Rev.

25/02/2016
 Global presence – Ground Engineering division

GERMANY
ITALY
U.S.A. Spezialtiefbau GmbH Trevi SpA (Cesena)
TREVIICOS Corporation (Boston) DANMARK AUSTRIA GERMANY RUSSIA
Trevi Branch Trevi Branch Soilmec Deutschland Soilmec Moscow
TREVIICOS South Inc. SWEDEN RCT Srl (Milano)
Hercules Trevi Foundations A.B.

ITALY
CANADA Soilmec SpA (Cesena)
Trevi Foundations Canada Inc.
PSM Srl (Treviso)

FRANCE UK
Soilmec France Soilmec Ltd
CHINA
Soilmec China

JAPAN
Soilmec Japan

TURKEY HONG KONG

Trevi Insaat Ve Soilmec H.K. Ltd
U.S.A.
Soilmec North America
INDIA
IRAN Soilmec India
U.S.A. Trevi Iran Branch
Watson
ALGERIA HONG KONG
Trevi Algerie
Trevi Construction

PHILIPPINES
PANAMA BRASIL Trevi Philippines Inc.
TreviGeos
Trevi Panama
INDONESIA
OMAN Trevi Construction
COLOMBIA EGYPT Swissboring
Galante S.A. Soilmec Misr S.A.E.
MALAYSIA
U.A.E. Trevi Branch
Swissboring
COLOMBIA
Soilmec Colombia DUBAI – U.A.E. SINGAPORE
NIGERIA QATAR SM Emirates LLC
Trevi Foundations Swissboring SM Gulf FZCO Soilmec Far East Ltd
VENEZUELA
Trevi Cimentaciones
ANGOLA
Trevi Angola KUWAIT
PERU’ Trevi Found. Kuwait

Galante Cimentaciones MOZAMBIQUE

Profuro Lda SAUDI ARABIA SAUDI ARABIA
Soilmec Arabia LLC Trevi ASC
BRASIL AUSTRALIA
Soilmec do Brasil
Trevi Foundation

ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND

Pilotes Trevi Soilmec Australia Trevi Construction
TREVI Division SOILMEC Division
 Classification
(one among many)

Soil improvement achieved by Soil improvement achieved by

incorporation modification

Grouting Fissure G. Dynamic Compaction Impact

Permeation G. Vibration
Jet Grouting
Compaction G. Blasting

Deep Mixing Cavity G.

Drainage Gravity
Claquage G.
Vacuum P.
Stone Columns

Geotextile Encased Columns Thermal Treatments Freezing

Heating

Vertical Drains Sand Drains

Prefabricated Drains Electrochemical Treatments

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 3
 AGENDA

1.GENERAL VIEW
2.TECHNOLOGY & DESIGN
3.QUALITY CONTROLS AND
MONITORING SYSTEM
4.CASE HISTORY
 JET – GROUTING – General view

DEFINITION:

“The Jet-Grouting process consists of disaggregating the soil or weak rock and
mixing it with, and partial replacement by, a cementing agent; the
disaggregation is achieved by means of high pressure jets of fluid which can be
the cementing agent itself”.

(European standard EN 12716)

Applicable soils: from peaty clays to gravel

Typical geometry: approx. circular

Size: based on soil properties, injection

parameters, and method used

Achievable results:
increasing strength
reducing horizontal & vertical
permeability (for massive
treatment)
 JET – GROUTING – General view

GROUTING - Mix type vs permeability & grain size

 JET – GROUTING – General view

Jet grouting can be used in the largest range of soil types

microfine
Cement Grouting

0.50 0.23 0.05

 AGENDA

1.GENERAL VIEW
2.TECHNOLOGY & DESIGN
3.QUALITY CONTROLS AND
MONITORING SYSTEM
4.CASE HISTORY
 TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN

Selection of methods and technologies for soil improvement depends

on the following factors:

 nature and original characteristics of the soil;

 general target of the treatment (i.e. higher strength? lower

permeability? both?);

 final requirements of the treated soil (i.e. depth, UCS value,

permeability value etc.);

 site logistics and surrounding conditions (i.e. presence of

buildings in the surroundings, low headroom conditions,
restricted and/or limited working space etc.).

 Equipment and personnel ability

 Grouting

For all ECS (European Committee for Standardization) member countries(*), the
reference standard for the execution of GROUTING WORKS is the European
Standard:

EN 12715:2000
“Execution of special geotechnical works – Grouting”

prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 288.

The standard applies “to the execution, testing and monitoring of geotechnical
grouting works”.

(*) Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 10
 Fissure Grouting

“... pressure injection of a cement based or chemical grout

into rock fissures, joints, fractures and discontinuities”.

Applicable soils: fissured and fractured rocks

Achievable results:
• increasing strength
• reducing horizontal & vertical
permeability

Limits:
• experienced personnel
• quite expensive plants
• quite expensive QC systems
• high costs of materials when
dealing with fine fissures

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 11
 Permeation Grouting

“... replacement of interstitial water or gas of a porous

medium with a cement based or chemical grout at injection
pressures low enough to prevent displacement”.

Applicable soils: silty sands to gravel

Achievable results:
• increasing strength
• reducing horizontal & vertical
permeability

Limits:
• experienced personnel
• quite expensive plants
• quite expensive QC systems
• high costs of materials when
dealing with fine fissures

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 12
 Compaction Grouting

“... pressure injection of a mortar of high internal friction (i.e.

low mobility) into the soil to compact it without fracturing”.

Applicable soils: loose to medium dense sands

Achievable results:
• increased load bearing capacity
by densification
• mitigation of liquefaction risks
• controlled up-heave at surface

Limits:
• risk of excessive heaves
• quite experienced personnel

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 13
 Compaction Grouting

Drilling & Grouting Sequence

Mortar injection with The operation is repeated until

Cased rotary drilling intermitted casing the designed top level is reached
withdrawal

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 14
 Compaction Grouting

Range of suitable soils

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD)
15
 Cavity Grouting

“.. filling by gravity or low pressure of substantial voids

by a thick grout or a mortar”.

Applicable soils: any soil formation subject to the

formation of voids (i.e. karstic
features) or sinkholes

Achievable results:
• increase load bearing capacity
by voids filling
• reduce overall permeability

Limits: no remarkable

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 16
 Claquage Grouting

“.. fracturing of a ground by the injection of a thick grout mix

under a pressure in excess of local tensile strength and
confining pressure”.

Applicable soils: dense sandy formations

stiff cohesive formations
very soft rock (shale etc.)

Achievable results:
• increased load bearing capacity
by compressing the soil
between the grout lenses
• reduced vertical permeability

Limits:
• risk of heaves at the surface
• experienced personnel
• extensive instrumentation
• no influence on horizontal
permeability
Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 17
 Permeation Grouting

The no-return sleeved pipe (“tube à manchettes” or TAM)

traditional PVC sleeved pipes

PVC sleeved pipes

reinforced with double packers for
fiberglass plates TAM grouting

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 18
 Permeation Grouting

Drilling Equipment

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 19
 Permeation Grouting

Grouting Equipment

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 20
 Permeation Grouting

Grout Mixes

stable suspensions of cement and bentonite in water

chemical solutions
(silicates)

SILACSOL
(Rodio-Trevi)

stable suspensions of micro-fine

cements in water

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 21
 Jet Grouting

“... disaggregation of the soil and its mixing in place with,

and partial replacement by, a cement grout mix; the
disaggregation is achieved by high energy jet of one or more
fluids, one of them being the grout mix itself”.

Applicable soils: from peaty clays to gravel

Achievable results: increasing strength

reducing horizontal & vertical
permeability (for massive treat-
ment)

Limits:
risk of excessive heaves at the surface
experienced personnel
strict safety rules
expensive equipment
large quantity of spoil to be managed

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 22
 Jet Grouting

For all ECS (European Committee for Standardization) member countries(*), the
reference standard for the execution of JET GROUTING WORKS is the European
Standard:

EN 12716:2001
“Execution of special geotechnical works – Jet Grouting”

prepared by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 288.

The standard applies “to the execution, testing and monitoring of jet grouting
works”.

(*) Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 23
 Permeation Grouting

TAM Grouting Method

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 24
 Jet Grouting

Drilling & Jetting Sequence

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 25
 Jet Grouting
Spoil
Pressure  kinetic energy

40 MPa
Spoil return shall be
maintained at all times, to
avoid hydrofracturing of soil

220
m/sec

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 26
 TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN

Jet Grouting classification according to the number of injected fluids.

