Entry Number Word Part of speech Pronunciation

1 urgent adj /ˈɜːdʒənt/

2 underestimate v /ˌʌndərˈestəmeɪt/

3 conducive adj /kənˈdjuːsɪv/

4 potential n /pəˈtenʃəl/

5 distract v /dɪˈstrækt/

6 impact n /ˈɪmpækt/

7 ensure v /ɪnˈʃʊə/

8 alternate v /ˈɔːltəneɪt/

9 consolidate v /kənˈsɒlədeɪt/

10 reinforce v /ˌriːənˈfɔːs/
11 capacity n /kəˈpæsəti/

12 focus v /ˈfəʊkəs/

13 reaction n /riˈækʃən/
14 retain v /rɪˈteɪn/

15 conduct v /kənˈdʌkt/

16 demonstrate v /ˈdemənstreɪt/

17 ambitious adj /æmˈbɪʃəs/

18 obedient adj /əˈbiːdiənt/

19 eager adj /ˈiːɡə/

20 inspire v /ɪnˈspaɪə/

21 dedicated adj /ˈdedəkeɪtəd/

22 climb v /klaɪm/
23 decline v /dɪˈklaɪn/

24 grow v /ɡrəʊ/

25 stable adj /ˈsteɪbəl/

26 resolve v /rɪˈzɒlv/

27 alternative n /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/

28 contemporary n /kənˈtempərəri, -pəri/

29 depict v /dɪˈpɪkt/

30 pace n /peɪs/

31 intricate adj /ˈɪntrɪkət/

32 recognition n /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/

33 fundamental adj /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/

34 resemble v /rɪˈzembəl/

35 eventually adv /ɪˈventʃuəli, -tʃəli/

36 disperse v /dɪˈspɜːs/

37 adjacent adj /əˈdʒeɪsənt/

38 property n /ˈprɒpəti/

39 disorder n /dɪsˈɔːdə/
Definition Example sentence
very important and needing to be dealt with The report called for urgent action to reduce lead in
immediately petrol.
to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, We underestimated how long it would take to get
easier etc than it really is there.

if a situation is conducive to something such as work,

rest etc, it provides conditions that make it easy for The teachers have created an environment conducive
you to work etc to learning.

if people or things have potential, they have a natural

ability or quality that could develop to make them
very good She has the potential to become a champion.

to take someone’s attention away from something by The students were distracted by a commotion in the
making them look at or listen to something else corridor outside.
the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has Higher mortgage rates have already had a major impact
on someone or something on spending.
The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen
to make certain (that something will happen properly) quickly.

if two things alternate, or if you alternate them, they

happen one after the other in a repeated pattern She alternated between outrage and sympathy.
to combine things in order to make them more We consolidate information from a wide range of
effective or easier to deal with sources.
to give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and The film reinforces the idea that women should be
make it stronger pretty and dumb.
someone’s ability to do something Dogs have an infinite capacity for love.
to give special attention (to one particular person or
thing), or to make (people) do this She tried to focus her mind on her work.
something that you feel or do because of something What was Jeff’s reaction when you told him about the
that has happened or been said job?
to remember (information) I find it very difficult to retain facts.

to carry out (a particular activity or process), Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on

especially in order to get information or prove facts animals?
to show that you have (a particular ability, quality, or
feeling) He has demonstrated an ability to meet deadlines.
an ambitious plan, idea etc shows a desire to do The bridge is one of the country's most ambitious
something good but difficult engineering projects.
always doing what you are told to do, or what the When I ask you to do something, I expect you all to be
law, a rule etc says you must do obedient.
very keen and excited about something that is going
to happen or about something you want to do He’s a bright kid and eager to learn.
to give someone the idea for something, especially a The story was inspired by a chance meeting with an old
story, painting, poem etc Russian duke.
someone who is dedicated works very hard at what She is a dedicated teacher who wants the very best for
they do because they care a lot about it her students.

to move up, down, or across something using your

feet and hands, especially when this is difficult to do They climbed up into the loft of the old barn.
to decrease in quantity or importance After the war, the city declined in importance.

to increase in amount, size, number, or strength Sales of new cars grew by 10% last year.

steady and not likely to move or change A wide base will make the structure much more stable.
to find a satisfactory way of dealing with (a problem
or difficulty) The crisis was resolved by negotiations.
something you can choose to do or use instead of
something else Is there a viable alternative to the present system?
someone who lived or was in a particular place at the Oswald was much admired by his contemporaries at
same time as someone else the Academy.

to describe something or someone in writing or

speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc His book depicted life in pre-revolutionary Russia.
The pace of change in our lives is becoming faster and
the speed at which something happens or is done faster.
containing many small parts or details that all work or
fit together The farmers use an intricate system of drainage canals.

the act of knowing someone or something because

you have known or learned about them in the past He stared at her, but there was no sign of recognition.
relating to the most basic and important parts of
something A fundamental change is needed in the voting system.
The ancient tools discovered in Ethiopia strongly
to look like or be similar to (someone or something) resemble those found in Tanzania.
after a long time, or after a lot of things have He eventually escaped and made his way back to
happened England.
if something disperses or is dispersed, it spreads in
different directions over a wide area The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.
a room, building, piece of land etc that is adjacent to
something is next to it We stayed in adjacent rooms.

a quality or power that a substance, plant etc has This herb has healing properties.
a mental or physical illness which prevents part of
your body from working properly He suffers from a rare disorder of the liver.
Module

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Word Part of speech Pronunciation

endure v /ɪnˈdjʊə/

starvation n /stɑːˈveɪʃən/

consequence n /ˈkɒnsəkwəns/

simultaneously adv /ˌsɪməlˈteɪniəsli/

resource n /rɪˈzɔːs, -ˈsɔs/

community n /kəˈmjuːnəti/

shift v /ʃɪft/

infectious adj /ɪnˈfekʃəs/

straightforward adj /ˌstreɪtˈfɔːwəd/

proportionally adv /prəˈpɔːʃənəli/

imply v /ɪmˈplaɪ/

attribute v /əˈtrɪbjuːt/

livelihood n /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/

crop n /krɒp/

nutrition n /njuːˈtrɪʃən/

emerge v /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/

settle v /ˈsetl/
die out phr v /ˌdaɪ ˈaʊt/

addition n /əˈdɪʃən/

destroy v /dɪˈstrɔɪ/

extract v /ɪkˈstrækt/

archaeological adj /ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/

breeding n /ˈbriːdɪŋ/

invasive adj /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/

stunning adj /ˈstʌnɪŋ/

remote adj /rɪˈməʊt/

bustling adj /ˈbʌsəlɪŋ/

unspoilt adj /ˌʌnˈspɔɪlt/

tranquil adj /ˈtræŋkwəl/

species n sing or pl /ˈspiːʃiːz/

habitat n /ˈhæbətæt/

diversity n /daɪˈvɜːsəti/

niche n /niːʃ/
drift v /drɪft/
extinct adj /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/

