Design of Structural Steel -

An Overview

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Shek Poi Ngian

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected]
 STEEL
metal with 95% or more iron. The remaining constituents are small
amounts of elements derived from the raw materials used in the making
of the steel, as well as other elements added to improve certain
characteristics or properties of the product.

STRUCTURE
one or more elements arranged in certain form to resist the forces stably
and with no excessive deformation.

STRUCTURAL STEEL
steel in various shapes and forms utilized to support loads and resist the
various forces to which a structure is subjected.

2
 Chemical Composition

Element Percentage

Iron 95%
Carbon 0.16-0.18%

Silicon 0.40% max

Manganese 0.70-0.90%

Sulphur 0.040% Max

Phosphorus 0.040% Max

3
Structural design is a process by which an optimum solution is obtained meeting
certain established criteria.

Aims of Structural Design

• to fulfil its intended function
• to sustain the specified loads for its intended life
• to consider the economical aspect

1. The design should facilitate safe fabrication, transport, handling and erection.
2. It should take account of the needs of future maintenance, final demolition,
recycling and reuse of materials

4
Advantages of Steel
• High strength
• Uniformity
• Elasticity
• Ductility
• Additions to existing
structures
• Time saving
• Flexibility in fabrication
• The after-demolished value

5
Disadvantages of Steel
• Maintenance cost
• Fireproofing
• Susceptibility to buckling
• Fatigue

6
 Method of Design

1. Simple Construction
The joints should be assumed not to develop moments adversely
affecting either the members or the structure as a whole.

2. Rigid Construction
The joints should also be capable of resisting the moments and
forces resulting from the analysis.

3. Semi-Continuous Construction
The joints have some degree of strength and stiffness, but
insufficient to develop full continuity.

11
 Types of Multistorey
Steel Frame

Braced Unbraced
Steel Frame Steel Frame

Semi- Semi-
Simple Continuous Continuous
Continuous Continuous

Non-Sway Sway Non-Sway Sway

12
 Braced Steel
Frame

Semi-
Simple Continuous
Continuous

connections between Connections between

Some degree of connection
members are assumed not to members capable to develop
stiffness is assumed
develop moments full strength/stiffness

joint pin connected Joint semi-rigidly connected Joint rigidly connected

necessary to maintain Limitation in the design Elastic analysis or plastic

stability against sway specifications analysis

elastic analysis

13
Types of Construction

Simple Semi- continuous Continuous

Construction Construction Construction

Pinned joint Semi rigid

connections
Rigid joint

14
SFD and BMD

No moment at
beam end

Reduced
Sagging The least
sagging
moment sagging
moment
govern the moment
beam size
Beam end Beam design using
Moment due to connection transfer
s hoggi ng moment.
eccentricity of beam
- a portion of moment
end force to the columns

15
Historical developments

Historical development of Eurocodes:

• Idea of Eurocodes dates back to 1974

• Family of design codes
• Harmonisation of treatment (technical specifications)
• Removal of barriers (technical obstacles) to trade
• Framework for development
Scope of Eurocodes

Scope of structural Eurocodes:

• A total of 10 codes; almost all having a number

of parts (comprising 58 documents altogether)

The first 2 codes are material independent:

• EN 1990 – Basis of structural design

• EN 1991 – Actions on structures
Types of actions

Types of actions:

• Permanent, G

• Variable, Q (leading and non-leading)

• Accidental, A
Load combinations

Fundamental combinations of actions may be

determined from EN 1990 using either of:

• Equation 6.10
• Less favourable of Equation 6.10a and 6.10b
Load combinations

1.5 x combination factor x

Equation 6.10:
Other variable actions
‘to be combined Actions due to
with’ prestressing

