, single-celled organism,
within a bacteria. Bacteriophages are composed of which moves like animals . Some taxonomists
 considered it as a plant and included it in the plant association between archaebacteria and eubacteria, i.e.
kingdom on the basis of the presence of chlorophyll, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia).
while others, included it in the animal kingdom along 159 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
with the flagellated protozoans because of the corrected as
occurrence of locomotion by flagella. It was classified Chlorella and Chlamydomonas both have cell walls.
as a protist later by RH Whittaker in his five kingdom Rest statements are correct.
classification.
160 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
151 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be corrected as
corrected as
Bacteria occur almost everywhere. They have a very
Fungi are wide spread in distribution. These may be simple structure, but a very complex behaviour. Rest of
epiphytic, saprophytic, symbiotic and parasitic. Fungi the statements are correct.
lack chlorophyll pigments and hence do not have
162 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect about
autotrophic mode of nutrition. These are heterotrophs.
methanogens and can be corrected as
152 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. The bacteria, which grow anaerobically, on cellulosic
material and produce large amount of methane along
In fungi, there is gradual and progressive simplification with CO2 and H2 are collectively called as
and ultimate elimination of the sexual apparatus from methanogens. Rest of the statements are correct.
the lower to higher forms of fungi. In case of algae, the
sexual apparatus increases in complexity from simple to 163 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct. All
higher forms. archaebacteria share certain key characteristics like
(i) Their cell wall lacks peptidoglycans (important
153 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
component of cell wall of eubacteria).
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(ii) Archaebacteria have distinct ribosomal RNA
Viruses are active only when they are inside the living
sequence.
host cells as viruses do not possess any replicating
property and require a host to replicate its genetic (iii) Some genes of archaebacteria possess introns,
material. Outside the host, they are as good as chemical unlike other bacteria.
substances. Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
corrected as
154 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
Archaea neither completely resembles prokarya and
the correct explanation of Assertion.
eukarya nor it completely differs from them.
Polluted water bodies have high abundance of Nostoc
and Oscillatoria. This is because cyanobacteria or 164 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
blue-green bacteria such as Nostoc and Oscillatoria can corrected as
tolerate adverse conditions due to the presence of Binary fission is the common method of bacterial
mucilage covering, resistant proteins and the absence of multiplication under favourable conditions. In this
sap vacoules. method, a mature bacterial cell divides equally form two
daughter cells. They show sexual reproduction also.
155 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be
Rest of the statements are correct.
corrected as
Slime moulds are called as fungus like animals because 165 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
they possess characters of both the animals and fungi. corrected as
Their spores possess a true cell wall. Eubacteria are also called true bacteria.
156 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is Rest of the statements are correct.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. 166 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct. Rest of the
Kingdom–Plantae consists of autotrophic organisms, i.e. statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
those which are capable of manufacturing their own Influenza and herpes are caused by virus having RNA
food. Thus, all the members contain chlorophyll and are and DNA, respectively.
eukaryotic. Nostoc and Anabaena are examples of free-living
However, certain insectivores additionally depend on nitrogen-fixers.
insect for meeting their nitrogen requirement. Such Methanogens are methane producing bacteria found in
plants are called insectivorous and are partially marshy areas and paddy fields not in wheat crops.
heterotrophic. 167 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
157 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is corrected as
not the correct explanation of Assertion. Fimbriae and pili are fine hair-like appendages used by
Three domain system or six kingdom system of bacteria for attachment rather than motility.
classification is a biological system of classification Rest of the statements are correct.
which divides organisms based on cellular 168 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect about
characteristics. The three domains are, archaea mycoplasma and can be corrected as
(primitive prokaryotes), bacteria and eukarya
They can survive without oxygen.
(eukaryotic organisms originating from endosymbiotic
Rest of the statements are correct.
169 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be and produce chemicals required for their own
corrected as multiplication. Rest of the statements are correct.
Diatoms are single-celled, plant-like protists that 181 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
produce intricately structured cell walls made up of corrected as
silica (SiO2 ). Thus, their walls are indestructible. Viroids were discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a new
Rest of the statements are correct. infectious agent that was smaller than virus.
170 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct about Rest of the statements are correct.
euglenoid. Rest of the statements are incorrect and can 183 (b) Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is
be corrected as incorrect and can be corrected as
Euglenoids occur in freshwater habitats. Archaebacteria are characterised by the absence of
They contain the photosynthetic pigments, peptidoglycan in their wall. Instead, their cell wall
chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b like plants. contains proteins and non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
Euglena when placed in continuous darkness, behaves, 187 (b) The statements given correspond to slime moulds.
as heterotroph by predating on other smaller organisms Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. In slime moulds,
to survive. spores possess true walls. The spores are dispersed by
171 (d) The statement in option (d) is incorrect and can be air. They are extremely resistant and survive for many
corrected as years even under adverse conditions.
Desmids are mainly found in freshwater and are usually 189 (b) Statements I, II, III and VI are correct. Statements
indication of clean (unpolluted) water. IV and V are incorrect and can be corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct. l
Some unicellular fungi like yeast, are used to make
173 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct. Rest of the bread and beer. Ustilago is responsible for smut
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as disease.
l
Slime moulds are diploid, e.g. Physarum. l
Puccinia graminis tritici is responsible for black rust of
l
Dinoflagellates are motile, e.g. Noctiluca, wheat.
