Answer Explanations

194 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

Problem Solving and Data Analysis Page 31–Put It Together

1. (C)
Page 29–Put It Together Category: Percents–Part 2
1. (A) Strategy: Use the percent change formula. Visual
Category: Percents–Part 1 estimation will eliminate (A) and (B), as the increase
is more than 50% of the original.
Strategy: Test each answer choice until one is
approximately 23% of the total. Answer choices are Solution: In May, 25 cars were washed. In June, 40
too close to rely on estimation. 40 − 25 15 3
cars were washed. = = = 0.6 , so the
Solution: Males majoring in business represent 25 25 5
184 increase was 60%.
≈ 23.06% , so (A) is correct. Note that the
798
groups described in choices (B) and (D) represent 2. (D)
approximately 23.8% and 25.4%, respectively, Category: Percents–Part 2
making estimation/mental math nearly impossible.
Strategy: Translate word problems into equations
and use a calculator to solve. Alternatively, plug in.
2. (C) Solution: Let each can of regular soda weigh r
Category: Percents–Part 1 grams and each can of diet soda weigh d grams. If 24
Strategy: Divide the number of female math majors cans of regular soda weigh 9576 grams, then one
by the total number of females interviewed, then regular soda weighs 399 grams. Since this is 5%
convert the decimal to a percent. more than a can of diet soda, we have 399 = 1.05d,
so d = 380.
Solution: Of the 378 females surveyed, 53 were
53 A common mistake is to use the incorrect equation
math majors, so the answer is ≈ 14% . You could d = 0.95r. This would represent a can of diet soda
378
weighing 95% as much as a can of regular soda,
50 1 which is not equivalent to a can of regular soda
also estimate using = = 12.5% , which is
400 8 weighing 105% as much as a can of diet soda. Since
closest to 14%. this will still lead to the correct answer, the mistake
can be easy to miss in this case.
3. (C)
Category: Percents–Part 1 3. (B)
Strategy: Translate the information into an equation Category: Percents–Part 2
and find the solution that results in a whole number. Strategy: Translate the word problem to arrive at an
Solution: Let C be the number of cattle that Frank equation relating c and p, or choose numbers.
owned before the sale. If Frank sold 30% of his cattle Solution #1: The price after the initial 10% increase
and hasn't gained or lost any since, he must currently was 1.1p, and the price after the subsequent 30%
have 70% of his original herd, or 0.7C cattle. Now we discount was 0.7(1.1)p.
test answer choices. If Frank has 610 cattle, then we Solution #2: Let the initial price be 100 (units don't
get 610 = 0.7C, and C = 871.4 (rounded). We can matter). The price after the increase is 110, and 30%
assume that it is not possible to have a non-integer of 110 is 33, so the final price is 110 – 33 = 77. Only
number of cattle, so eliminate (A). The same thing (B) returns 77 when plugging in p = 100.
happens with answers (B) and (D), but 350 = 0.7C
has the solution C = 500, so 350 is a possibility for
Frank's current number of cattle.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 195

Page 33–Put It Together Page 35–Put It Together

1. (D) 1. (C)
Category: Ratios Category: Proportions
Strategy: We follow the provided hint, being careful Strategy: Use a proportion to find the expected
to compare the correct ratios and not fall for an amount of snow after h hours.
attractor answer. Solution: Snow falling for six hours at a rate of 2.5
Solution: The ratio of (have been) married to total inches per hour will reach a depth of 6 × 2.5 = 15
36 inches. Together with the 48 inches already on the
18-23 year olds is . The ratio of never married to ground, there will be an expected 63 inches of snow
120
on the ground at 8 PM.
36
total 24-29 year olds is . The ratio of the former
90
36 36 3 4 3 2. (C)
to the latter is ÷ = ÷ = .
120 90 10 10 4 Category: Proportions
Answer (C) is an attractor. Students might choose this Strategy: Set up a proportion and solve for the
if they simply compare the values seen on the chart, missing value or use estimation.
rather than calculating and comparing the two Solution 1: We have the proportion
probabilities. 0.24 mg x mg
= . Multiplying both sides by 20 gives x
100 g 20 g
2. (B) = 0.048.
Category: Ratios Solution 2: This can also be done quickly by
Strategy: Set up a proportion to determine how estimation. Since 20 grams is one fifth of 100 grams,
many additional people in the 36-41 age group had it should have one fifth the amount of vitamin B1, and
never been married. 0.24 is close enough to 0.25 that we can compute
0.25
Solution: All responses and respondents mentioned = 0.05 . That's good enough to choose (C).
here will be limited to the 36-41 year old group; the 5
rest are not relevant. The new responses put the
number of people that have been married at 60. We 3. (B)
know that 7 of the previous respondents were never
Category: Proportions
married, and if we let N be the number of new
respondents who have never married, we have Strategy: Set up a proportion and solve for the
60 4 60 missing value or use estimation.
= = , so N = 8.
67 + N 5 75 Solution 1:
Vitamin E 9.09 mg 14.6 mg
= =
3. (A) Ostrich Meat 100 g x g
Category: Ratios 9.09(x ) = 14.6(100)
Strategy: We can either find the price of each snack x = 160.6 g
or compare using suitable ratios. Solution 2: There are about 9 mg of vitamin E in
Solution 1: ShopNow sells 12 × 3 = 36 snacks for 100 g of ostrich meat. A lion needs 14.6 mg per day,
$10. RitePrice sells 6 × 4 = 24 snacks for $7. We can which is about 1.5 × 9. Therefore a lion needs about
use a calculator to find the price of a single snack at 1.5 × 100 = 150 g of ostrich meat per day. Looking
each store by dividing the price by the amount of at the answer choices, only (B) is remotely close.
snacks. This is about 28 cents at ShopNow and 29
cents at RitePrice.
Solution 2: Observe that:
24 snacks 1.5 36 snacks
× = , so you pay more per
$7 1.5 $10.50
snack at RitePrice than at ShopNow, which sells 36
snacks for $10.
196 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

Page 37–Put It Together 2. (D)

1. (D) Category: Units and Conversion
Category: Units and Conversion Strategy: We use as many unit conversions as
Strategy: We use as many unit conversions as necessary to change units from years to hours. The
necessary to get units in pounds and days. Due to steps are essentially the same as in the previous
space issues, we need several lines, but it's better to answer, but expressed less formally.
do it all in one line if possible. The arithmetic turns Solution: One year equals 365 days equals
out to be fairly easy. 365 × 24 = 8,760 hours, so 1.88 years equals
Solution: 1.88 × 8,760 = 16,468.8 hrs.

48 grains  48 grains   1 scruple  1, 429,000,000 km 1, 429,000,000 km 86,770 km

= = ≈
  1.88 years 16, 468.8 hrs hr
1 day  1 day   20 grains 
12 scruples
= 3. (B)
5 days
Category: Units and Conversion
12 scruples  1 dram 
=   Strategy: Find the amount of cubic inches in one
5 days  3 scruples 
cubic foot, then multiply by the plant’s capacity
4 drams (which is in cubic feet) to convert to the total cubic
=
5 days inches.
Solution:
4 drams  1 ounce 
=   One cubic foot = 123 cubic inches = 1728 in3
5 days  8 drams 
The problem wants the amount of cubic inches it
1 ounce takes to make 5.56 x 107 cubic feet. So use the
=
10 days proportion:
1 ounce  1 pound  1728 in3 x in3
=   3
= =
10 days  12 ounces  1 ft 5.56 × 10 7
1728(5.56 × 10 7 ) = x (1)
1 pound
= x = 9.61 × 1010 in3 per hour
120 days
0.25 pound
=
30 days Pages 38-39–Checkpoint Review
1. (C)
Category: Ratios
Strategy: Set up ratios to find the prices and then
subtract the prices.
Solution:
price $128 x
L-E : = =
mg 100 mg 250 mg
128(250) = 100(x )
x = $320

price $430 x
M-G : = =
mg 500mg 250mg
430(250) = 500(x )
x = $215

Price difference: $320-$215 = $105

 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 197

2. (B) 5. (B)
Category: Proportions Category: Proportions
Strategy: This can be solved with a proportion and Strategy: The best estimate relies on assuming that
then an application of percents. the surveyed households are representative of the
x mg D-T 50 mg D-T entire population. This allows us to set up a
Solution: = . proportion.
$1860 $62
Solution: Letting N be the number of households
Multiplying both sides by $1860 gives x = 1500 mg.
But only 95% of this is pure D-T, so 0.95(1500) = N 56
owning no car in 2010, we get = .
1425 mg. (A) is an attractor for those who miss this 117,600,000 588
last step. Multiplying both sides by 117,600,000 gives
N = 11,200,000.
3. (B)
Category: Proportions & Simultaneous Equations 6. (D)
Strategy: There are several steps to this problem: Category: Ratios
setting up proportions, changing units, and setting up Strategy: We use the table to find two ratios and
and solving an equation. compare them.
Solution: For the purpose of this problem, we will Solution: The ratio of households in 2010 owning
identify the grams of each sugar type as R and G. 147
exactly 1 car is = 0.25 (or 25%). The same ratio
First, it will make the problem easier to solve to first 588
identify each sugar’s price per gram, as they are
160
currently in mg. but for 1970 is = 0.5 (or 50%). Thus it was
320
$88 $88 $176
R: = = 0.25
500 mg .5g g = 0.5 times as likely for a household in 2010 to
0.5
$213 $213 $2130
G: = = own exactly one car as it was for a household in 1970
100mg .1g g to own exactly one car.
Next, set up your two equations:
R +G = 3 $176(R ) + $2130(G ) = $1505 Page 41–Put It Together
Isolate G in the left equation, then plug it into 1. (B)
the equation at right to solve for R .
Category: Statistics–Average (Mean)
G = 3−R $176(R ) + $2130(3 - R ) = $1505
Strategy: This is a straightforward average problem.
6390 - 1954R = $1505 In order to complete the problem, it is necessary to
R = 2.5g know how to read a histogram (there are three
ladybugs with 7 spots, and so on).
4. (C) Solution: The total number of spots is
Category: Percents 1(1) + 1(4) + 2(5) + 3(7) + 2(8) + 1(9) = 61.
Dividing this by 10, the number of ladybugs, gives the
Strategy: Divide the part by the whole and then
average number of spots as 6.1. (B) is closest.
convert to a percentage.
Solution: Reading directly off the first row of the
53
table gives = 20%.
265
198 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

2. (D) Page 43–Put It Together

Category: Statistics–Average (Mean) 1. (A)
Strategy: We can get enough information to find the Category: Statistics–Median, Mode, and Range
average age of all the joggers, or we can plug in. Strategy: Since there are only 9 campers, we may
Solution #1: Let j 1 , j 2 , j 3 , j 4 , j 5 represent the ages as well write the partial list of their ages in order. It's
also possible to answer using only the fact that 9 is
j1 + j 2
of the joggers. We are given that = 55 , so odd, which would be our preferred method if there
2 were, say, 109 campers.
j 1 + j 2 = 110 . In the same manner, we get
Solution: All we know is that the list of ages looks
j 3 + j 4 + j 5 = 3m . Since the average age of all of the like _ _ _ _ 12 _ _ _ _
joggers is 43, we have I: Looking at the list, this is clearly true. Eliminate (C).
j + j 2 + j 3 + j 4 + j 5 110 + 3m II: There's no reason that this must be true. A partial
43 = 1 = , so 3m = 105 list could easily be _ _ _ 11 12 14 _ _ _. Eliminate (B)
5 5
and (D). We know the answer already, but for
and therefore 31 < m < 43.
completeness…
Solution #2: Looking at the answer choices, it III: Again, there is no reason that this must be true. A
makes sense to plug in m = 31. If this is the average partial list could be _ _ _ 11 12 13 13 _ _
age of the group of three joggers, then their ages
sum to 93. The first group of joggers' ages sum to
110 + 93 2. (A)
110. But < 43 , so (A) and (C) are eliminated
5 Category: Statistics–Median, Mode, and Range
(the latter because if the three joggers are even Strategy: Answer as little as necessary to arrive at
younger than 31, the average age will be even the answer by process of elimination.
lower.) In exactly the same way, we see that if the Solution:
three joggers have an average age of 43 or higher,
I: The mode is 59 and it does look visually like the
the average age of the group of five will be greater
mean is greater, since there are three games with
110 + 129
than > 43 , so (B) is eliminated as well. scores significantly higher than 59 and two games
5 with scores slightly lower than 59. This also allows us
to eliminate (B).
3. (C) II: The mode is 59 and the median is the fourth
Category: Statistics–Average (Mean) score when listed in order. Going by the histogram,
that would be 59, so this is false. Eliminate (C) and
Strategy: Use the average formula or plug in.
(D).
Solution: The sum of the student's scores after four
III: We already know this is false by process of
tests is 4 × 82 = 328. Let s be the score on the fifth
elimination, but it's worth mentioning that if we only
test. If the student needs an average of at least 80,
compare the heights of the bars and don't notice that
we are led to the inequality
the vertical axis starts at 50, we'll think the range is
328 + s much higher than it really is.
≥ 80
5
328 + s ≥ 400

s ≥ 72
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 199

3. (C) 3. (D)
Category: Statistics–Median, Mode, and Range Category: Data Relationships
Strategy: We could find each of the original and Strategy: This more or less requires knowing the
changed means, medians, and ranges, but it turns answer ahead of time, so there isn't too much
out that we only need to find a few of the easier strategy involved except for eliminating any obviously
ones. incorrect answers.
Solution: The heights are already ordered, which is Solution:
helpful. The median is 19.5, and it will remain 19.5 if Linear functions are straight lines, maintaining a
the largest number is removed. Furthermore, because constant slope as x increases.
removing the largest measurement will change the
Logarithmic functions start out with a dramatic
mean and range, both (B) and (D) are incorrect.
positive slope and then level out along a horizontal
Since there are 11 numbers in between 18.0 and
asymptote as x increases (see dashed curve below):
20.5, and only one 25.0, the 25.0 doesn't do much to
pull the average up and removing it changes the
average little. As for how little, it is certainly less than
4.5, which is how much the range will change, so (C)
is correct.
Moving average does not apply, as this graph is not
As proof: measuring averages.
Average with the 25 inch measurement: Exponential functions have slopes that get much
18 + 18.5 + 2(19) + 4(19.5) + 20 + 2(20.5) + 25 steeper as x increases.
= 19.87
12
Average without the 25 inch measurement:
(A) is easy to eliminate, but if one doesn't already
18 + 18.5 + 2(19) + 4(19.5) + 20 + 2(20.5) know what an exponential function looks like, that's
= 19.40
11 about as far as they can go before guessing. It can be
argued that (C) is very likely incorrect because the
Pages 46-47–Put It Together problem is not referring to averages. Exponential
growth looks exactly like the graph, so (D) is correct.
1. (C)
Category: Data Relationships
4. (B)
Strategy: The increase is closely related to the slope
of the line of best fit, which represents the increase in Category: Data Relationships
distance per unit increase in time. We want the Strategy: Find the point on the graph.
increase in time per km, so we calculate “run over Solution: Just estimating, which is really all we can
rise.” do, it looks like (400, 4) lies on the curve, so we
Solution: We can use any convenient points on the choose (B).
line of best fit to answer this. It almost exactly passes
through (20, 2) and (45, 6), so an increase of 25
5. (B)
minutes occurs as a result of an additional 4 km, or
6.25 minutes per 1 km. Category: Data Relationships
Strategy: This problem requires prior knowledge of
how an exponent functions.
2. (B)
Solution: A bank account earning interest (ignoring
Category: Data Relationships
deposits or withdrawals) can be modeled by an
Strategy: This only requires us to read coordinates exponential function, the essential reason being that
off the line of best fit.
(1 + r)kt =ekt ln (1 + r) . The other choices are a bit vague,
Solution: The line of best fit is closer to (37, 5) than but (A) can be modeled as a linear function, and so
any of the points based on the other answers, so (B)
can (C): p 2 = 1.5 p1 , where the p’s are the partners’
is correct. Note the attractor answer (D), which arises
by using the actual data instead of the line of best fit. shares, for example. (D) can be thought of as either
linear (pages read on day n) or quadratic (total pages
read after n days).
200 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

Page 49–Put It Together Pages 54-61–Practice

1. (B) 1. (D)
Category: Data Collection and Conclusions Category: Percents
Strategy: We only need to know that the survey Strategy: Translate the word problem into an
used a random sample to answer this problem. The algebraic equation. Convert percents to decimal
confidence level and margin of error are unnecessary. form, multiply when you see the word “of,” and add
Solution: Because we know that the survey used a an equals sign when you see “is” or “is equal to.”
random sample, the most plausible value for the Solution:
average weight is the one closest to 176 pounds. (B) 25% of 400 is equal to 20% of ... (x )
is closest. The confidence level and margin of error .25(400) = .2(x )
give us more information; specifically, that if we take
x = 500
other random samples of 5,000 people, we expect
that in 95% of them the average weight will be
between 176 – 8 = 168 and 176 + 8 = 184 pounds. 2. (A)
Category: Percents
2. (C) Strategy: Compare the ratio of red marbles to total
Category: Data Collection and Conclusions marbles, or alternatively, red marbles to blue marbles.
Strategy: This requires prior knowledge of the Solution #1: The ratios of red to total marbles in
definitions of different types of studies. Note: this is a 2 3 4 5
bags 1 - 4 are , , , , respectively. The first
rare question type. 5 10 12 17
Solution: This experiment involves an experimental ratio is the largest, so bag 1 has the highest
group (the group with sinus congestion given the percentage of red marbles.
medication) and a control group (the group not given Solution #2: Instead of considering the “part:whole”
the medication). The third group may be used to get ratio as red:total, we may consider the “part:part”
even more information than the first two–side effects ratio red:blue. This is equivalent because red:total is
due only to the medication and not to sinus greatest when red:blue is, and it's slightly easier. For
congestion as well, for instance–but it doesn't change bag 1, red:blue = 2:3 > 1:2, but each other bag has
the type of experiment. a red:blue ratio less than 1:2. (A) is correct.

3. (B) 3. (B)
Category: Data Collection and Conclusions Category: Percents
Strategy: This can be answered with no advance Strategy: We can either set up an equation or plug
knowledge. Use common sense + process of in. In either case, we must be careful to get the order
elimination. correct and multiply by 1.1 instead of 0.9. (D) is an
Solution: (A) is stated to be false in the problem attractor answer.
statement, so we eliminate it. (B) must be true Solution: We are told that the stopping distance for
because if there were an association between weight brake pad N, 176 feet, is 10 percent more than the
and calling rate there would be an association stopping distance for brake pad S, which we'll call d.
between age and calling rate as well, which we know This leads us to the equation 176 = 1.1d, so d = 160.
to be false. Choices (C) and (D) involve causes and
not simply associations, and there is no reason to
believe that either one is true.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 201

4. (C) 7. 36
Category: Percents Category: Ratios
Strategy: We can either work with each type of Strategy: There is not much choice but to solve this
computer separately or use a weighted average and algebraically. Educated guess-and-check is possible –
do it all at once. Conceptually the two are different, the number of batteries in the second bag must be a
but the computations are more or less identical. multiple of 6 – but the steps required are not much
Solution #1: The store has an original stock of 70 + different than the algebraic ones.
50 = 120 computers. They sell 0.2(70) = 14 desktop 3
Solution: In the bag of 60 batteries, (60) = 18
computers and 0.08(50) = 4 laptops, for a total of 18 10
18 are size D and the remaining 42 size C. Let the other
computers in all. = 0.15, so the store sold 15%
120 5
of their computers that week. bag contain B batteries, so that B are size D and
6
7 1
Solution #2: The desktop computers make up of the remaining B are size C. If after combining both
12 6
5 bags we have the same number of each type of
the total, and the laptops the other , so the
12 battery, we get
percentages are weighted accordingly and the 5 1
18 + B = 42 + B
7 5 6 6
percent sold was (20%) + (8%) = 15% .
12 12 5 1
B − B = 42 − 18
6 6
5. (B) 2
B = 24
Category: Ratios 3
Strategy: We're only concerned with the placebo B = 36
group, so we get our numbers from the second row
of the table. From there it's just a case of using the
8. (C)
correct numbers and simplifying. There is an even
easier way, however. Category: Proportions
Solution #1: Using the second row of the table, we Strategy: We can either set up a proportion or
see that 136 showed no improvement and 64 showed manipulate a ratio to get the answer. Since it's fairly
improvement, for a ratio of 136:64 = 17:8. easy to write 750 as a (non-integer) multiple of 300,
the latter method works well.
Solution #2: More than two times the number of
people in the group showed no improvement than did Solution: The ratio of sold to hatched is
show improvement, and only the ratio in (B) is 180 2.5 × 180 450
= = , so (C) is correct.
greater than 1. 300 2.5 × 300 750

6. (D)
Category: Ratios
Strategy: Set up an equation and solve or plug in.
Solution #1: If x is the amount of a single “part”
within the ratio, then one investor gets x parts and
the other one 4x parts. Moreover, x + 4x = 5x =
$14,000. Solving gives x = $2,800.
Solution #2: When plugging in, we should begin
with (B) or (C). 3,500 is easier to multiply by 4 than
5,600, so we try that. If the smaller share is $3,500,
the larger share is 4($3,500) = $14,000, which is too
large. In that case, the smaller share must be too
large as well, so the answer is (D).
202 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

9. (D) 13. (B)

Category: Proportions Category: Statistics
Strategy: We take it one step at a time and work Strategy: If we put the heights in order, we see the
with each machine separately. Different ways to answer immediately.
calculate the minutes are shown below. Solution: Ordering the heights as follows, we see
Solution: Machine A takes that 5' 6" ≤ x ≤ 5' 9" .
500widgets 10
= hrs = 200mins to make 500 5'5" 5'6" 5'6" x 5'9" 5'11" 6'0"
150widgets/hr 3
widgets. Machine B takes
14. (D)
 1hr  5
500widgets   = hrs = 150mins to make Category: Statistics
 200widgets  2
500 widgests, for a difference of 50 minutes. Strategy: Eliminate each answer choice that can
affect the value of the median, or try to find a reason
why one of them can't. Create a simple list of values
10. (D) to see the effects of the answer choices on the
Category: Units and Conversion median.
Strategy: We use both conversion factors provided Solution #1: Increasing the smallest number can
to go from km to cm. affect the value of the median. For example, if the
Solution: original list of numbers is 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 with
median 5 and we increase the smallest number to 10,
 1,000m  the median of the new list is 6. This eliminates (A).
3km = 3km  
 1km  Choice (B) is eliminated because dividing each
= 3,000m number by 2 also divides the median by 2, which will
 100cm 
= 3,000m   always change it unless it is zero. Choice (C) is
 1m  eliminated for a similar reason. Choice (D) is
= 300,000cm
therefore the correct answer.
Solution #2: Decreasing the three smallest numbers
11. (D) cannot change their position on the list, for they are
Category: Statistics already at the beginning. The median will not be
affected by this decrease, so choice (D) is correct.
Strategy: Form an equation and solve or plug in.
Solution:
15. 0
8 + 13 + 21 + x
= 15 Category: Statistics
4
42 + x = 60 Strategy: Rather than solving x + (x + 2) + _ _ _ +
x = 18
(x + 20) = 143 to find the number of customers on
each day, then averaging them, we use a shortcut.
12. (C) Solution: Because there's an odd number of days
Category: Statistics involved, if we list the number of customers for each
day the median m will be the middle entry. The list is
Strategy: We could find both the median and the
mean, but we only need the median and an estimate of the form m − k , , m − 2, m , m + 2, , m + k ,
of the mean to answer this. where we haven't bothered to find k because it isn't
necessary. Each entry on the list has a corresponding
Solution:
entry that's equidistant from the median m, so the
9.95 + 9.75 + 9.50 + 8.25 + 8.05 average is also m.
Mean: = $9.10
5
Median: $9.50
Difference: $0.40
This problem can be solved more quickly if you note
that two pairs of numbers add easily:
9.95 + 8.05 = 18 and 9.75 + 8.25 = 18
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 203