charismatic adj /ˌkærəzˈmætɪk/

soil n /sɔɪl/

nutrient n /ˈnjuːtriənt/
predator n /ˈpredətə/

eradicate v /ɪˈrædəkeɪt/
Definition
to be in (a difficult or painful situation) for a long time without
complaining

suffering or death caused by lack of food

something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of
conditions

things that happen simultaneously happen at exactly the same time

something such as useful land, or minerals such as oil or coal, that

exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth

the people who live in the same area, town etc

to change (a situation, discussion etc) by giving special attention to
one idea or subject instead of to a previous one
an infectious illness can be passed from one person to another,
especially through the air you breathe
simple and easy to understand

something that is related proportionally to something else is in the

correct or most suitable relationship to it in size, amount,
importance etc
if a fact, event etc implies something, it shows that it is likely to be
true

to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something

the way you earn money in order to live

a plant such as wheat, rice, or fruit that is grown by farmers and
used as food
the process of giving or getting the right type of food for good health
and growth

to begin to be known or noticed

to go to a place where no people have lived permanently before and
start to live there
to disappear or stop existing completely
something that is added to something else, often in order to improve
it
to damage (something) so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be
used or repaired
to carefully remove (a substance) from something which contains it,
using a machine, chemical process etc
related to the study of ancient societies by examining what remains
of their buildings, graves, tools etc
the activity of keeping animals or plants in order to produce animals
or plants that have particular qualities
an invasive plant spreads quickly in a garden or other area, so that it
becomes a problem
extremely attractive or beautiful

far from towns or other places where people live

a bustling place is very busy
an unspoiled place is beautiful because it has not changed for a long
time and does not have a lot of new buildings
pleasantly calm, quiet, and peaceful
a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can
breed together to produce young animals or plants

the natural home of a plant or animal

the fact of including many different types of people or things

if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very suitable
for you
to move slowly on water or in the air
an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist any more
having a natural ability to attract and interest other people and
make them admire you
the top layer of the earth in which plants grow
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or
animals to live and grow
an animal that kills and eats other animals
to completely get rid of (something such as a disease or a social
problem)
Example sentence Module
The victims of this war have endured tremendous pain and
suffering. 2

People dying of starvation because of the war in the country. 2

Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of
overpopulation. 2
The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and
radio. 2

Botswana expressed growing concern over its dwindling food

resources. 2
75% of the population live in small communities of fewer than
450 people. 2
The White House hopes to shift the media’s attention away from
foreign policy issues. 2

Flu is highly infectious. 2

Installing the program is relatively straightforward. 2

The punishment should be proportionally related to the

seriousness of the crime. 2
The high level of radiation in the rocks implies that they are
volcanic in origin. 2
The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally
attributed to improvements in diet. 2

Fishing is the main livelihood for many people in the area. 2

The main crops were oats and barley. 2

Many homeless people suffer from poor nutrition. 2

They belonged to a religious sect that emerged in the 1830s. 2

Many Jewish people settled in the Lower East Side. 2

The wild population of koalas is in danger of dying out. 2
This excellent book will be a welcome addition to the library of
any student. 2
Some of these companies are polluting and destroying the
environment. 2

Oils are extracted from the plants. 2

She worked on an archaeological site in the centre of York. 2

Benson took great care in selecting breeding stock (=animals you
keep to breed from). 2
Invasive species have colonised the area, making it difficult for
native species to flourish. 2
You look absolutely stunning in that dress. 2

A fire in a remote mountain area could turn into a disaster. 2

The flower market was bustling with shoppers. 2
The unspoilt countryside of Wales is one of my favourite areas
for a holiday. 2
We stayed in a small, tranquil village in Tuscany. 2

This species of bird is found only in the Southern Hemisphere. 2

The grassland is an important habitat for many wild flowers. 2

Creating a pond in your garden encourages wildlife diversity. 2

Everyone has their own niche within the sales team. 2

The rubber raft drifted out to sea. 2
Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 2

Martin Luther King was a very charismatic speaker. 2

The soil here is very poor (=not good for growing crops). 2

The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil. 2

The tiger is one of the largest predators in the country. 2

The disease has been eradicated from most of Europe. 2

Word Part of speech Pronunciation

instinct n /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/

bond n /bɒnd/
urban adj /ˈɜːbən/

artificial adj /ˌɑːtəˈfɪʃəl/

healing n /ˈhiːlɪŋ/

indulge v /ɪnˈdʌldʒ/

widespread adj /ˈwaɪdspred/

intuitive adj /ɪnˈtjuːətɪv/

incidence n /ˈɪnsədəns/

exposure n /ɪkˈspəʊʒə/

initiative n /ɪˈŋɪʃətɪv/

empower v /ɪmˈpaʊə/

prevalence n /ˈprevələns/

pioneering adj /ˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋ/

irrelevant adj /ɪˈreləvənt/

outcome n /ˈaʊtkʌm/

priority n /praɪˈɒrəti/

threat n /θret/

tackle v /ˈtækəl/

conflicting adj /kənˈflɪktɪŋ/

consumption n /kənˈsʌmpʃən/

criticise v /ˈkrɪtəsaɪz/
underlying adj /ˌʌndəˈlaɪ-ɪŋ/

gratitude n /ˈɡrætətjuːd/

prescribe v /prɪˈskraɪb/
enhance v /ɪnˈhɑːns/

rely on v phr /rɪˈlaɪ ɒn/

apparently adv /əˈpærəntli/

undoubtedly adv /ʌnˈdaʊtədli/

undeniably adv /ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəbli/

sanitation n /ˌsænəˈteɪʃən/

vaccination n /ˌvæksəˈneɪʃən/

guilt n /ɡɪlt/

warning n /ˈwɔːnɪŋ/

disrupt v /dɪsˈrʌpt/

associate v /əˈsəʊʃieɪt, əˈsəʊsi-/

scale n /skeɪl/

anxiety n /æŋˈzaɪəti/

ignore v /ɪɡˈnɔː/

proven adj /ˈpruːvən, ˈprəʊvən/

Definition
a natural tendency to behave in a particular way or a natural ability to
know something, which is not learned
something that unites two or more people or groups, such as love, or a
shared interest or idea
relating to towns and cities

not real or not made of natural things

the treatment of illness using natural powers or prayer rather than
medicine

to take part (in an activity, especially an illegal one)

existing or happening in many places or situations, or among many people

an intuitive idea is based on a feeling rather than on knowledge or facts

the number of times something happens, especially crime, disease etc

the chance to experience new ideas, ways of life etc

an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a
particular problem

to give (a person or organisation) the legal right to do something

the condition of being common at a particular time, in a particular place, or
among a particular group of people

introducing new and better methods or ideas for the first time
not useful or not relating to a particular situation, and therefore not
important
the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc – used especially when no
one knows what it will be until it actually happens
the thing that you think is most important and that needs attention before
anything else

someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger

to try to deal with (a difficult problem)

conflicting ideas, beliefs, or opinions are different from each other and
cannot both be true

the act of eating or drinking

to express your disapproval of (someone or something), or to talk about

their faults
(of a cause, idea etc) most important, although not easily noticed
the feeling of being grateful (=wanting to thank someone because of
something kind that they have done)