∑γ
j ≥1
G, j Gk , j "+" γ PP "+" γ Q,1Qk ,1 "+" ∑ γ Q,i ψ 0,iQk ,i
i>1

1.35 x Permanent
actions 1.5 x Leading
variable action

Load factors 1.35 and 1.5 are applied when

actions are ‘unfavourable’.
Parts of EN 1991

EN 1991 contains the following parts:

• EN 1991-1: General actions

• EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges
• EN 1991-3: Actions from cranes and machinery
• EN 1991-4: Actions in silos and tanks
Sub-parts of EN 1991-1

EN 1991-1 contains the following sub-parts:

• EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads

• EN 1991-1-2: Fire
• EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads
• EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions
• EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions
• EN 1991-1-6: Actions during execution
• EN 1991-1-7: Impact and explosions
Scope of Eurocodes
Remaining 8 codes focus on materials:
• EN 1992 – Design of concrete structures
• EN 1993 – Design of steel structures
• EN 1994 – Design of composite structures
• EN 1995 – Design of timber structures
• EN 1996 – Design of masonry structures
• EN 1997 – Geotechnical design
• EN 1998 – Design of structures for earthquakes
• EN 1999 – Design of aluminium structures
Scope of Eurocodes

Timetable for introduction of codes:

• Codes published by CEN

• Comité Europeén de Normalisation
• European Committee for Standardisation
• National standards bodies adopt – Malaysia?
• Produce own National Annex (in 2010 – as ECs are mandatory to public works)
• Conflicting existing standards withdrawn
25
EN 1993: Eurocode 3

Eurocode 3:

• Work began back in 1975

• Eurocode 3 contains a number of parts
• … and sub-parts
• The first 5 parts were published in 2005
EN 1993: Eurocode 3
Eurocode 3 contains six parts:

• EN 1993-1 Generic rules

• EN 1993-2 Bridges
• EN 1993-3 Towers, masts & chimneys
• EN 1993-4 Silos, tanks & pipelines
• EN 1993-5 Piling
• EN 1993-6 Crane supporting structures
EN 1993-1

Eurocode 3: Part 1 has 12 sub-parts:

• EN 1993-1-1 General rules

• EN 1993-1-2 Fire
• EN 1993-1-3 Cold-formed thin gauge
• EN 1993-1-4 Stainless steel
• EN 1993-1-5 Plated elements
• EN 1993-1-6 Shells
EN 1993-1

• EN 1993-1-7 Plates transversely loaded

• EN 1993-1-8 Joints
• EN 1993-1-9 Fatigue
• EN 1993-1-10 Fracture toughness
• EN 1993-1-11 Cables
• EN 1993-1-12 High strength steels
National Annexes

National Annexes:

• Every Eurocode will contain a National Annex

• National choice – Malaysian Standards (MS)
• Non Conflicting Complementary Information
• Can be bought from MS Online
Concept in Design

“the resistance of cross-sections and members specified in

this Eurocode 3 for the ultimate limit states as defined in EN
1990, 3.3 are based on tests in which the material exhibited
sufficient ductility to apply simplified design models.”
Limit States Design

• Ultimate Limit States

• a physical situation that involves either excessive deformations
leading and approaching collapse of the component under
consideration/the structure as a whole
• Serviceability Limit States
• To satisfy the serviceability limit state criterion, a structure must
remain functional for its intended use subject to routine loading,
and as such the structure must not cause occupant discomfort
under routine conditions.
Design Procedures

1. Planning
2. Preliminary structural configuration
3. Establishment of the loads
4. Preliminary member selection
5. Analysis
6. Evaluation
7. Redesign
8. Final decision
Design Code

• BS EN 1990
• BS EN 1991-1-1
• BS EN 1993-1-1
• BS EN 1993-1-5
• BS EN 1993-1-8
Combination of Actions

Limit state Load combination Design load

1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk
Permanent + Imposed
Ultimate limit 1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk+ 0.9Wk
Permanent + Imposed +
state 1.35Gk+ 1.05Qk+ 1.5Wk
Wind