Cement JG rods
grout
rods
Compressed Compressed
Water Air
Air
Cement
Grout
Coaxial
Nozzle Coaxial nozzle
nozzle Cement
Ball or ugello
Grout
automatic valve Ball or
automatic valve Ball or
automatic valve

Bit Bit Bit

“Monofluid” “Double-fluid” “Three-fluid”

The break-up and the The break-up and the The break-up action is carried
consolidating actions are consolidating actions are out through injection of water
carried out at the same time carried out at the same time surrounded by an air flow,
and are accomplished through and are accomplished through while the consolidating action
injection of a single fluid (i.e. injection of a cement mixture is achieved through injection
a cement mixture). surrounded by an air flow. of a cement mixture.
 Jet Grouting

Typical jetting parameters

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 28
 Jet Grouting

A simplified comparison between the three systems

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 29
Single Fluid Spoil
Double Fluid Spoil
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

HIGH-EFFICIENCY JET GROUTING (ETJ)

During the last years, the Trevi Group has

been carrying out theoretical and
experimental studies devoted to improve the
effectiveness of the disgregating and/or
consolidating jet.
Said studies have found out that the
geometric shape of the fluid’s conducts next
to the outlet nozzles highly affects the jet’s
“disintegrating” capability.
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

HIGH-EFFICIENCY JET GROUTING (ETJ)

A new-concept and high-efficiency monitor, called ETJ (Enhanced Trevi Jet), as
well as nozzles shape, allows the flow of the disintegrating and/or consolidating
mixture to be more concentrated and effective compared to traditional ones.

Traditional monitor
ETJ Monitor
 Jet Grouting
The reasons for its worldwide success

By using the most appropriate drilling technology, it’s possible to pass through
natural (i.e. boulders, rocky formations etc.) or man-made (i.e. old masonry or
concrete foundations etc.) obstacles.

Jetting monitor
Jetting monitor

Air-driven Water-driven
DTHH DTHH
(WASSARA®)

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 34
 Jet Grouting

Hydraulic drilling Equipment

rig with automatic
drilling/grouting
parameters High capacity Medium
recorder (20 m3/min at 2 pressure (20 ÷
MPa) air 30 MPa)
compressor grout pump
Automatic high
capacity (20 ÷ 25
m3/h)
+ +
grout batching and
mixing plant
“double fluid" “triple fluid"
High
pressure
(40 ÷ 60
MPa)
grout pump,
“single 400 to 1000
fluid” HP
Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 35
 Jet Grouting

Water storage tanks Automatic grout batching and mixing

plant
High pressure grout
pumps
Compressed air
tank

Air compressor

Spoil management
pit

Drilling/jetting “DOUBLE FLUID” JG

rig JOBSITE
Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 36
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

 Soil erodibility plays a major role in determining

geometry, quality and production.
 Cohesionless soils are typically more erodible than
cohesive soils.
Design aspects
Typical Jet Grouting Strengths
 Strengths are variable and difficult to predict, particularly in layered soils.
 Strength increases (slowly) with age
 Organic content can decrease final strength
 Design aspects
Specific Energy Approach
Specific Energy ES = P x Q/Vt (MJ/m)

where:

• P = fluid(s) pressure (MPa)

• Q = fluid(s) flow rate (m3/h)
• Vt = rods withdrawal speed (m/h)

Eg = Grout jet specific energy

Ew = Water jet specific energy
Ea = Air jet specific energy
Et = Total specific energy

Eg Ew Ea Et
Jet Methods
MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m MJ/m
Single Fluid 10 ÷ 20 - - 10 ÷ 20

Double Fluid 20 ÷ 40 - 10 ÷ 20 30 ÷ 60
Triple Fluid 5 ÷ 20 30 ÷ 120 20 ÷ 70 50 ÷ 200
 Jet Grouting

Design aspects

Energy and Diameter

Specific energy E’S

The diameter of the column
can be correlated to the
specific energy per linear
meter (Es in MJ/m) or per
cubic meter of treated soil
(E’s in MJ/m3).

TRIPLE
FLUID
Column diameter
Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD)
 Jet Grouting
Geomechanical characteristics of the treated soils
Final result of JG process = water + cement + original soil
final strength of treated soil = influenced by original soil + quantity of cement

PREVAILING SOIL UCS at 28 days Modulus E at

(MPa) 28 days
UCS at 28 days (Kg/cm2)

(MPa)
Clean sands and
gravels
Silty sands
Silty clays
Soft clays
Stiff clays

Cement
(Kg/m3)
Final permeability = range between 10-6 m/s and 10-7 m/s
(lower values associated to cohesive formations).

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD) 41
 Jet Grouting
Bottom Plug by 1800 mm Jet Grouting Columns
TAMPONE A QUINCONCIE (PROBABILITA' 95 %) Vertical Deviation = 0.8%
Probability 95%
0
200

3 Spacing 1.00 m
190
Spacing 1.05 m
6
180
I = 0.8 D
Spacing 1.10 m
170 9
Spacing 1.15 m
160 12 Spacing 1.20 m
I = 0.7 D
150 Spacing 1.25 m
15

140

i = 1.25 m I = 0.6 D 18
INTERASSE (cm)

130

Drilling Depth (m)

21
120

24
110

100
D = 1800 mm 27

90 30

80 Diametro = 600 mm
33
Diametro = 800 mm
70
Diametro = 1000 mm
36
Diametro = 1200 mm
60
Diametro = 1400 mm 39
50 Diametro = 1600 mm
Diametro = 1800 mm 42
40
Diametro = 2000 mm

30 45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
PROFONDITA' (m) 48

Depth = 30 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Percentage of Error (%)

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD)
 Jet Grouting

Jet Grouting bottom slab

Typical patterns

Structural
Hydraulic

Half-Day Seminar on Ground Improvement - Centre for Research & Professional Development (CRPD)
 AGENDA

1.GENERAL VIEW
2.TECHNOLOGY & DESIGN
3.QUALITY CONTROLS AND
MONITORING SYSTEM
4.CASE HISTORY
 QC/QA and MONITORING SYSTEM

Before execution During execution After execution

 Laboratory tests  Rheology  Core drillings

 Test fields  Return flow  Destructive

 Record and
CONTROL drillings
parameters
 Pumping tests
 Borehole
 Thermal detection
deviation
 Geo-electrical,
 3D as-built
cross hole and

seismic test
 QC/QA and MONITORING SYSTEM

Before Execution - TRIAL TEST

A full scale trial test should be performed on-site, to assess the suitability of
the selected method, the parameters and type grout mixture to achieve the
design requirements, QC/QA procedures.
The aim is to minimize the uncertainties and verify the design criteria.
The trial columns shall be installed in the same soil and in the same conditions
as the real work.
The typical test is performed by changing the working parameters to explore a
range of possibilities.
 QC/QA and MONITORING SYSTEM

Quality controls during the operational phase

Controls on the fresh mixture (i.e. volume weight and Marsh density);
Controls on the regular and constant discharge of the “spoil” material
from the hole;
Controls on the fresh spoil material (i.e. volume weight);
Controls on the injection parameters (rotation speed and rods’
extraction speed, pressures, flows and volumes of the fluids employed).
 QC/QA and MONITORING SYSTEM

MONITORING SYSTEM

The drilling/jetting parameters of jet grouted

elements can be recorded by a recording device.
The main parameters are:
 drilling/lifting speed
 rotation speed
 thrust/pull pressure
 fluid pressure and flow rate

The device can automatically

control the lifting speed of
the machine
 QC/QA and MONITORING SYSTEM

VERTICALITY CONTROL SYSTEM

The verticality check can be performed in all

the columns using some special device:
Inclinometers or gyro systems driven inside
inner passage of the jetting rods
DPS or TIGOR system

ADDITIONAL COLUMN

The as-built drawing allows to

plan the execution of additional
columns
 QC/QA and MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS SYSTEM

The GPS system allows to set up the drilling rig on the right spot, in a precise,
easy and quick way, without the surveyor continuous assistance.
Easy control on the already installed columns, avoiding the risk to skip columns
and leave not treated zones or install twice the already installed columns.

satellite
GPS