INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL

ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA E

INDUSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS

DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA

PETROLERA

ASIGNATURA:
CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL PETRÓLEO Y SUS PRODUCTOS

TABLAS, FIGURAS; MÉTODOS ASTM D2270, D2140, D2501, D2502

PROFESOR: DR. GUSTAVO JESÚS MARROQUÍN SÁNCHEZ

Ciudad de México, a 9 de mayo de 2023.

=
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D2270 − 10 (Reapproved 2016) British Standard 4459

Designation: 226/91 (95)

Standard Practice for

Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at
40 °C and 100 °C1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope 1.3.1 If Viscosity Index calculated for a given sample using

2
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the kinematic viscosity measurements from different test methods
viscosity index of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, are in disagreement, the values calculated from Test Method
and related materials from their kinematic viscosities at 40 °C D445 measurements shall be accepted.
and 100 °C. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
NOTE 1—The results obtained from the calculation of VI from kine-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
matic viscosities determined at 40 °C and 100 °C are virtually the same as standard.
those obtained from the former VI system using kinematic viscosities 1.4.1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
determined at 37.78 °C and 98.89 °C. standard. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6m 2/s = 1 cSt.
1.2 This practice does not apply to petroleum products with 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
kinematic viscosities less than 2.0 mm2/s at 100 °C. Table 1 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
given in this practice applies to petroleum products with responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
kinematic viscosities between 2 mm2/s and 70 mm2/s at priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
100 °C. Equations are provided for calculating viscosity index bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
for petroleum products having kinematic viscosities above
70 mm2/s at 100 °C. 2. Referenced Documents
1.2.1 In cases where kinematic viscosity data are not avail- 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
able at temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C, an estimate may be D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
made of the viscosity index by calculating the kinematic Petroleum Products
viscosity at temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C from data D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
obtained at other temperatures. Such viscosity index data may and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
be considered as suitable for information only and not for ity)
specification purposes. See Test Method D341, Annex A1. D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
1.3 The kinematic viscosity values are determined with D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
reference to a value of 1.0034 mm2/s at 20.00 °C for distilled Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
water. The determination of the kinematic viscosity of a Kinematic Viscosity)
petroleum product shall be carried out in accordance with Test E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Methods D445, D7042, IP 71, or ISO 3104. Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 ISO Standards:4
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. culation of Dynamic Viscosity
In the IP, this practice is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee
and issued under the fixed designation IP 226. The final number indicates the year
of last revision.
3
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2270 – 10ɛ1. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/D2270-10R16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
Supporting data (Metrication of Viscosity Index System Method D2270) have the ASTM website.
4
been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Research Report RR:D02-1009. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

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 D2270 − 10 (2016)
2.3 Energy Institute Standard:5 L = kinematic viscosity at 40 °C of an oil of 0 viscosity index
IP 71 Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation having the same kinematic viscosity at 100 °C as the oil
of Dynamic Viscosity whose viscosity index is to be calculated, mm2/s,
Y = kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of the oil whose viscosity
3. Terminology index is to be calculated, mm2/s, and
3.1 Definitions: H = kinematic viscosity at 40 °C of an oil of 100 viscosity
index having the same kinematic viscosity at 100 °C as
3.1.1 viscosity index, n—an arbitrary number used to char- the oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated, mm2/s.
acterize the variation of the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum
product with temperature. 5.2.3 If U > H, calculate the viscosity index, VI, of the oil as
follows:
3.1.1.1 Discussion—For oils of similar kinematic viscosity,
the higher the viscosity index the smaller the effect of tem- VI 5 @ ~ L 2 U ! / ~ L 2 H ! # 3 100 (3)
perature on its kinematic viscosity. where:
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Viscosity index is also used in Termi- U = kinematic viscosity at 40 °C of the oil whose viscosity
nology D1695 in a definition unrelated to this one. index is to be calculated, mm2/s.

4. Significance and Use 5.2.3.1 Calculation Example—Measured kinematic viscos-

ity at 40 °C of the oil whose viscosity index is to be
4.1 The viscosity index is a widely used and accepted calculated = 73.30 mm2/s; kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of the
measure of the variation in kinematic viscosity due to changes oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated = 8.86 mm2/s.
in the temperature of a petroleum product between 40 °C and From Table 1 (by interpolation) L = 119.94
100 °C. From Table 1 (by interpolation) H = 69.48
Substituting in Eq 3 and rounding to the nearest whole
4.2 A higher viscosity index indicates a smaller decrease in
number:
kinematic viscosity with increasing temperature of the lubri-
cant. VI 5 @ ~ 119.94 2 73.30! / ~ 119.94 2 69.48! # 3 100 5 92.43 (4)
VI 5 92 (5)
4.3 The viscosity index is used in practice as a single
number indicating temperature dependence of kinematic vis- 5.2.4 If U < H, calculate the viscosity index, VI , of the oil
cosity. as follows:
4.4 Viscosity Index is sometimes used to characterize base VI 5 @ ~~ antilogN ! 2 1 ! /0.00715# 1100 (6)
oils for purposes of establishing engine testing requirements where:
for engine oil performance categories.6
N 5 ~ logH 2 logU ! /logY (7)
5. Procedure or
5.1 Determine the kinematic viscosity of the sample at Y N 5 H/U (8)
40 °C and 100 °C in accordance with Test Method D445, Test
5.2.4.1 Calculation Example—Measured kinematic viscos-
Method D7042, ISO 3104, or IP 71. ity at 40 °C of the oil whose viscosity index is to be
5.2 Calculation: calculated = 22.83 mm2/s; kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of the
5.2.1 If the kinematic viscosity of the sample at 100 °C is oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated = 5.05 mm2/s:
less than or equal to 70 mm2/s, extract from Table 1 the From Table 1 (by interpolation) H = 28.975
corresponding values for L and H. Measured values that are not Substituting by Eq 7 (by logarithms):
listed, but are within the range of Table 1, may be obtained by
linear interpolation. The viscosity index is not defined and shall N5 F log~ 28.975! 2 log~ 22.83!
log~ 5.05! G
5 0.14719 (9)
not be reported for oils with kinematic viscosity of less than Substituting in Eq 6 and rounding to the nearest whole num-
2.0 mm2/s at 100 °C. ber:
5.2.2 If the kinematic viscosity is greater than 70 mm2/s at
100 °C, calculate the values of L and H as follows:
VI 5 F antilog~ 0.14719! 2 1
0.00715 G
1100 5 F
1.40343 2 1
0.00715
1100 G
L 5 0.8353 Y 2 114.67 Y 2 216
H 5 0.1684 Y 2 111.85 Y 2 97
(1)
(2)
5 F 0.40343
0.00715 G
1100 5 156.4235 (10)