Serviceability
Permanent + Imposed 1.0Gk+ 1.0Qk
limit state
BS EN 1991-1-1: Table 6.1
Category Specific Use qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)
A Areas for domestic and
residential activities e.g.
rooms in houses, bedrooms in
hotel, wards in hospitals,
kitchen and toilets. 1.5 to 2.0 2.0 to 3.0
- Floors 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 4.0
- Stairs 2.5 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0
- Balconies
B Office areas 2.0 to 3.0 1.5 to 4.5
Load Distribution

1
8000

5000 5000 5000

Steel Elements
•Plat girder
• Beams 3
•Beams
•Column
• Ties/bracing 2
•Bracing
•Foundation

• Column 4

• Purlins 5
1
• Trusses
• Connection (a) Multi-storey

•Truss
•Crane girder
•Foundation
•Purlin
7 •Column
6

10 8

(b) Single storey

Material Properties
EN1993-1-1: Table 3.1

Nominal thickness of the element, t (mm)

Standard and steel t ≤ 40 mm 40 mm < t ≤ 80 mm
grade fy fu fy fu
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
EN 10025-2
S235 235 360 215 360
S275 275 430 255 410
S355 355 490 335 470
S450 440 550 410 550
Other Properties Of Steel

• Modulus of elasticity E = 210 kN/mm2

• Shear modulus G = 81 kN/mm2
• Poisson’s ratio v = 0.30
• Density of steel γ = 7850 kg/m3
• Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
a = 12 × 10-6 perK (for T ≤ 100˚C)
Steel Section
Section Abbreviation Usage Size
Depth (h) × Width (b) ×
Universal beam UKB Beam
Mass per Metre
Universal column UKC Column, piles h × b × Mass per metre

Equal angle UKA Trusses, purlin h×b

Unequal angle UKA Trusses, purlin h×b

Tee UKT Trusses, purlin h × b × Mass per metre

Channel UKPFC Purlin, bracing h × b × Mass per metre

Rectangular hollow
RHS Purlin, column h×b
section
Trusses,
Square hollow section SHS h×b
column
Trusses, Diameter (d) × thickness
Circular hollow section CHS
column (t)
Steel Section
Steel Section
Structural design
Early sections (1-4) of EN 1993-1-1:

• Reference to EN 1990 and EN 1991

• Identify clauses open to National choice
• Materials, reference to material standards
• Durability
Structural design
Subsequent sections of EN 1993-1-1:

• Section 5 – Structural analysis

• Global analysis
• Cross-section classification
• Requirements for plastic analysis
• Section 6 – ULS
• General
• Resistance of cross-sections
Structural design

• Buckling resistance of members

• Built-up members

• SLS
• Annexes A, B, AB and BB
Omissions
Notable omissions:

• Effective lengths
• Formulae for Mcr
• Formulae for Ncr
• Deflection limits
• National Annex and NCCIs to resolve
Sources of further information
• http://www.eurocodes.co.uk/
• Latest news and developments

• http://www.steel-sci.org/publications/
• Design guides

• http://www.access-steel.com/
• NCCIs
• Worked examples
References

Designers’ Guide to EN 1993-1-1:

Gardner and Nethercot (2005)

• Covers Eurocode 3: Part 1.1

• Also Parts 1.3, 1.5 and 1.8
• EN 1990 and EN 1991
• Sections aligned with code
References
The behaviour and design of steel
structures to EC3:
Trahair, Bradford, Nethercot & Gardner
(2008)

• Structural phenomena
• Theoretical background
• Code implementation
• Worked examples
References
Design of Steel Structures
Eurocode 3: Part 1-1: General
Rules and Rules for Buildings

Luis Simoes da Silva, Rui Simoes and

Helena Gervasio (2012)
• Fundamental design concept of EC3.
• Elastic and plastic design
• Worked examples
Design of Structural Steel -
An Overview

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Shek Poi Ngian

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected]