Function: Domain and Range

• Section: 0.1
Function
 Vertical line test(Page-12)

Home
work

Home work

Determine whether
the given curve is
function or not.
• Solution: 3(d):
• From Vertical line test we can say that, the
vertical line cuts or intersects the graph more
than one point, so the given curve is not a
graph of function.
 Fundamental Calculus/Differential
and Integral Calculus

Prepared By : Nasrina Parvin

Lecturer, INS, UIU

Reference : Calculus 10-th Edition by Howard Anton,

Irl Bivens and Stephen Davis
 Solution: 3(a):
From Vertical line test we can say that, the
vertical line cuts or intersects the graph only one
point, so the given curve is a graph of
function.
Function
 Finding Domain and range of
𝑝(𝑥)
y=𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0- (Rational function)
𝑞(𝑥)

• 1. we have to check whether there is any value of

𝑥 for which 𝑦 is undefined from y = 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑝(𝑥)
,𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0-.
𝑞(𝑥)
• 2. we have to check whether there is any value of
𝑦 for which 𝑥 is undefined from
𝑝(𝑥)
• 𝑥=𝑓 𝑦 = ,𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0-.
𝑞(𝑥)
• 3.we have to ignore undefined, complex value
for the given function.
 1
Finding Domain and range of y = 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑥
𝑝(𝑥)
(𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑞(𝑥)
Since 𝑓 is undefined if 𝑥 = 0, 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 ≠ 0.
1 1
y= ⟹ 𝑥 = , 𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑦
and range 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 ≠ 0
+∞

x=0
Y=0 +∞
−∞
Y=0

x=0
Nasrina Parvin
−∞
 or
• Domain is : 𝑅 − *0+ and
• Range is : 𝑅 − *0+
Or -∞ +∞
(-∞,0) 0 (0, ∞)

• Domain is (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, +∞)

• Range is (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, +∞)
Nasrina Parvin
Input Output
𝒙 = −∞ 𝒚=0
𝒙 = −1 𝒚 = −1

1 𝒚 = −2
𝒙=−
2
1 𝒚 = −3
𝒙=−
3

𝒙=0 𝒚 = −∞
𝒚= +∞

𝒙=1 𝒚=1

1 𝒚 = −2
𝒙=
2
1 𝒚 = −3
𝒙=−
3

𝒙 = +∞ 𝒚=0
 Asymptote
• An asymptote is a line that the graph of
function approaches but never touches.
Rational function contain asymptote.
• 𝒙 = −∞, 𝒚 = 0, 𝒙 = ∞, 𝒚 = 0
• 𝒙 = 0, 𝒚 = −∞, 𝒙 = 0, 𝒚 = +∞
• so here asymptote line are 𝒙 = 0 and 𝒚 = 0
𝒙 = 0, asymptote(Vertical),
𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝒚 = 0, asymptote(Horizontal),
𝑠𝑜 range 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 ≠ 0
 1
Graph of function y = 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

x=0

Y=0

Y=0

x=0
Function
 Chapter : 0.2(Page-15)

NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD

 Intercepts
• If we put 𝑥 = 0, we get y intercepts, if we put
• y= 0, we get 𝑥 intercepts.
Find the intercepts of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 . If we
put y= 0, y= 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0, if y = 0
𝑥 𝑥−4 =0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, so x intercepts are x, y =
0,0 and (4,0), If we put x= 0, y= 𝑓 0 = 02 −
4.0 = 0, so y intercepts are x, y = 0,0
Nasrina Parvin
TRANSLATIONS (Page-20) :

Nasrina Parvin
 NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD
• Table 0.2.2 illustrates the geometric effect on the graph of y =
f(x) of adding or subtracting a positive constant c to f or to its
independent variable x. For example, the first result in the
table illustrates that adding a positive constant c to a function
f adds c to each y-coordinate of its graph, thereby shifting the
graph of f up by c units.
• Similarly, subtracting c from f shifts the graph down by c
units. On the other hand, if a positive constant c is added to x,
then the value of y = f (x + c) at x − c is f(x); and since the point
x − c is c units to the left of x on the x-axis, the graph of y = f (x
+ c) must be the graph of y = f(x) shifted left by c units.
• Similarly, subtracting c from x shifts the graph of y = f(x) right
by c units.
Nasrina Parvin
Draw the graphs. Also find the domain and
range of the functions: (Page:20-21)
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +2
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −2
• 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)2
• 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2
• 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2 +1
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+3
Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +2

Translation of y axis⟶ y intercepts

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 (−∞, +∞) or ℝ, and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,2, +∞)

Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −2

Translation of y axis⟶ y intercepts

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 (−∞, +∞) or ℝ, and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,−2, +∞)

Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)2

Translation of x axis⟶ X intercepts

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 (−∞, +∞) or ℝ, and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,0, +∞)

Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2

Translation of x axis⟶ X intercepts

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 (−∞, +∞) or ℝ, and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,0, +∞)

Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2

Translation of x axis⟶ X intercepts

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 (−∞, +∞) or ℝ, and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,0, +∞)

 Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 (−∞, +∞) or ℝ, and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,1, +∞)

Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3

Translation of x axis⟶ X intercepts

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ,3, +∞) and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,0, +∞)

Finding domain and range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3

Translation of x axis⟶ X intercepts

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ,−3, +∞) and Range 𝑖𝑠 ,0, +∞)

 Intercepts
• If we put 𝑥 = 0, we get y intercepts, if we put
• y= 0, we get 𝑥 intercepts.
Find the intercepts of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 . If we
put y= 0, y= 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0, if y = 0
𝑥 𝑥−4 =0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, so x intercepts are x, y =
0,0 and (4,0), If we put x= 0, y= 𝑓 0 = 02 −
4.0 = 0, so y intercepts are x, y = 0,0
Nasrina Parvin
 Draw the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5,

• Example 8:
Now,
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 2 + 22 + 1
= (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1
5
Translations
 Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥, also find
their domain and range.
• Now, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥. 2 + 22 − 4 =
(𝑥 − 2)2 − 4
If we put y= 0, y= 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0, if y = 0
𝑥 𝑥−4 =0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, so x intercepts are x, y =
0,0 and (4,0), If we put x= 0, y= 𝑓 0 = 02 − 4.0 = 0,
so x intercepts are x, y = 0,0
If we put y= 0, y= 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0, if y = 0
𝑥 𝑥−4 =0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, so x intercepts are x, y =
0,0 and (4,0), If we put x= 0, y= 𝑓 0 = 02 − 4.0 = 0,
so y intercepts are x, y = 0,0
Graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
Y

𝑋′ x

𝑌′
 REF LECTIONS

• REF LECTIONS(Page-21):
• The graph of y = f(−x) is the reflection of the graph of
y = f(x) about the y-axis because the point (x, y) on
the graph of f(x) is replaced by (−x, y). Similarly, the
graph of y = −f(x) is the reflection of the graph of y =
f(x) about the x-axis because the point
(x, y) on the graph of f(x) is replaced by (x, −y) [the
equation y = −f(x) is equivalent
to −y = f(x)]. This is summarized in Table 0.2.3.
REFLECTIONS
REFLECTIONS
 Chapter 0.2
3
• Example 9: Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥.
•
 3
Graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥
 Translations and reflections
• Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = (2 − 𝑥)3
y

𝑥′ x

𝑦′