VI 5 156
where:
5.2.4.2 Calculation Example—Measured kinematic viscos-
ity at 40 °C of the oil whose viscosity index is to be
5
calculated = 53.47 mm2/s; kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of the
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,
oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated = 7.80 mm2/s:
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
6
API 1509, “Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System, “ 16e, American From Table 1, H = 57.31
Petroleum Institute, April 2007. Substituting in Eq 7 (by logarithms):

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 D2270 − 10 (2016)
TABLE 1 Basic Values for L and H for Kinematic Viscosity in 40 °C to 100 °C System
Kinematic
Kinematic Kinematic Kinematic Kinematic Kinematic
Viscosity
Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity
at L H L H L H L H L H L H
at 100 °C, at 100 °C, at 100 °C, at 100 °C, at 100 °C,
100 °C,
mm2/s mm2/s mm2/s mm2/s mm2/s
mm2/s
2.00 7.994 6.394 7.00 78.00 48.57 12.0 201.9 108.0 17.0 369.4 180.2 24.0 683.9 301.8 42.5 1935 714.9
2.10 8.640 6.894 7.10 80.25 49.61 12.1 204.8 109.4 17.1 373.3 181.7 24.2 694.5 305.6 43.0 1978 728.2
2.20 9.309 7.410 7.20 82.39 50.69 12.2 207.8 110.7 17.2 377.1 183.3 24.4 704.2 309.4 43.5 2021 741.3
2.30 10.00 7.944 7.30 84.53 51.78 12.3 210.7 112.0 17.3 381.0 184.9 24.6 714.9 313.0 44.0 2064 754.4
2.40 10.71 8.496 7.40 86.66 52.88 12.4 213.6 113.3 17.4 384.9 186.5 24.8 725.7 317.0 44.5 2108 767.6

2.50 11.45 9.063 7.50 88.85 53.98 12.5 216.6 114.7 17.5 388.9 188.1 25.0 736.5 320.9 45.0 2152 780.9
2.60 12.21 9.647 7.60 91.04 55.09 12.6 219.6 116.0 17.6 392.7 189.7 25.2 747.2 324.9 45.5 2197 794.5
2.70 13.00 10.25 7.70 93.20 56.20 12.7 222.6 117.4 17.7 396.7 191.3 25.4 758.2 328.8 46.0 2243 808.2
2.80 13.80 10.87 7.80 95.43 57.31 12.8 225.7 118.7 17.8 400.7 192.9 25.6 769.3 332.7 46.5 2288 821.9
2.90 14.63 11.50 7.90 97.72 58.45 12.9 228.8 120.1 17.9 404.6 194.6 25.8 779.7 336.7 47.0 2333 835.5

3.00 15.49 12.15 8.00 100.0 59.60 13.0 231.9 121.5 18.0 408.6 196.2 26.0 790.4 340.5 47.5 2380 849.2
3.10 16.36 12.82 8.10 102.3 60.74 13.1 235.0 122.9 18.1 412.6 197.8 26.2 801.6 344.4 48.0 2426 863.0
3.20 17.26 13.51 8.20 104.6 61.89 13.2 238.1 124.2 18.2 416.7 199.4 26.4 812.8 348.4 48.5 2473 876.9
3.30 18.18 14.21 8.30 106.9 63.05 13.3 241.2 125.6 18.3 420.7 201.0 26.6 824.1 352.3 49.0 2521 890.9
3.40 19.12 14.93 8.40 109.2 64.18 13.4 244.3 127.0 18.4 424.9 202.6 26.8 835.5 356.4 49.5 2570 905.3

3.50 20.09 15.66 8.50 111.5 65.32 13.5 247.4 128.4 18.5 429.0 204.3 27.0 847.0 360.5 50.0 2618 919.6
3.60 21.08 16.42 8.60 113.9 66.48 13.6 250.6 129.8 18.6 433.2 205.9 27.2 857.5 364.6 50.5 2667 933.6
3.70 22.09 17.19 8.70 116.2 67.64 13.7 253.8 131.2 18.7 437.3 207.6 27.4 869.0 368.3 51.0 2717 948.2
3.80 23.13 17.97 8.80 118.5 68.79 13.8 257.0 132.6 18.8 441.5 209.3 27.6 880.6 372.3 51.5 2767 962.9
3.90 24.19 18.77 8.90 120.9 69.94 13.9 260.1 134.0 18.9 445.7 211.0 27.8 892.3 376.4 52.0 2817 977.5

4.00 25.32 19.56 9.00 123.3 71.10 14.0 263.3 135.4 19.0 449.9 212.7 28.0 904.1 380.6 52.5 2867 992.1
4.10 26.50 20.37 9.10 125.7 72.27 14.1 266.6 136.8 19.1 454.2 214.4 28.2 915.8 384.6 53.0 2918 1007
4.20 27.75 21.21 9.20 128.0 73.42 14.2 269.8 138.2 19.2 458.4 216.1 28.4 927.6 388.8 53.5 2969 1021
4.30 29.07 22.05 9.30 130.4 74.57 14.3 273.0 139.6 19.3 462.7 217.7 28.6 938.6 393.0 54.0 3020 1036
4.40 30.48 22.92 9.40 132.8 75.73 14.4 276.3 141.0 19.4 467.0 219.4 28.8 951.2 396.6 54.5 3073 1051

4.50 31.96 23.81 9.50 135.3 76.91 14.5 279.6 142.4 19.5 471.3 221.1 29.0 963.4 401.1 55.0 3126 1066
4.60 33.52 24.71 9.60 137.7 78.08 14.6 283.0 143.9 19.6 475.7 222.8 29.2 975.4 405.3 55.5 3180 1082
4.70 35.13 25.63 9.70 140.1 79.27 14.7 286.4 145.3 19.7 479.7 224.5 29.4 987.1 409.5 56.0 3233 1097
4.80 36.79 26.57 9.80 142.7 80.46 14.8 289.7 146.8 19.8 483.9 226.2 29.6 998.9 413.5 56.5 3286 1112
4.90 38.50 27.53 9.90 145.2 81.67 14.9 293.0 148.2 19.9 488.6 227.7 29.8 1011 417.6 57.0 3340 1127

5.00 40.23 28.49 10.0 147.7 82.87 15.0 296.5 149.7 20.0 493.2 229.5 30.0 1023 421.7 57.5 3396 1143
5.10 41.99 29.46 10.1 150.3 84.08 15.1 300.0 151.2 20.2 501.5 233.0 30.5 1055 432.4 58.0 3452 1159
5.20 43.76 30.43 10.2 152.9 85.30 15.2 303.4 152.6 20.4 510.8 236.4 31.0 1086 443.2 58.5 3507 1175
5.30 45.53 31.40 10.3 155.4 86.51 15.3 306.9 154.1 20.6 519.9 240.1 31.5 1119 454.0 59.0 3563 1190
5.40 47.31 32.37 10.4 158.0 87.72 15.4 310.3 155.6 20.8 528.8 243.5 32.0 1151 464.9 59.5 3619 1206

5.50 49.09 33.34 10.5 160.6 88.95 15.5 313.9 157.0 21.0 538.4 247.1 32.5 1184 475.9 60.0 3676 1222
5.60 50.87 34.32 10.6 163.2 90.19 15.6 317.5 158.6 21.2 547.5 250.7 33.0 1217 487.0 60.5 3734 1238
5.70 52.64 35.29 10.7 165.8 91.40 15.7 321.1 160.1 21.4 556.7 254.2 33.5 1251 498.1 61.0 3792 1254
5.80 54.42 36.26 10.8 168.5 92.65 15.8 324.6 161.6 21.6 566.4 257.8 34.0 1286 509.6 61.5 3850 1270
5.90 56.20 37.23 10.9 171.2 93.92 15.9 328.3 163.1 21.8 575.6 261.5 34.5 1321 521.1 62.0 3908 1286

6.00 57.97 38.19 11.0 173.9 95.19 16.0 331.9 164.6 22.0 585.2 264.9 35.0 1356 532.5 62.5 3966 1303
6.10 59.74 39.17 11.1 176.6 96.45 16.1 335.5 166.1 22.2 595.0 268.6 35.5 1391 544.0 63.0 4026 1319
6.20 61.52 40.15 11.2 179.4 97.71 16.2 339.2 167.7 22.4 604.3 272.3 36.0 1427 555.6 63.5 4087 1336
6.30 63.32 41.13 11.3 182.1 98.97 16.3 342.9 169.2 22.6 614.2 275.8 36.5 1464 567.1 64.0 4147 1352
6.40 65.18 42.14 11.4 184.9 100.2 16.4 346.6 170.7 22.8 624.1 279.6 37.0 1501 579.3 64.5 4207 1369

6.50 67.12 43.18 11.5 187.6 101.5 16.5 350.3 172.3 23.0 633.6 283.3 37.5 1538 591.3 65.0 4268 1386
6.60 69.16 44.24 11.6 190.4 102.8 16.6 354.1 173.8 23.2 643.4 286.8 38.0 1575 603.1 65.5 4329 1402
6.70 71.29 45.33 11.7 193.3 104.1 16.7 358.0 175.4 23.4 653.8 290.5 38.5 1613 615.0 66.0 4392 1419
6.80 73.48 46.44 11.8 196.2 105.4 16.8 361.7 177.0 23.6 663.3 294.4 39.0 1651 627.1 66.5 4455 1436
6.90 75.72 47.51 11.9 199.0 106.7 16.9 365.6 178.6 23.8 673.7 297.9 39.5 1691 639.2 67.0 4517 1454

40.0 1730 651.8 67.5 4580 1471

40.5 1770 664.2 68.0 4645 1488
41.0 1810 676.6 68.5 4709 1506
41.5 1851 689.1 69.0 4773 1523
42.0 1892 701.9 69.5 4839 1541

70.0 4905 1558

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 D2270 − 10 (2016)
N 5 @ ~ log57.31 2 log53.47! /log7.80# 5 0.03376 (11) exactly halfway between the nearest two whole numbers,
Substituting in Eq 6 and rounding to the nearest whole num- round to the nearest even number. For example, 116.5 shall be
ber: reported as 116.
VI 5 @ ~~ antilog 0.03376! 2 1 ! /0.00715# 1100 (12) 6.2 The test report shall contain at least the following
5 @ ~ 1.08084 2 1 ! /0.00715# 1100 5 111
information:
6.2.1 A reference to this standard,
5.2.5 If U = H, the viscosity index, VI, of the oil equals 100. 6.2.2 The type and complete identification of the product
5.3 ASTM DS 39b,7is based on the above calculation and tested,
may be used instead of 5.2 through 5.2.5. 6.2.3 The result of the test,
6.2.4 The test method used for the kinematic vixcosity
6. Report measurements,
6.1 Report the viscosity index to the nearest whole number, 6.2.5 Any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the
using the Rounding Method of E29. When the number is procedure specified, and
6.2.6 The date of the test.

7
7. Keywords
ASTM DS 39b, Viscosity Index Tables for Celsius Temperatures, ASTM
International. 7.1 kinematic viscosity; viscosity index

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. VISCOSITY INDEX CALCULATIONS FROM KINEMATIC VISCOSITIES AT NON-STANDARD TEMPERATURES

X1.1 In certain cases, it is of interest to obtain the VI of an tures near the standard values and as widely separated as
oil when conditions prevent the use of the standard tempera- possible.
tures of 40 °C and 100 °C. An estimate may be made by
calculating the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C from X1.2 Viscosity index values of an oil calculated from
data obtained at other temperatures. Reference should be made non-standard data as discussed above should be considered as
to Test Method D341 for the suitable equations. The kinematic suitable for information only and not desirable for specification
viscosity data used should preferably be taken from tempera- purposes.

X2. ANOTHER COMPUTATIONAL METHOD

X2.1 The exact computational method for the calculation of 0.1 %. For a given value of Y, select the pair of equations
viscosity index is defined in Section 5 of this practice. whose range includes this value of Y and calculate directly the
However, computation by computer or programmable calcula- values of L and H.
tor may be desired. This appendix describes one widely used
method. X2.4 With the given values of Y and U and the calculated
values of L and H corresponding to Y from Table X2.1, the
X2.1.1 In case of conflict between results using this method viscosity index is calculated directly using:
and the method in Section 5, the method in Section 5 shall be
accepted. X2.4.1 (Eq 3) where U ≥ H or
X2.4.2 (Eq 6) and (Eq 7) where U ≤ H as is described in
X2.2 The calculation of viscosity index requires: Section 5 of this practice.
X2.2.1 Input of kinematic viscosity data at 40 °C and
100 °C. X2.5 An example of these methods is as follows:
given kinematic viscosity at 40 °C = 73.50 mm2/s,
X2.2.2 Calculation of L and H corresponding to the kine- and kinematic viscosity at 100 °C = 8.860 mm2/s.
matic viscosity at 100 °C.
X2.5.1 As described in X2.3, the equations stored in
X2.2.3 Calculation of the viscosity index using equations in memory which include Y = 8.860 are:
Section 5 of this practice.
L 5 0.41858 Y 2 116.1558 Y 2 56.040 (X2.1)
X2.3 Values of L and H can be determined using computer 2
H 5 0.05794 Y 110.5156 Y 2 28.240 (X2.2)
software and the coefficients and equations stored in Table 2
X2.1. In this set of sixteen equations, the errors in individual X2.5.1.1 From the given value of Y = 8.860 mm /s:
values of L and H so calculated are believed not to exceed L 5 119.9588 (X2.3)

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 D2270 − 10 (2016)
TABLE X2.1 Coefficients of Quadratic Equations
Y Y
a b c d e f
min max
2.0 3.8 1.14673 1.7576 −0.109 0.84155 1.5521 −0.077
3.8 4.4 3.38095 −15.4952 33.196 0.78571 1.7929 −0.183
4.4 5.0 2.5000 −7.2143 13.812 0.82143 1.5679 0.119
5.0 6.4 0.10100 16.6350 −45.469 0.04985 9.1613 −18.557
6.4 7.0 3.35714 −23.5643 78.466 0.22619 7.7369 −16.656
7.0 7.7 0.01191 21.4750 −72.870 0.79762 −0.7321 14.610
7.7 9.0 0.41858 16.1558 −56.040 0.05794 10.5156 −28.240
9.0 12 0.88779 7.5527 −16.600 0.26665 6.7015 −10.810
12 15 0.76720 10.7972 −38.180 0.20073 8.4658 −22.490
15 18 0.97305 5.3135 −2.200 0.28889 5.9741 −4.930
18 22 0.97256 5.2500 −0.980 0.24504 7.4160 −16.730
22 28 0.91413 7.4759 −21.820 0.20323 9.1267 −34.230
28 40 0.87031 9.7157 −50.770 0.18411 10.1015 −46.750
40 55 0.84703 12.6752 −133.310 0.17029 11.4866 −80.620
55 70 0.85921 11.1009 −83.19 0.17130 11.3680 −76.940
70 Up 0.83531 14.6731 −216.246 0.16841 11.8493 −96.947
2
L=aY +bY+c
2
H=dY +eY+f

H 5 69.4765 (X2.4) X2.5.2.1 For the data in X2.5.1:

X2.5.2 Since U ≥ H: 119.9588 2 73.50
VI 5 3 100 5 92.030 5 92 (X2.6)
Viscosity index 5 @ ~ L 2 U ! / ~ L 2 H ! # 3 100 (X2.5) 119.9588 2 69.4765

X3. PRECISION OF VISCOSITY INDEX

X3.1 Precision and Bias8 listed below and within the limits of viscosity index listed
X3.1.1 The calculation of viscosity index from kinematic below, the precision of viscosity index has been determined by
viscosities at 40 °C and 100 °C is exact, and no precision limits examination of multiple data sets.
can be assigned to this calculation. X3.1.3 Reproducibility (R)—The difference between two
single and independent results obtained by different operators
NOTE X3.1—This precision value was obtained by statistical examina-
tion of interlaboratory results from approximately 40 base oil samples working in different laboratories on nominally identical test
(base oils without additive package) in the range from 79 VI to 164 VI and material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
between 2.4 mm2/s and 80 mm2/s kinematic viscosity at 100 °C for D445 operation of this practice, exceed the values in Table X3.1 only
and 12 base oil samples (base oils with additive package) in the range in one case in twenty.
from 93 Vi to 150 Vi and between 3.5 mm2/s and 40 mm2/s kinematic
viscosity at 100 °C for Test Method D7042.
TABLE X3.1 Precision of Viscosity
X3.1.2 The precision of a viscosity index value for an
Method to Range of Applicability
unknown sample depends on the precision of the two indepen- Measure Kinematic Viscosity Reproducibility (R)
dent kinematic viscosity values from which it is derived. For Kinematic Viscosity Index
petroleum base stocks within the limits of viscosity at 100 °C Viscosity at 100 °C
D445 2.4 to 80 79 to 164 2
D7042 3.5 to 40 93 to 150 2
8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Other Not determined
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1707.

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in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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Designation: D2140 − 08 (Reapproved 2017)

Standard Practice for

Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of
Petroleum Origin1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it elimi- eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
nates the necessity for complex fractional separation and D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and ity)
0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms. D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity Pycnometer
constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber
known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-
gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-
required for use of this test method. graphic Method
D2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or n-d-M Method
uninhibited. D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.1 percent of aromatic carbons (% CA)—the weight
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- combined in aromatic ring-type structures.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 percent of naphthenic carbons (% CN)—the weight
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
combined in naphthenic ring-type structures.
3.1.3 percent of paraffınic carbons (% CP)—the weight
percent of the total carbon atoms present in an oil that are
combined in paraffinic chain-type structures.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical
Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
D27.07 on Physical Test. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1963 as D2140 – 63 T. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D2140 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D2140-08R17. the ASTM website.

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 D2140 − 08 (2017)

FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP

NOTE 1—The resolution of carbon atoms into structural classifications NOTE 2—Fig. 1 is a form of correlation chart that has been found
is independent of whether the structures exist as separate molecules or are satisfactory for use with this method. Other chart forms may be devised
combined with other structural forms in a molecule. For example, a and used in preference to Fig. 1 if it is determined that the data obtained
paraffinic chain may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon molecule, or may are consistent with similar data from Fig. 1. In addition, some users will
be an alkyl group attached to an aromatic or naphthenic ring. find it convenient to develop a computer program or spreadsheet which
will provide a consistent evaluation of the data.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 A sample of the oil is tested to determine its viscosity, 5. Significance and Use
density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive 5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize
index. From these measured properties the viscosity-gravity the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in
constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) are obtained by observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining
calculation, using the equations given. The calculated values of processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so
VGC and ri are used with Fig. 1, to correlate those parameters forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical
with carbon-type composition. The composition in terms of % nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demon-
CA, % CN, and % CP may be read directly from Fig. 1. strated to be related to oil composition.

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 D2140 − 08 (2017)
5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not NOTE 3—This equation for VGC was devised by Moore and Kaye.4
identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The Accurate VGC data may be obtained using other equations and other
measurement temperatures. Test Method D2501 gives some of these
relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving alternatives.
Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.3
8.2 From the measured density and refractive index proper-
5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it ties of the oil sample (7.2) calculate the refractivity intercept,
may not compare with direct measurement test methods such ri, as follows:
as Test Method D2007.
r i 5 n D 20 2 ~ d/2 !
6. Apparatus
6.1 No specific apparatus is required. However, to obtain the where:
VGC and ri parameters of Fig. 1, certain measurements of nD 20 = refractive index at 20°C (68°F) for D line of sodium,
basic physical properties of the test oil must be made. The and
apparatus required for those measurements is as specified in d = density at 20°C (68°F).
ASTM test methods as detailed in Section 7. 8.3 Enter the correlation chart, Fig. 1, with the values of
VGC and ri, from 8.1 and 8.2. Read from Fig. 1 the corre-
7. Procedure sponding values of % CA, % CN, and % CP.
7.1 Obtain a uniform sample of the oil to be analyzed for 8.4 For oils containing 0.8 % or more sulfur, the accuracy of
carbon-type composition, using sampling procedures as speci- this practice may be improved by applying a sulfur correction.
fied in Practices D923. This may be done by use of the following equations (Note 4):
7.2 Determine the viscosity, density and relative density Sulfur correction for % C N 5 2weight % S/0.288
(specific gravity), and refractive index of the sample experi- Sulfur correction for % C P 5 1weight % S/0.216
mentally by the procedures specified in the following test
methods: Sulfur correction for % C A 5 100 2 ~ corrected % C N
7.2.1 Viscosity—See Test Method D445. 1corrected % C P !
7.2.2 Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity)—See NOTE 4—Commercially available oils of the types to which this method
applies normally have sulfur contents of less than 0.8 %. Therefore it is
Test Method D1481 or D4052.
unlikely that a sulfur correction will be necessary. For new or experimen-
7.2.3 Refractive Index— See Test Method D1218. tal oils, or whenever the true sulfur content is unknown, the determination
of that quantity is recommended. A satisfactory method is described in
8. Calculation Test Method D129.4
8.1 From the measured viscosity and specific gravity prop- 9. Report
erties of the oil sample (7.2) calculate the viscosity-gravity 9.1 Report the following information:
constant, VGC, as follows (Note 3): 9.1.1 Designation of practice used (D2140),
G10.0887 2 0.776 log log~ 10V 2 4 ! 9.1.2 Sample identification.
VGC 5
1.082 2 0.72 log log~ 10V 2 4 ! 9.1.3 Percent of aromatic ring carbons (% CA).
where: 9.1.4 Percent of naphthenic ring carbons (% CN), and
9.1.5 Percent of paraffinic chain carbons (% CP).
G = relative density (specific gravity) at 15.6°C (60°F), and
V = viscosity, cSt at 37.8°C (100°F). NOTE 5—The total of 9.1.3, 9.1.4, and 9.1.5 should equal 100 %.
10. Keywords

3
10.1 carbon type; composition; electrical oils; mineral oils;
Kurtz, S. S., King, R. W., Stout, W. J., Partikian, D. G., and Skrabek, E. A.,
oils
“Relationship Between Carbon-Type Composition, Viscosity-Gravity Constant, and
Refractivity Intercept of Viscous Fractions of Petroleum,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol
4
28, 1956, pp 1928–1936. Proc., 15th API Annual Meeting, November 1934, Section II, p. 7.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D2501 − 14 (Reapproved 2019)

Standard Test Method for

Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant (VGC) of
Petroleum Oils1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent

1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the viscosity- and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
gravity constant (VGC) of petroleum oils2 having viscosities in ity)
excess of 5.5 mm2/s at 40 °C (104 °F) and in excess of D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
0.8 mm2/s at 100 °C (212 °F). Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
1.2 Annex A1 describes a method for calculating the VGC D2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition
from Saybolt (SUS) viscosity and relative density. of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
standard. D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
1.3.1 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s. Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
1.3.2 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in Kinematic Viscosity)
this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type
of legacy conversions described in this practice. 3. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 The kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (104 °F) and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the density at 15 °C of the oil are determined. If the oil is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- extremely viscous, or if it is otherwise inconvenient to deter-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- mine the viscosity at 40 °C, the kinematic viscosity at 100 °C
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (212 °F) can be used. The viscosity-gravity constant is calcu-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- lated from the measured physical properties using the appro-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- priate equation.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 4. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 4.1 The viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) is a useful func-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. tion for the approximate characterization of the viscous frac-
tions of petroleum.2 It is relatively insensitive to molecular
2. Referenced Documents
weight and is related to a fluids composition as expressed in
2.1 ASTM Standards:3 terms of certain structural elements. Values of VGC near 0.800
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and indicate samples of paraffinic character, while values close to
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method) 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like
other indicators of hydrocarbon composition, the VGC should
not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils, asphaltic
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods. nonhydrocarbons.
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D2501 – 14. DOI: 5. Measurement of Physical Properties
10.1520/D2501-14R19.
2
Coats, H. B., and Hill, J. B., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 20, 5.1 Preferably, determine the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C as
1928, p. 641.
3
described in Test Method D445 or D7042. However, if the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sample is extremely viscous or if it is otherwise inconvenient
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on to measure the viscosity at 40 °C, the viscosity at 100 °C may
the ASTM website. be determined.

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 D2501 − 14 (2019)
5.2 Determine the density at 15 °C in accordance with Test 8. Precision and Bias
Method D1298, D4052, or D7042. Equivalent results can be 8.1 The calculation of viscosity-gravity constant from kine-
obtained by determining API Gravity at 60 °F (15.56 °C) in matic viscosity at 40 °C and density at 15 °C is exact. Precision
accordance with Test Method D287, and converting the result limits are not assigned to this calculation.
to density at 15 °C by means of Table 3 of the Petroleum
8.2 The precision and bias for this test method for calculat-
Measurement Tables (American Edition).4
ing VGC are essentially as specified in Test Methods D287,
NOTE 1—If it is necessary to convert a result obtained using the digital D445, D1298, D4052, and D7042, and Practice D2140. The
density meter to a density at another temperature, the Petroleum Measure- precision can be calculated as follows:
ment Tables can be used only if the glass expansion factor has been 8.2.1 For viscosity measured at 40 °C,
excluded.
1
rY 5 (3)
6. Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant 0.94 2 0.109 log10 ~ V 2 5.5!

6.1 From Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and Density at

15 °C—Use the following equation to calculate the VGC from · Œ r G 2 1r V 2
0.00224 ~ Y 2 1.059! 2
~ V 2 5.5! 2
the measured properties:
where:
NOTE 2—The original formulae2 used Saybolt Universal Seconds and rY = precision of the VGC,
specific gravity as the input parameters. The formulae were later trans- rG = precision of the gravity from D287, D1298, D4052, or
formed to use kinematic viscosity in excess of 4 mm2 at 40 °C and density
as input parameters and further revised to use kinematic viscosity in D7042,
excess of 5.5 mm2, all while keeping the original concepts of the formulae rV = precision of the viscosity from D445 or D7042,
intact. V = measured viscosity, and
Y = VGC.
G 2 0.0664 2 0.1154 Log~ V 2 5.5!
VGC 5 (1) 8.2.2 For viscosity measured at 100 °C,
0.94 2 0.109 Log~ V 2 5.5!
1
where: rY 5 (4)
0.90 2 0.097 log10 ~ V 2 0.8!
G = density at 15 °C, g/mL, and
V = kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, mm2/s.
6.2 From Kinematic Viscosity at 100 °C and Density at
· Œ r G 2 1r V
2
0.00177~ Y 2 1.294!
~ V 2 0.8! 2
2

15 °C—Use the following equation to calculate the VGC: 8.3 The VGC calculated from the viscosity at 100 °C can
G 2 0.108 2 0.1255 Log~ V'20.8! differ slightly from that calculated from the viscosity at 40 °C.
VGC 5 (2) A statistical evaluation of VGC data derived from equivalent
0.90 2 0.097 Log~ V'20.8!
viscosities at both 100 °F and 210 °F suggests that in the range
where: from about 0.80 to 0.95 VGC, the expected average difference
G = density at 15 °C, g/mL, and will be approximately 0.003 units. Whenever possible, it is
V' = kinematic viscosity at 100 °C, mm2/s. preferable to determine the VGC using Eq 1.
8.4 Bias—The procedure in Test Method D2501 for calcu-
7. Report lation of viscosity-gravity constant has no bias because the
7.1 Report the calculated VGC to the nearest .002 unit. value of viscosity-gravity constant can be defined only in terms
of a test method.
7.2 If the viscosity at 100 °C was used for the calculation,
state this in the report. 8.5 The term viscosity-gravity constant is also used in
Practice D2140, for determining carbon-type composition of
insulating oils of petroleum origin. The equations used are
different from those in this test method; the bias between the
4
Published jointly by, and available from, ASTM Headquarters and Energy two test methods is unknown.
Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London W1M 8AP. Companion volumes—the
British Edition and the Metric Edition—are also available. These tables supersede 9. Keywords
all other similar tables previously published by either of these societies and the
National Bureau of Standards Circular C-410 and the supplement to Circular C-410. 9.1 aromatic; density; kinematic viscosity; paraffinic

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 D2501 − 14 (2019)
ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CALCULATION OF VISCOSITY-GRAVITY CONSTANT FROM SAYBOLT VISCOSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY (SPE-
CIFIC GRAVITY)

A1.1 The calculation of viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) where:

can also be calculated from viscosity in units of Saybolt G = relative density (specific gravity) at 60/60 °F, and
seconds universal (SUS) and relative density (specific gravity). V1 = Saybolt Universal viscosity at 210 °F.
A1.2 From Saybolt Viscosity at 100 °F and Relative Den- A1.4 The viscosity-gravity constant calculated from the
sity (Specific Gravity) 60/60 °F Saybolt viscosity at 210 °F can differ slightly from that
A1.2.1 Use the following equation to calculate the VGC calculated from the 100 °F viscosity. A statistical evaluation of
from the measured properties: VGC data derived from both the 100 °F and 210 °F viscosities
10G 2 1.0752 log~ V 2 38! suggests that in the range from about 0.80 to 0.5 VGC, the
VGC 5 (A1.1) expected average difference will be approximately 0.003 units.
10 2 log~ V 2 38!
Whenever possible, it is preferable to determine the VGC using
where: Eq A1.1.
G = relative density (specific gravity) at 60/60 °F, and
V = Saybolt Universal viscosity at 100 °F.
A1.3 From Saybolt Viscosity at 210 °F and Relative Den-
sity (Specific Gravity) 60/60 °F
A1.3.1 Use the following equation to calculate the VGC:
G 2 0.1244 log~ V 1 2 31!
VGC 5 2 0.0839 (A1.2)
0.9255 2 0.0979 log~ V 1 2 31!

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. REVISION HISTORY

X1.1 This current revision includes a change in Eq 1 and Eq was to change the Scope from “in excess of 4 cSt. = 4 × 10–6
2 in Section 6, Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant. m–2/s at 40 °C” to “5.5 mm2/s at 40 °C (104 °F) and in excess
X1.1.1 During a revision change from D2501-87 and of 0.8 mm2/s at 100 °C (212 °F).” This change was made in the
D2501-91 there was a change in units from SUS (Saybolt D2501-11 revision.
Universal Seconds) to the SI unit of viscosity mm2/s (cSt). This
unit change necessitated a modification of the Scope (1.1) from X1.2 Expected Average Differences in Section 8.3
“in excess of 40 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100 °F X1.2.1 Section 8.3 (Precision and Bias) discusses the “sta-
(37.79 °C)” to “in excess of 4 cSt. = 4 × 10–6 m–2/s at 40 °C tistical evaluation of VGC data derived from equivalent vis-
(104 °F).” This change created a mathematical error of trying cosities at both 100 °F and 210 °F suggests that in the range
to take the log of a negative number in Eq 1 (in Section 6, from about 0.80 to 0.95 VGC, the expected average difference
Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity Constant) for V (Kinematic will be approximately 0.003 units.” Because no evaluation has
Viscosities) less than 5.5 cSt (mm2/s) and the Scope value in been performed in SI units, the retention of the English units
excess of 4 cSt. (mm2/s). Consensus input to this discrepancy (°F) is retained.

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ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D2502 − 14 (Reapproved 2019)´1

Standard Test Method for

Estimation of Mean Relative Molecular Mass of Petroleum
Oils from Viscosity Measurements1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2502; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Editorially updated Footnote 4 in May 2020.

1. Scope D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent

1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the mean and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from kinematic ity)
viscosity measurements at 100 °F and 210 °F (37.78 °C and D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
98.89 °C).2 It is applicable to samples with mean relative Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
molecular masses in the range from 250 to 700 and is intended Kinematic Viscosity)
for use with average petroleum fractions. It should not be 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
applied indiscriminately to oils that represent extremes of Mean Relative Molecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from
composition or possess an exceptionally narrow mean relative Viscosity Measurements4
molecular mass range.
3. Summary of Test Method
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical 3.1 The kinematic viscosity of the oil is determined at
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only 100 °F and 210 °F (37.78 °C and 98.89 °C). A function “H” of
and are not considered standard. the 100 °F viscosity is established by reference to a tabulation
of H function versus 100 °F viscosity. The H value and the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 210 °F viscosity are then used to estimate the mean relative
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the molecular mass from a correlation chart.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 4. Significance and Use
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 This test method provides a means of calculating the
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
mean relative molecular mass of petroleum oils from another
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
physical measurement.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 4.2 Mean relative molecular mass is a fundamental physical
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical constant that can be used in conjunction with other physical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. properties to characterize hydrocarbon mixtures.

2. Referenced Documents 5. Procedure

2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 5.1 Determine the kinematic viscosity of the oil at 100 °F
and 210 °F (37.78 °C and 98.89 °C) as described in Test
Method D445 or Test Method D7042.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on 5.2 Look in Table 1 for 100 °F (37.78 °C) viscosity and read
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of the value of H that corresponds to the measured viscosity.
Subcommittee D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods. Linear interpolation between adjacent columns may be re-
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D2502 – 14. DOI:
quired.
10.1520/D2502-14R19E01. 5.3 Read the viscosity-mean relative molecular mass chart
2
Hirschler, A. E., Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, JIPEA, Vol 32, 1946, p.
133.
for H and 210 °F (98.89 °C) viscosity. A simplified version of
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD2502-E-PDF.

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 D2502 − 14 (2019)´1
TABLE 1 Tabulation of H Function
Kinematic
Viscosity,
H
cSt at 100 °F
(37.78 °C)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
2 −178 −151 −126 −104 −85
3 −67 −52 −38 −25 −13
4 −1 9 19 28 36
5 44 52 59 66 73
6 79 85 90 96 101
7 106 111 116 120 124
8 128 132 136 140 144
9 147 151 154 157 160
10 163 166 169 172 175
11 178 180 183 185 188
12 190 192 195 197 199
13 201 203 206 208 210
14 211 213 215 217 219
15 221 222 224 226 227
16 229 231 232 234 235
17 237 238 240 241 243
18 244 245 247 248 249
19 251 252 253 255 256
20 257 258 259 261 262
21 263 264 265 266 267
22 269 270 271 272 273
23 274 275 276 277 278
24 279 280 281 281 282
25 283 284 285 286 287
26 288 289 289 290 291
27 292 293 294 294 295
28 296 297 298 298 299
29 300 301 301 302 303
30 304 304 305 306 306
31 307 308 308 309 310
32 310 311 312 312 313
33 314 314 315 316 316
34 317 317 318 319 319
35 320 320 321 322 322
36 323 323 324 325 325
37 326 326 327 327 328
38 328 329 329 330 331
39 331 332 332 333 333
H
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
40 334 336 339 341 343 345 347 349 352 354
50 355 357 359 361 363 364 366 368 369 371
60 372 374 375 377 378 380 381 382 384 385
70 386 387 388 390 391 392 393 394 395 397
80 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407
90 408 409 410 410 411 412 413 414 415 415
100 416 417 418 419 420 420 421 422 423 423
110 424 425 425 426 427 428 428 429 430 430
120 431 432 432 433 433 434 435 435 436 437
130 437 438 438 439 439 440 441 441 442 442
140 443 443 444 444 445 446 446 447 447 448
150 448 449 449 450 450 450 451 451 452 452
160 453 453 454 454 455 455 456 456 456 457
170 457 458 458 459 459 460 460 460 461 461
180 461 462 462 463 463 463 464 464 465 465
190 465 466 466 466 467 467 468 468 468 469
H
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
200 469 473 476 479 482 485 487 490 492 495
300 497 499 501 503 505 507 509 511 512 514
400 515 517 518 520 521 523 524 525 527 528
500 529 530 531 533 534 535 536 537 538 539
600 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 547 548
700 549 550 551 551 552 553 554 554 555 556
800 557 557 558 559 559 560 561 562 562 563
900 563 564 565 565 566 566 567 567 568 569

H
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1 000 569 574 578 583 587 591 594 597 600 603
2 000 605 608 610 612 614 616 618 620 621 623

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 D2502 − 14 (2019)´1
TABLE 1 Continued
Kinematic
Viscosity,
H
cSt at 100 °F
(37.78 °C)
3 000 625 626 628 629 631 632 633 634 636 637
4 000 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647
5 000 648 649 650 651 652 652 653 654 655 656
6 000 656 657 658 658 659 660 660 661 662 662
7 000 663 664 664 665 665 666 666 667 667 668
8 000 668 669 670 670 671 671 671 672 672 673
9 000 673 674 674 675 675 676 676 677 677 677
H
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
10 000 678 681 684 688 691 694 696 699 701 703
20 000 705 707 709 711 712 714 715 717 718 719
30 000 720 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730
40 000 731 732 732 733 734 735 736 736 737 738
50 000 739 739 740 741 741 742 743 743 744 744
60 000 745 746 746 747 747 748 748 749 749 750
70 000 750 751 751 752 752 753 753 753 754 754
80 000 755 755 756 756 756 757 757 758 758 758
90 000 759 759 759 760 760 760 761 761 761 762
100 000 762 762 763 763 763 764 764 764 764 765

this chart is shown in Fig. 1 for illustration purposes only (Note 6.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive test
1). Interpolate where necessary between adjacent lines of results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
210 °F viscosity. After locating the point corresponding to the under constant operating conditions on identical test material,
value of H (ordinate) and the 210 °F viscosity (superimposed would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
lines), read the mean relative molecular mass along the the test method, exceed the value 3 only in one case in twenty.
abscissa. 6.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
Example: and independent results, obtained by different operators, work-
Measured viscosity, cSt:
100 °F (37.78 °C) = 179 ing in different laboratories on identical test material, would in
210 °F (98.89 °C) = 9.72 the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
Look in Table 1 for 179 and read the corresponding value method, exceed the value 25 only in one case in twenty.
H = 461.
Using H = 461 and 210 °F viscosity = 9.72 in conjunction 6.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
with chart gives mean relative molecular mass = 360 (see Fig. suitable for determining bias for this test method, no statement
1). of bias can be made.

NOTE 1—A chart 22 in. by 28 in. (559 mm by 711 mm) is available as 6.3 The precision for this test method was not obtained in
an adjunct to this test method was used in cooperative testing of the accordance with RR:D02-1007, “Manual on Determining Pre-
method. If other charts are used, the precision statements given in the cision Data for ASTM Methods on Petroleum Products and
Precision section will not apply.
Lubricants.”
5.4 Report the mean relative molecular mass to the nearest
whole number. 7. Keywords
6. Precision and Bias 7.1 kinematic viscosity; mean relative molecular mass;
6.1 The precision of this test method as obtained by statis- petroleum oils
tical examination of interlaboratory test results is as follows:

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 D2502 − 14 (2019)´1

FIG. 1 Viscosity-Mean Relative Molecular Mass Chart

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