to say what medicine or treatment a sick person should have

to improve (something)
to trust or depend on (someone or something) to do what you need or
expect them to do
used to say that you have heard that something is true, although you are
not completely sure about it

definitely true or known to be the case

definitely true or certain

the protection of public health by removing and treating waste, dirty water
etc

(the act of) giving someone a vaccine (=a substance which contains a weak
form of the bacteria or virus that causes a disease and is used to protect
people from that disease)
a strong feeling of shame and sadness because you know that you have
done something wrong

something, especially a statement, that tells you that something bad,

dangerous, or annoying might happen so that you can be ready or avoid it
to prevent (something) from continuing in its usual way by causing
problems
to make a connection in your mind (between one thing or person and
another)
a system of numbers that is used for measuring the amount, speed, quality
etc of something

the feeling of being very worried about something

to deliberately pay no attention to something that you have been told or
that you know about

tested and shown to be true or good, or shown to exist

Example sentence Module

Animals have a natural instinct for survival. 3

There is nothing so strong as the emotional bond
between mother and child. 3
Unemployment is higher in urban areas. 3
Energy is being wasted by using artificial lighting
when daylight is adequate. 3
The medical establishment is taking healing
increasingly seriously. 3
Women do not indulge in crime to the same
extent as men. 3
The report claimed that the problem of police
brutality was widespread. 3
He seemed to have an intuitive awareness of how
I felt. 3

Smokers had the highest incidence of colds. 3

The visit to Germany gave them exposure to the
language. 3
A government initiative to help exporters has
begun this month. 3
The President is empowered to appoint judges to
the Supreme Court. 3
Flu has greater prevalence during the winter
months. 3
She played a pioneering role in opening higher
education to women. 3

Students viewed Latin as boring and irrelevant. 3

It was impossible to predict the outcome of the
election. 3

The children are our first priority. 3

The fighting is a major threat to stability in the
region. 3

There is more than one way to tackle the problem. 3

Customers are being given conflicting advice by
manufacturers. 3
The consumption of alcohol on the premises is
forbidden. 3

Doctors have criticised the government for failing

to invest enough in the health service. 3
Stress is the underlying cause of many illnesses. 3
The committee expressed its gratitude for the
contribution he had made. 3
If these don’t work I may have to prescribe you
something stronger. 3
Good lighting will enhance any room. 3

Many people now rely on the Internet for news. 3

Apparently the company is losing a lot of money. 3

Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has
declined. 3

The situation is undeniably worse than it was. 3

Overcrowding and poor sanitation are common
problems in prisons. 3

These days you can get a flu vaccination at the

supermarket. 3
I had a lot of guilt about eating the whole cake
myself. 3

The cigarette packet carried warnings about the

dangers of smoking. 3

Traffic was disrupted by a hoax bomb. 3

What are the most common problems associated
with cancer treatment? 3
Your performance will be judged on a scale of 1 to
10. 3
There is growing public anxiety over levels of air
pollution in our cities. 3
There are some problems which we can’t afford to
ignore. 3
The manager wants to buy a player of proven
ability. 3
Word Part of speech Pronunciation
unprecedented adj /ʌnˈpresədentəd/

exploit v /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/

dispose v /dɪˈspəʊz/
discard v /dɪsˈkɑːd/

landfill n /ˈlændfɪl/
ownership n /ˈəʊnəʃɪp/

adverse adj /ˈædvɜːs/

diminish v /dəˈmɪnɪʃ/

sustainable adj /səˈsteɪnəbəl/

goods n pl /ɡʊdz/
wealth n /welθ/

concept n /ˈkɒnsept/

trigger v /ˈtrɪɡə/

outweigh v /aʊtˈweɪ/

assume v /əˈsjuːm/

contradict v /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/

scarcity n /ˈskeəsəti/

wasteful adj /ˈweɪstfəl/

compulsory adj /kəmˈpʌlsəri/

ecological footprint n phr /ˌiːkəlɒdʒɪkəl ˈfʊtprɪnt/

biodegradable adj /ˌbaɪəʊdɪˈɡreɪdəbəl/

facilities n pl /fəˈsɪlətiz/

domestic appliance n phr /dəˌmestɪk əˈplaɪəns/

awareness n /əˈweənəs/
illusion n /ɪˈluːʒən/

correspond v /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/

materialistic adj /məˌtɪəriəˈlɪstɪk/

status symbol n phr /ˈsteɪtəs ˌsɪmbəl/

utility n /juːˈtɪləti/

inclination n /ˌɪŋkləˈneɪʃən/

belongings n pl /bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz/

tendency n /ˈtendənsi/

traumatic adj /trɔːˈmætɪk/

diminish v /dəˈmɪnɪʃ/
envy n /ˈenvi/

affluent adj /ˈæfluənt/

boost n /buːst/

fulfilment n /fʊlˈfɪlmənt/

vague adj /veɪɡ/

precious adj /ˈpreʃəs/

Definition
never having happened before, or never having happened so much

to develop and use (minerals, forests, oil etc) for business or industry

to get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of

to get rid of something

a place where waste is buried under the ground

the fact of owning something

not good or favourable

to become or make (something) become smaller or less

able to continue for a long time

things that are produced in order to be sold

a large amount of money, property etc that a person or country owns

an idea of how something is, or how something should be done

if one event triggers another, it suddenly makes the second event happen

to be more important or valuable than (something else)

to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof
to disagree with (something or someone), especially by saying that the
opposite is true

a situation in which there is not enough of something

using more of something than you should, especially money, time, or effort
something that is compulsory must be done because it is the law or because
someone in authority orders you to
the effect that human activities have on the environment, caused by using up
its natural resources, pollution, waste etc

materials, chemicals etc that are biodegradable are changed naturally by

bacteria into substances that do not harm the environment

rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose

a piece of equipment, especially electrical equipment, such as a cooker or
washing machine, used in people’s homes

knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or situation

an idea or opinion that is wrong, especially about yourself
if two things or ideas correspond, the parts or information in one relate to the
parts or information in the other

concerned only with money and possessions rather than things of the mind
such as art, religion, or moral beliefs – used in order to show disapproval
something that you have or own that you think shows high social rank or
position

the quality of being useful, or the degree to which something is useful

a tendency to think or behave in a particular way

the things you own, especially things that you can carry with you
if someone or something has a tendency to do or become a particular thing,
they are likely to do or become it
a traumatic experience is so shocking and upsetting that it affects you for a
long time
to become or make (something) become smaller or less
the feeling of wanting something that someone else has

having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc

something that gives someone more confidence, or that helps something
increase, improve, or become successful
the feeling of being happy and satisfied with your life because you are doing
interesting, useful, or important things
unclear because someone does not give enough detailed information or does
not say exactly what they mean
something that is precious is valuable and important and should not be
wasted or used without care
Example sentence Module
Crime has increased on an unprecedented scale. 4
There is an urgent need to exploit the resources of the Irish
Sea. 4

This incinerator was built to dispose of toxic waste, 4

Discard any old cleaning materials. 4

There are some massive landfills on the outskirts of the city. 4

The price of home ownership is increasing. 4
They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial
markets. 4
The party’s share of the vote has diminished steadily. 4
The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic
growth. 4

There will be tax increases on a range of goods and services. 4

The country’s wealth comes from its oil. 4
This goes against our basic concepts of decent human
behaviour. 4

The incident triggered a wave of violence. 4

The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages. 4

I didn’t see your car, so I assumed you’d gone out. 4

Deborah opened her mouth to contradict him, but closed it
again. 4
He's out of work because of the scarcity of employment
opportunities. 4

It was wasteful of Lily to leave the light on. 4

Maths and English are compulsory for all students. 4

Businesses all over the world must attempt to reduce their
ecological footprint. 4

This carton is made of biodegradable plastic. 4

The company plans to set up in-house training facilities. 4

We carry out repairs on a range of domestic appliances. 4

Health officials have tried to raise awareness (=improve
people’s knowledge) about AIDS. 4
Alcohol gives people the illusion of being witty and confident. 4

The two halves of the document did not correspond. 4

That politician appeals only to the materialistic values of

American society. 4

A Rolls Royce is seen as a status symbol. 4

We often choose something because of how it looks rather
than its basic utility. 4

They have an inclination to see everything in political terms. 4

You need to take out an insurance policy that covers your
personal belongings. 4

The drug is effective but has a tendency to cause headaches. 4

His son’s death was the most traumatic event in Stan’s life. 4
The party’s share of the vote has diminished steadily. 4
I felt a twinge of envy when I saw them together. 4
Today’s affluent society contrasts sharply with the years
immediately after the war. 4

Add a little more vanilla, to give the flavour a boost. 4

Are you looking for greater fulfilment and satisfaction in your
work? 4

The governor gave only a vague outline of his tax plan. 4

We cannot afford to waste precious time. 4

Word Part of speech Pronunciation

automation n /ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃən/

vision n /ˈvɪʒən/

inform v /ɪnˈfɔːm/

install v /ɪnˈstɔːl/

frustrated adj /frʌˈstreɪtəd/

maintenance n /ˈmeɪntənəns/

accessible adj /əkˈsesəbəl/

dependable adj /dɪˈpendəbəl/

venture n /ˈventʃə/

differentiate v /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/
subsequent adj /ˈsʌbsəkwənt/

controversial adj /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl/

approximately adv /əˈprɒksəmətli/

thoroughly adv /ˈθʌrəli/

utterly adv /ˈʌtəli/

outdated adj /ˌaʊtˈdeɪtəd/

versatile adj /ˈvɜːsətaɪl/
conjecture n /kənˈdʒektʃə/
respondent n /rɪˈspɒndənt/

embrace v /ɪmˈbreɪs/

deny v /dɪˈnaɪ/

insist v /ɪnˈsɪst/

abundant adj /əˈbʌndənt/

dense adj /dens/

thrive v /θraɪv/
atmosphere n /ˈætməsfɪə/

survival n /səˈvaɪvəl/
race n /reɪs/
luxurious adj /lʌɡˈzjʊəriəs, ləɡˈʒʊəriəs/
obstacle n /ˈɒbstəkəl/
viable adj /ˈvaɪəbəl/
deadly adj /ˈdedli/

column n /ˈkɒləm/

affirm v /əˈfɜːm/
reasonable adj /ˈriːzənəbəl/

withstand v /wɪðˈstænd/
immense adj /ɪˈmens/

lifespan n /ˈlaɪfspæn/

fuel n /ˈfjuːəl/
Definition

the use of computers and machines instead of people to do a job

an idea of what you think something should be like

to officially tell (someone or something) about something or give
them information
to put (a piece of equipment) somewhere and connect it so that it is
ready to be used
feeling annoyed, upset, and impatient, because you cannot control or
change a situation, or achieve something
the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good
condition

easy to obtain or use

able to be trusted to do what you need or expect

a new business activity that involves taking risks

to be the quality, feature etc that makes one thing or person clearly
different from another
happening or coming after something else
causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong
opinions about the subject being discussed
close to an exact number, amount etc, but perhaps a little bit more or
less than it
completely
completely – used especially to emphasise that something is very bad,
or that a feeling is very strong
if something is outdated, it is no longer considered useful or effective,
because something more modern exists
having many different uses
an idea or opinion formed by guessing
someone who answers questions, especially in a survey

to eagerly accept (a new idea, opinion, religion etc)

to say that (something) is not true, or that you do not believe
(something)
to say firmly and often that something is true, especially when other
people think it may not be true
something that is abundant exists or is available in large quantities so
that there is more than enough
made of or containing a lot of things or people that are very close
together
to become very successful or very strong and healthy
the mixture of gases that surrounds a planet

the state of continuing to live or exist

a group of people who are similar in some way
very expensive, beautiful, and comfortable
something that makes it difficult to achieve something
a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully
likely to cause death
a tall solid upright stone post used to support a building, or a hollow
structure of the same shape, often made from metal

to state publicly (that something is true)

reasonable prices are not too high
to be strong enough to remain unharmed by (something such as great
heat, cold, pressure etc)
extremely large or great
the average length of time that someone will live or that something
will continue to work
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce
heat or energy
Example sentence Module
Cash machines provide automation for two basic functions of a
bank – deposits and withdrawals. 5
He had a clear vision of how he hoped the company would
develop. 5

Please inform us of any change of address as soon as possible. 5

Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. 5

He gets frustrated when people don’t understand what he’s
trying to say. 5
The caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school
buildings. 5
Computers should be made readily accessible to teachers and
pupils. 5

This job will at least give you a dependable source of income. 5

She wants to sell the business and take on a completely new
venture. 5

What differentiates these two periods of history? 5

These skills were passed on to subsequent generations. 5

I tried to avoid controversial topics such as politics and religion. 5

The plane will be landing in approximately 20 minutes. 5

She sat feeling thoroughly miserable. 5

It was utterly impossible to work in the house. 5

In today’s world, technology rapidly becomes outdated. 5

The potato is an extremely versatile vegetable. 5
My results show that this conjecture was, in fact, correct. 5
Only 62 percent of respondents said they were satisfied. 5
Most West European countries have embraced the concept of
high-speed rail networks with enthusiasm. 5

I’ve never denied that there is a housing problem. 5

Mike insisted that he was right. 5

The factory needs an abundant supply of fresh water. 5

A narrow track wound steeply up through dense forest. 5

Many of these plants are thriving in tropical rainforests. 5
It's not possible to survive without oxygen outside the Earth's
atmosphere. 5

The continued survival of this species of dolphin seems unlikely. 5

The 1960s produced a new race of young novelists. 5
They rented a luxurious 30-room villa by the sea. 5
There are formidable obstacles on the road to peace. 5
The committee came forward with one viable solution. 5
Terrorists plotted to release a deadly gas. 5
We could see the factory chimneys rising like columns through
the smoke. 5

A spokesman for the company affirmed that a merger was likely. 5

He sells good food at a reasonable price. 5

This fabric can withstand steam and high temperatures. 5

People who travel by rail still read an immense amount. 5

A TV set has an average lifespan of 11 years. 5

Coal is one of the cheapest fuels. 5

Word Part of speech Pronunciation
notorious adj /nəʊˈtɔːriəs, nə-/
discredit v /dɪsˈkredət/

discipline n /ˈdɪsəplən/

evidence n /ˈevədəns/

brutal adj /ˈbruːtl/

poverty n /ˈpɒvəti/

unemployment n /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/

prisoner n /ˈprɪzənə/

aggressive adj /əˈɡresɪv/

biological adj /ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/

circumstances n pl /ˈsɜːkəmstænsɪz, -stənsɪz/

upbringing n /ˈʌpˌbrɪŋɪŋ/

genetic adj /dʒəˈnetɪk/

impulse n /ˈɪmpʌls/

reflect v /rɪˈflekt/

implication n /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/

contribute v /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/

derive v /dɪˈraɪv/

identify v /aɪˈdentəfaɪ/

feasible adj /ˈfiːzəbəl/

judge n /dʒʌdʒ/

offence n /əˈfens/
reoffend v /ˌriːəˈfend/

surveillance n /səˈveɪləns/
prevention n /prɪˈvenʃən/

inclusion n /ɪnˈkluːʒən/
convincing adj /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/

flawed adj /flɔːd/

improbable adj /ɪmˈprɒbəbəl/

perceptive adj /pəˈseptɪv/

prediction n /prɪˈdɪkʃən/

law enforcement n phr /ˈlɔː ɪnˌfɔːsmənt/

procedure n /prəˈsiːdʒə/

convict v /kənˈvɪkt/

investigation n /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃən/

examination n /ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/

documentation n /ˌdɒkjəmənˈteɪʃən, -men-/

physical adj /ˈfɪzɪkəl/

reliability n /rɪˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/

witness n /ˈwɪtnəs/

judgement n /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/
Definition
famous or well known for something bad
to make people stop believing in (a particular idea)

an area of knowledge or teaching, especially one such as

history, chemistry, mathematics etc that is studied at a
university
facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is
true

very cruel and violent

the situation or experience of being poor

when someone does not have a job

someone who is kept in a prison as a legal punishment for a
crime or while they are waiting for their trial
behaving in an angry threatening way, as if you want to fight
or attack someone

relating to the natural processes performed by living things

the conditions that affect a situation, action, event etc

the way that your parents care for you and teach you to
behave when you are growing up

relating to genes (=a part of a cell in a living thing that

controls what it looks like, how it grows, and how it develops)
or genetics (=the study of how the qualities of living things
are passed on)
a sudden strong desire to do something without thinking
about whether it is a sensible thing to do
to think carefully about something, or to say something that
you have been thinking about
a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision
etc
to give (money, help, ideas etc) to something that a lot of
other people are also involved in
to get (something, especially an advantage or a pleasant
feeling) from something
to recognise (something) or discover exactly what it is, what
its nature or origin is etc
a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely
to work
the official in control of a court, who decides how criminals
should be punished

an illegal action or a crime

to commit a further crime or crimes after a previous crime

when the police, army etc watch a person or place carefully

because they may be connected with criminal activities
when something bad is stopped from happening
the act of including someone or something in a larger group
or set, or the fact of being included in one
making you believe that something is true or right

spoiled by having mistakes, weaknesses, or by being damaged

not likely to happen or to be true

someone who is perceptive notices things quickly and

understands situations, people’s feelings etc well – used to
show approval
the skill of being able to say that something will happen,
before it happens, or the act of doing this

the job of making sure that the law is obeyed

a way of doing something, especially the correct or usual way

to prove or officially announce that (someone) is guilty of a
crime after a trial in a law court

an official attempt to find out the truth about or the cause of

something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem
the process of looking at something carefully in order to see
what it is like

the act of recording information in writing, on film etc

related to someone’s body rather than their mind or
emotions
being able to be trusted or depended on
someone who appears in a court of law to say what they
know about a crime or other event
the ability to make sensible decisions about what to do and
when to do it
Example sentence Module
A notorious computer hacker was arrested by the police. 6
His theories have now been discredited. 6

Those who practised the new discipline of psychology were at first

called ‘alienists’. 6

At present we have no evidence of life on other planets. 6

He was accused of making a brutal attack on a defenceless old man. 6

We need an effective strategy to fight poverty. 6

Closure of the plant means 80 workers are facing unemployment. 6

Prisoners here only serve short sentences. 6

Teachers apparently expect a certain amount of aggressive
behaviour from boys. 6

Depression is both biological and psychological. 6

Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances. 6

However good their upbringing, young people may still behave badly. 6

Each person in this study has a genetic make-up that is unique. 6

Marge’s first impulse was to run. 6

He had time to reflect on his successes and failures. 6

What are the implications of these proposals? 6

The volunteers contribute their own time to the project. 6

Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique. 6

Scientists have identified the gene that causes abnormal growth. 6

It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community centre
open. 6

The trial judge specifies the number of years to be spent in prison. 6

His solicitor said he committed the offence because he was heavily in
debt. 6
Many of the young men here are likely to reoffend. 6

They were watched day and night using electronic surveillance

equipment. 6
Effective crime prevention must be our main goal. 6
The government is putting greater emphasis on the inclusion of less
fortunate or poorer people in our society. 6
There was convincing evidence of his guilt. 6

The research behind this report is seriously flawed. 6

It seems highly improbable that he had no knowledge of the affair. 6

You’re right. That’s very perceptive of you. 6

They are now planning further tests to confirm their predictions. 6

Law enforcement agencies from across the country are looking for
the suspect. 6

What’s the procedure for applying for a visa? 6

She was convicted of shoplifting. 6

The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale investigation into

the crash. 6

The issues need further examination. 6

We need a careful documentation of the costs before we can commit
to the project. 6

She was in constant physical pain. 6

I have doubts about his reliability as an employee. 6

The defence is expected to call them as witnesses. 6

I’ve known him for years and I trust his judgement. 6

Word Part of speech Pronunciation Definition Example sentence Module
ban v /bæn/ to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc Parliament decided to ban fox-hunting. 7
something that is obligatory must be done because of a law, It is obligatory for companies to provide details of their
obligatory adj /əˈblɪɡətəri/ rule etc industrial processes. 7
The law imposed new financial restrictions on private
restriction n /rɪˈstrɪkʃən/ a rule or law that limits or controls what people can do companies. 7
commute v /kəˈmjuːt/ to regularly travel a long distance to get to work Jim commutes to Manhattan every day. 7
congestion n /kənˈdʒestʃən/ the state of being full of traffic London’s roads are terrible for trafic congestion. 7
someone who is walking, especially along a street or other Pedestrians should press the button at the traffic lights before
pedestrian n /pəˈdestriən/ place used by cars crossing the road. 7
There are plans for a massive expansion of the oil and gas
expansion n /ɪkˈspænʃən/ when something increases in size, range, amount etc industries. 7
The study demonstrates the link between poverty and
demonstrate v /ˈdemənstreɪt/ to show or prove something clearly malnutrition. 7
the act of taking action or making changes that someone has The implementation of the peace plan may take several
implementation n /ˌɪmpləmenˈteɪʃən/ officially decided should happen months. 7

the process of getting people of different races or parts of They are trying to achieve integration of the refugees into the
integration n /ˌɪntəˈɡreɪʃən/ society to live and work together instead of separately wider community. 7
overcrowded adj /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdəd/ filled with too many people or things Staff had to work in overcrowded conditions. 7

to change something into a different form, or to change

something so that it can be used for a different purpose or in a
convert v /kənˈvɜːt/ different way They converted the spare bedroom into an office. 7
an action, especially an official one, that is intended to deal with New safety measures were being demanded after last night’s
measure n /ˈmeʒə/ a particular problem horrific train crash. 7

to try to persuade the government or someone with political

lobby v /ˈlɒbi/ power that a law or situation should be changed The group is lobbying for a reduction in defence spending. 7

the basic systems and structures that a country or organisation

needs in order to work properly, for example roads, railways, They’ve made a $65 billion investment package in education,
infrastructure n /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/ banks etc healthcare and infrastructure. 7
the act of sharing things among a large group of people in a The distribution of aid supplies has been difficult because of the
distribution n /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/ planned way fighting. 7
an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or
initiative n /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ to solve a particular problem A government initiative to help exporters has been announced. 7
 the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something The caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school
maintenance n /ˈmeɪntənəns/ in good condition buildings. 7

money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or She received compensation from the government for the
compensation n /ˌkɒmpənˈseɪʃən/ loss, or because something they own has been damaged damage caused to her property. 7

an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not

refund n /ˈriːfʌnd/ satisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for You should go down there and demand a refund. 7

prominent adj /ˈprɒmənənt/ important The World Cup will have a prominent place on the agenda. 7
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to
fuel n /ˈfjuːəl/ produce heat or energy Coal is one of the cheapest fuels. 7
a short holiday away from home, or a place where people go for
getaway n /ˈɡetəweɪ/ a short holiday Big Bear Lake is a popular weekend getaway. 7
a place or experience in which everything is peaceful and People who buy second homes in the country buy into the rural
idyll n /ˈɪdəl/ everyone is perfectly happy idyll. 7
a short stay somewhere between parts of a journey, especially We had a two-day stopover in Hong Kong to break the long
stopover n /ˈstɒpˌəʊvə/ on a long plane journey journey. 7

the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has, or a
prototype n /ˈprəʊtətaɪp/ model of it used to test the design before it is produced We’re testing a working prototype of the new car next week. 7
having the ability to work and make decisions by without any Autonomous machines will become a large part of our future
autonomous adj /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/ help from humans lives. 7
when someone or something has to wait, or the length of the
delay n /dɪˈleɪ/ waiting time Long delays are expected on the motorways. 7
something that is crucial is extremely important, because
crucial adj /ˈkruːʃəl/ everything else depends on it This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies. 7
constructive adj /kənˈstrʌktɪv/ useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results We welcome any constructive criticism. 7
causing problems and preventing something from continuing in
disruptive adj /dɪsˈrʌptɪv/ its usual way Night work can be very disruptive to home life. 7
Clothing manufacturers have been feeling the effects of the
manufacturer n /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərə/ a company that makes large quantities of goods recession. 7
gradual adj /ˈɡrædʒuəl/ happening slowly over a long period of time There has been a gradual change in climate. 7
upheaval n /ʌpˈhiːvəl/ a very big change that often causes problems Moving house is a major upheaval. 7
to completely get rid of something such as a disease or a social
eradicate v /ɪˈrædəkeɪt/ problem We can eradicate this disease from the world. 7

flow v /fləʊ/ if traffic flows, it moves easily from one place to another The new one-way system should help the traffic to flow better. 7
 the ability to provide all the things you need without help from
self-sufficiency n /ˌself səˈfɪʃənsi/ other people Australia has achieved 65% self-sufficiency in oil. 7
illusory adj /ɪˈluːsəri/ false but seeming to be real or true First impressions can often prove illusory. 7
destination n /ˌdestəˈneɪʃən/ the place that someone or something is going to Allow plenty of time to get to your destination. 7
Word Part of speech Pronunciation Definition Example sentence Module
Historically, sport has been a cohesive force in
cohesive adj /kəʊˈhiːsɪv/ uniting people or things international relations. 8
the ability to understand other people’s feelings and
empathy n /ˈempəθi/ problems She had great empathy with people. 8
having a lot of influence and therefore changing the He’s one of the most influential figures in
influential adj /ˌɪnfluˈenʃəl/ way people think and behave international politics. 8

a person who disagrees with particular claims and

statements, especially those that are generally Sceptics argued that the rise in prices was
sceptic n /ˈskeptɪk/ thought to be true temporary. 8

when you decide not to do or have something you She invested several years of hard work and self-
self-sacrificing adj /ˌself ˈsækrəfaɪsɪŋ/ want or need, in order to help someone else sacrifice in her family. 8

when you care about or help other people, even Many choose to work in developing countries out
altruism n /ˈæltru-ɪzəm/ though this brings no advantage to yourself of altruism. 8
unwilling to believe that people have good, honest, or
cynical adj /ˈsɪnɪkəl/ sincere reasons for doing something The public is cynical about election promises. 8
the qualities or ways of behaving that are natural and Their kindness and understanding restored my
human nature n phr /ˌhjuːmən ˈneɪtʃə/ common to most people faith in human nature. 8
His apparent indifference to material luxuries
indifference n /ɪnˈdɪfərəns/ lack of interest or concern surprised me. 8

relating to the principles of what is right and wrong

behaviour, and with the difference between good and It is easy to have an opinion on a moral issue like
moral adj /ˈmɒrəl/ evil the death penalty for murder. 8

a natural tendency to behave in a particular way or a

natural ability to know something, which is not
instinct n /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/ learned Animals have a natural instinct for survival. 8
kind feelings towards or between people and a A fund was set up as a gesture of goodwill to
goodwill n /ˌɡʊdˈwɪl/ willingness to be helpful survivors and their families. 8
 Historically, sport has been a cohesive force in
cohesive adj /kəʊˈhiːsɪv/ uniting people or things international relations. 8
a group that does a particular job within a large
division n /dəˈvɪʒən/ organisation She works in the Computer Services Division. 8
inhabitant n /ɪnˈhæbətənt/ one of the people who live in a particular place It’s a city of six million inhabitants. 8
relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their The school teaches pupils from different ethnic
ethnic adj /ˈeθnɪk/ customs and traditions groups. 8
made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a The website allows you to take a virtual tour of
virtual adj /ˈvɜːtʃuəl/ computer, rather than in the real world the art gallery. 8
rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a
facilities n pl /fəˈsɪlətiz/ particular purpose The hotel has its own pool and leisure facilities. 8

a way of doing something that has been officially

agreed and chosen by a political party, a business, or The company has adopted a strict no-smoking
policy n /ˈpɒləsi/ another organisation policy. 8
to become part of a group or society and be accepted Many children with learning difficulties are
integrate v /ˈɪntəɡreɪt/ by them, or to help someone do this integrated into ordinary schools. 8
She was appreciative of Greg’s concern for her
appreciative adj /əˈpriːʃətɪv/ grateful for something health. 8
willing to understand and respect other people’s
liberal adj /ˈlɪbərəl/ ideas, opinions, and feelings I had quite liberal parents. 8

outraged adj /ˈaʊtreɪdʒd/ very angry and shocked Customers were outraged by the price increases. 8
giving someone or something a lot of love and
devoted adj /dɪˈvəʊtəd/ attention He’s always been a devoted father. 8
careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to A conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take
conscientious adj /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/ do work home. 8
allowing people to do, say, or believe what they want Luckily, my parents were tolerant of my choice of
tolerant adj /ˈtɒlərənt/ without criticising or punishing them music. 8
the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has
impact n /ˈɪmpækt/ on someone or something We need to assess the impact on climate change. 8
a difference between two or more things, especially There is still a disparity between the rates of pay
disparity n /dɪˈspærəti/ an unfair one for men and women. 8
 domesticated animals are able to work for people or Even domesticated dogs can be quite frightening
domesticated adj /dəˈmestɪkeɪtəd/ live with them as pets to some children. 8
someone who is vulnerable can be easily harmed or We work mainly with the elderly and other
vulnerable adj /ˈvʌlnərəbəl/ hurt vulnerable groups. 8
Scientists have made detailed observations of
behaviour n /bɪˈheɪvjə/ the things that a person or animal does animal behaviour. 8

when you depend on the help and support of

someone or something else in order to exist or be The financial dependency of some women on men
dependency n /dɪˈpendənsi/ successful is problematic. 8
a description of something or someone in writing or His stories are depictions of life in Trinidad as seen
depiction n /dɪˈpɪkʃən/ speech, or in a painting, picture etc through the eyes of a young boy. 8
a quality or feature, especially one that is considered
attribute n /ˈætrəbjuːt/ to be good or useful What attributes should a good manager possess? 8

the difference between the amount of something that The party is facing a deficit of £1.3 million for this
deficit n /ˈdefəsət/ you have and the higher amount that you need year, so it must find ways of cutting its costs. 8
deteriorate v /dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/ to become worse Ethel’s health has deteriorated. 8

the process by which people, especially children, are

made to behave in a way that is acceptable in their Schools play an important part in the socialisation
socialisation n /ˌsəʊʃəl-aɪˈzeɪʃən/ society of our children. 8

an informal talk in which people exchange news, They had a short conversation in German and
conversation n /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃən/ feelings, and thoughts seemed to be disagreeing about something. 8
Word Part of speech Pronunciation Definition Example sentence Module
Women are traditionally supposed to be good at
multitasking n /ˈmʌltiˌtɑːskɪŋ/ when a person does more than one thing at a time multitasking. 9

the ability to give a sensible amount of time and effort to

your work and to your life outside work, for example to You can’t have a proper work-life balance if you’re in the
work-life balance n phr /ˌwɜːk laɪf ˈbæləns/ your family or to other interests office for 12 hours a day. 9
the state of having skills or qualities that are necessary to The training scheme aims to increase people’s
employability n /ɪmˌplɔɪəˈbɪləti/ get a job employability. 9
if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much
overwhelm v /ˌəʊvəˈwelm/ or too difficult to deal with We were overwhelmed by the number of applications. 9

a word or expression with a particular meaning, especially ‘Multimedia’ is the term for any technique combining
terms n pl /tɜːmz/ one that is used for a specific subject or type of language sounds and images. 9
conscious thoughts, memories etc are ones which you Without conscious thought, she instinctively placed a hand
conscious adj /ˈkɒnʃəs/ know about on his arm. 9
actions that are futile are useless because they have no
futile adj /ˈfjuːtaɪl/ chance of being successful My efforts to go back to sleep proved futile. 9
He suffers from a mental illness that is associated with
trait n /treɪ, treɪt/ a particular quality in someone’s character particular personality traits. 9
something that stops you paying attention to what you are I study in the library as there are too many distractions at
distraction n /dɪˈstrækʃən/ doing home. 9
when you spend a large amount of time, energy, emotion
investment n /ɪnˈvestmənt/ etc on something Her success took a huge investment of time and effort. 9

the natural ability, skill, or power that makes a machine,

person, or organisation able to do something, especially Does the company have the capability to change to meet
capability n /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/ something difficult market needs? 9

accomplished adj /əˈkʌmplɪʃt/ an accomplished writer, painter, singer etc is very skilful He’s a highly accomplished pianist. 9
someone who is single-minded has one clear aim and During a war, a leader must be single-minded and, if
single-minded adj /ˌsɪŋɡəl ˈmaɪndəd/ works very hard to achieve it necessary, ruthless. 9
determined to do something and unwilling to stop trying McTaggart was seen by many in the environment
tenacious adj /təˈneɪʃəs/ even when the situation becomes difficult movement as a tenacious hero. 9
more important than anything else in a situation, system The Bank of England has a pivotal role in the London
pivotal adj /ˈpɪvətəl/ etc money market. 9
 someone who works for an employer for a fixed period of
apprentice n /əˈprentəs/ time in order to learn a particular skill or job She works in the hairdresser’s as an apprentice. 9

someone who starts a new business or arranges business

deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves
entrepreneur n /ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː/ financial risks 9
something that encourages you to work harder, start a We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their
incentive n /ɪnˈsentɪv/ new activity etc rubbish. 9
a job or activity that is lucrative lets you earn a lot of
lucrative adj /ˈluːkrətɪv/ money He inherited a lucrative business from his father. 9

if a company or government has a monopoly of a business

or political activity, it has complete control of it so that For years Bell Telephone had a monopoly on telephone
monopoly n /məˈnɒpəli/ other organisations cannot compete with it services in the US. 9

worth n /wɜːθ/ how much money something is worth It is difficult to estimate the current worth of the company. 9

the system by which a country’s money and goods are We’ve noted the slowdown in the Japanese economy
economy n /ɪˈkɒnəmi/ produced and used, or a country considered in this way lately. 9
to make it possible for someone to do something, or for
enable v /ɪˈneɪbəl/ something to happen The loan enabled Jan to buy the house. 9

the basic systems and structures that a country or

organisation needs in order to work properly, for example
infrastructure n /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/ roads, railways, banks etc Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure. 9
a person, team, company etc that is competing with Last year they sold twice as many computers as their
competitor n /kəmˈpetətə/ another competitors. 9
The book relates the daring exploits of the British
exploits n pl /ˈeksplɔɪts/ brave and exciting adventures that someone has had Parachute Regiment. 9
likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in The potential benefits must be weighed up against the
potential adj /pəˈtenʃəl/ the future costs involved. 9

to work independently for different companies rather than

freelance v /ˈfriːlɑːns/ being employed by one particular company He’s freelancing for several translation agencies. 9
if a system, organisation etc is hierarchical, people or The UK Civil Service is a very hierarchical organisation
hierarchical adj /haɪˈrɑːkɪkəl/ things are divided into levels of importance where pay depends on rank. 9
a feeling of doubt because you do not agree completely I had serious reservations about his appointment as
reservation n /ˌrezəˈveɪʃən/ with a plan, idea, or suggestion captain. 9
 all the people who work in a particular industry or
company, or are available to work in a particular country
workforce n /ˈwɜːkfɔːs/ or area Women now represent almost 50% of the workforce. 9
We must consider how best to utilise what resources we
utilise v /ˈjuːtəlaɪz/ to use something for a particular purpose have. 9
involving two or more people working together to achieve Collaborative working between the countries resulted in
collaborative adj /kəˈlæbərətɪv/ something finding solutions more quickly. 9
the ability or opportunity to make your own decisions
autonomy n /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/ without being controlled by anyone else Teachers are given considerable individual autonomy. 9
a situation or state in which a wide variety of people,
inclusivity n /ˌɪnkluːˈsɪvəti/ things etc are included Not everyone shares his vision of inclusivity in America. 9
a group of people, organisations etc that are connected or It’s important to build up a network of professional
network n /ˈnetwɜːk/ that work together contacts. 9

contemporary adj /kənˈtempərəri, -pəri/ belonging to the present time, modern What is the role of television in contemporary society? 9
She designs buildings that are sensitively designed, not
functional adj /ˈfʌŋkʃənəl/ designed to be useful rather than beautiful or attractive purely functional. 9
the combining of two or more things so that they work The various units are improved by their integration into a
integration n /ˌɪntəˈɡreɪʃən/ together effectively streamlined network. 9
Word Part of speech Pronunciation Definition Example sentence Module
aptitude n /ˈæptətjuːd/ natural ability or skill, especially in learning He has a natural aptitude for teaching. 10

if two or more facts, ideas etc correlate or if you correlate

them, they are closely connected to each other or one causes
correlate v /ˈkɒrəleɪt/ the other Poverty and poor housing correlate with a shorter life expectancy. 10
the quality of doing something well and effectively, without
efficiency n /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ wasting time, money, or energy There have been considerable advancements in energy efficiency. 10
to change the effect or influence of (something), especially to
mediate v /ˈmiːdieɪt/ make the effect less bad Exercise may mediate the effects of a bad diet. 10
if similar things diverge, they develop in different ways and so
diverge v /daɪˈvɜːdʒ, də-/ are no longer similar The two species diverged millions of years ago. 10
containing many small parts or details that all work or fit
intricate adj /ˈɪntrɪkət/ together Lasers are used to cut intricate designs in the metal. 10
to notice or understand (something) by thinking about it A number of differences can be discerned in the data for the three
discern v /dɪˈsɜːn/ carefully countries. 10
the fact of being completely involved in something you are
immersion n /ɪˈmɜːʃən/ doing The book was a result of my immersion in black music and culture. 10
facilitate v /fəˈsɪləteɪt/ to make it easier for a process or activity to happen Computers can be used to facilitate language learning. 10
conjecture n /kənˈdʒektʃə/ an idea or opinion formed by guessing My results show that this conjecture was, in fact, correct. 10
The bishop helped foster the sense of a community embracing all
foster v /ˈfɒstə/ to help (a skill, feeling, idea etc) develop over a period of time classes. 10
extremely important and necessary for something to succeed
vital adj /ˈvaɪtl/ or exist The work she does is absolutely vital. 10
something that you think is true although you have no My calculations were based on the assumption that house prices
assumption n /əˈsʌmpʃən/ definite proof would remain steady. 10
an idea of how something is, or how something should be
concept n /ˈkɒnsept/ done These ideas are based on the concept of infinite space. 10
a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision This election has profound implications for the future of U.S.
implication n /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/ etc democracy. 10
a sudden clear understanding of something or part of The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the present
insight n /ˈɪnsaɪt/ something, especially a complicated situation or idea economic crisis. 10

when you guess about the possible causes or effects of

something without knowing all the facts, or the guesses that The move has prompted renewed speculation that an election will
speculation n /ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən/ you make be held in April. 10
 something that you think is true, based on information that
inference n /ˈɪnfərəns/ you have What inferences have you drawn from this evidence? 10
to mention (something) as an example, especially one that
cite v /saɪt/ supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation The judge cited a 1956 Supreme Court ruling in her decision. 10

tangible adj /ˈtændʒəbəl/ clear enough or definite enough to be easily seen or noticed He has no tangible evidence of John’s guilt. 10
an underlying cause, idea etc is the most important, although There is an underlying assumption that younger workers are easier
underlying adj /ˌʌndəˈlaɪ-ɪŋ/ it is not easily noticed to train. 10

(thinking) in a way that uses your imagination to see

relationships between things that are not normally thought of
laterally adv /ˈlætərəli/ together We prefer designers who can think laterally. 10
the opinion or feeling you have about someone or something
impression n /ɪmˈpreʃən/ because of the way they seem I got the impression that she wasn't very happy with her job. 10
a way of doing things that is interesting and shows
flair n /fleə/ imagination This is a job for which artistic flair is essential. 10
an opinion about whether a person, group, or idea is good or
bias n /ˈbaɪəs/ bad that influences how you deal with it It’s clear that the company has a bias against women and minorities. 10
very different from the way people usually behave, think, His approach to business may seem unconventional, but he certainly
unconventional adj /ˌʌnkənˈvenʃənəl/ dress etc gets results. 10
We must encourage innovation if the company is to remain
innovation n /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/ the introduction of new ideas or methods competitive. 10
when you work together with another person or group to The project has involved collaboration with the geography
collaboration n /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ achieve something, especially in science or art department. 10
determination to keep trying to achieve something in spite of
perseverance n /ˌpɜːsəˈvɪərəns/ difficulties – use this to show approval It took perseverance to overcome his reading problems. 10
to make (a process) start, especially one relating to law or
instigate v /ˈɪnstəɡeɪt/ politics Charles instigated a programme of reforms. 10

launch v /lɔːntʃ/ to start (something), usually something big or important The organisation has launched a campaign to raise $150,000. 10
to make it difficult for someone or something to move
impede v /ɪmˈpiːd/ forward or make progress Storms at sea impeded our progress. 10

threshold n /ˈθreʃhəʊld, -ʃəʊld/ the beginning of a new and important event or development The creature is on the threshold of extinction. 10

a misconceived idea, plan, method etc is not a good one

misconceived adj /ˌmɪskənˈsiːvd/ because it is based on a wrong understanding of something His arguments are totally misconceived. 10
solely adv /ˈsəʊl-li/ not involving anything or anyone else Scholarships are given solely on the basis of financial need. 10
inhibit v /ɪnˈhɪbət/ to prevent something from growing or developing well An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning. 10
to continue to behave according to a particular rule,
adhere v /ədˈhɪə/ agreement, or belief I have adhered strictly to the rules. 10
used when reporting something that people say is true, He was driving a sports car that he had allegedly stolen in
allegedly adv /əˈledʒədli/ although it has not been proved Manchester. 10

notion n /ˈnəʊʃən/ an idea, belief, or opinion I don't believe the notion that human beings are basically good. 10