Peridinium, etc. 195 (b) Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is
l
The body of Euglena is covered with pellicle. incorrect and can be corrected as
174 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be Kingdom–Plantae includes algae, bryophytes,
corrected as pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
In Ascomycetes, the mycelium is well-developed and 198 (c) Statement II is correct about virus. Statements I, III
branched. The hyphae are septate and multicellular. and IV are incorrect and can be corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct. Viruses are obligate parasites and cannot be cultured on
175 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and it can be an arificial medium. If a mixture of viruses and bacteria
corrected as is filtered through a bacterial proof filter, the viruses
Yeast is a unicellular sac fungus which lacks will pass through into the filtrate in the flask as they
filamentous structures or hyphae. However, they may are smaller than bacteria. Viruses are made up of
form short temporary filamentous structure called proteins and DNA or RNA.
pseudomycelium. 200 (a) Statement I is true, but II is false and it can be
Rest of the statements are correct. corrected as
176 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct. Bacterial viruses or Bacteriophages have commonly
double-stranded DNA, but all the other genome types
Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
can also occur in them.
corrected as
l
Algal component of lichens is called phycobiont. 217 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and it can be
corrected as
l
Fungal component of lichens is called mycobiont.
l
Lichens are good pollution indicators. Thus, their The kindgom–Plantae includes eukaryotic, mainly
population reduces in highly polluted area. multicellular photosynthetic organisms.
Rest of the statements are correct.
179 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect about plants.
It can be corrected as 218 (b) Protista is the group of containing unicellular
Plants are autotrophic and make their own food through eukaryotic plants and animals. The organisms included
photosynthesis. Rest other statements are correct. in this group are either photoautotrophs, heterotrophs or
parasites.
180 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
corrected as 219 (d) Slime moulds are saprophytic protists, which move
The infective constituent in virus is their genetic along the dead leaves and engulf organic material.
material, i.e. either DNA or RNA and not protein. They These are multinucleated and do not possess cell wall
take over the biosynthetic machinery of the host cell and have naked cytoplasm.
220 (a) The difference between a virus and a viroid is that a 225 (b) MW Beijerinck proposed contagium vivum fluidum
virus contains DNA or RNA as genetic material and a means contagious living fluid. This phrase was first
protein coat, whereas viroids have no protein coat and used to describe virus, characteristic in escaping from
contain only RNA as their nucleic acid. the finest mesh available.
221 (d) In the five kingdom system of classification of DJ Ivanowsky was a Russian botanist who discovered
Whittaker, non-cellular organisms like viruses and the filterable nature of viruses and one of the founder of
viroids are not mentioned. Viruses did not find a place virology.
in any system of classification since, they are Stanley Miller was a Jewish American chemist
non-cellular and not truly ‘living’. experimented on origin of life.
222 (c) Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association between a Robert Hooke was the first to study and record cells
fungus and the roots of a higher plants like using his primitive microscope.
gymnosperms and angiosperms. 226 (b) Dikaryon is a cell containing two nucleus. This
Whereas lichens are the symbiotic association between results when two somatic cells fuse, but their nucleus
algae and fungi. Ferns are group of plants, belong to does not fuse immediately. These are found in
pteridophytes like other vascular plants and BGA is Basidiomycetes.
blue-green algae with a prokaryotic cell. 227 (c) Lichens are dual organisms, which has a permanent
223 (a) RH Whittaker (1969) an American taxonomist in symbiotic association of fungus and an alga. The fungal
order to develop phylogenetic classification divided partner is called mycobiont and the algal partner is
organisms into five kingdoms, i.e. called phycobiont.
(i) Monera (ii) Protista Mycorrhiza is association of fungus with roots, but not
(iii) Fungi (iv) Plantae with an algae, while BGA or blue-green alga is a
(v) Animalia member of Monera having a prokaryotic cell.
Thus, RH Whittaker proposed the five kingdom system 228 (c) Plasmogamy means fusion of protoplasm and
of classification. karyogamy means fusion of nucleus. These two events
l
Whereas, C Linnaeus developed two kingdom system of lead to the formation of zygote (2n) which is a diploid
classification, i.e. structure where meiosis takes place. Thus, option (c)
gives the correct sequence of events with respect to
(i) kingdom–Plantae fungal sexual cycle.
(ii) kingdom–Animalia
229 (d) Phycomycetes are the members of fungi that can
l
Virchow is associated with the discovery of cell theory. thrive well on dead and decaying wood as saprophytes.
224 (b) Halophiles are organisms that live in areas of high These prefer to live in moist and damp places and need
concentration of salts. The name halophiles is originated water for the movement of zoospores and sexual
from the greek word that means ‘salt loving’. gametes.
Heliophytes are the plants that grow best in sunlight Few members of Phycomycetes are obligate parasites
and cannot survive in salty conditions. like Phytophthora infestans causing late blight of potato
Methanogens are the bacteria that produces methane as and Peronospora viticola causing downy mildew of
a metabolic byproducts in anaerobic conditions. grapes.
Thermoacidophiles are archaebacteria striving under Thus, Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats, on
strong acidic environments and high temperatures, but decaying wood, in moist and damp places and also as
cannot tolerate high salt concentrations around them. obligate parasite, on plants.