16. (D) 20. (C)

Category: Data Relationships Category: Data Collection
Strategy: The line of best fit for a graph with strong Strategy: The margin of error shows the likely range
positive correlation will be close to most of the points of results at a certain confidence level.
and have positive slope. “Strong” and “close” may be Solution: Based on definition for “confidence level”
relative, but the answer choices leave no room for and “margin of error,” the percent of editors who
doubt. work from home would be 5% higher or 5% lower
A strong positive correlation means that as one than 30%. This gives a range of 25-35%.
variable increases, the other does, as well.
Solution: Graph (A) is a very weak positive 21. (B)
correlation at best, (B) is a strong negative correlation
Category: Percents
because as h increase, w decreases, and the points in
graph (C) don't seem to have much correlation at all. Strategy: This can be done without any
The points in graph (D) all lie closely around the line computation, but it may be safer to use the percent
of best fit and as h increases, so does w, so (D) is change formula to avoid any hasty errors–note that
correct. (C) is an attractor answer for anyone who notices that
the third bar is three times as high as the first.
Solution: Roughly 300 bathing suits were sold in fall
17. (D)
1999 and roughly 900 in summer 2000. The percent
Category: Data Relationships 900 − 300
increase is approximately = 200% .
Strategy: Eyeball whether there's positive, negative, 300
or no correlation and not whether it's strong or weak.
Solution: Visually, the points seem to have a positive
4
correlation similar to the slope for D. 22.
7
Category: Ratios
18. (D)
Strategy: Either solve algebraically or choose
Category: Data Relationships
numbers. The methods are so similar that we only
Strategy: The total number of fans must be show one.
155,000, which determines the units of measurement
Solution: Let there be 1 white gumball. There are
on the vertical axis. We can also plug in to see that
then 2 green gumballs and 4 red gumballs for a total
the units in (A), (B), and (C) are too small.
of 7 gumballs. The probability of choosing a red one
Solution: If k is the unit measure of the vertical axis, 4
we have 4k + 2k + 3k + 3.5k + 3k = 15.5k = is .
7
155,000, so k = 10,000 and the units are tens of
thousands.
23. (D)
19. (D) Category: Percents
Category: Data Relationships Strategy: Either solve algebraically or choose
numbers. The methods are so similar that we only
Strategy: This is just a matter of finding the answer
show one.
choice that agrees with the graph. Alternatively, we
can eliminate all answer choices that don't agree. Solution: Let A be the accumulation in 2000. Then
1.3A is the accumulation in 2001 and
Solution: Ty's distance from home increases linearly
and then remains constant, which is consistent with 1.1(1.3A) = 1.43A is the accumulation in 2002. This is
the situation described in (D). The others are clearly 143% of the 2000 accumulation.
incorrect because the graph in (A) would have to end
on the x-axis, while those in (B) and (C) would have
to start off the x-axis.
204 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

24. (C) 27. (B)

Category: Ratios Category: Ratios
Strategy: Combine all the information into a Strategy: We find the increase per year and use this
quintuple ratio and pull out the relevant parts. to get the answer.
Solution: We have a : b : c : d : e = 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5. We Solution: In the 7 years from 1998 to 2005, the
can compare any two numbers to each other by number of subscribers increased by 2 × 69 million =
pulling their ratio from here; in particular, 138 million, for an increase of about 19.7 million per
year. Therefore, in 2000, a good approximation for
c:e = 3:5 = 6,000:10,000, so e = 10,000. the number of subscribers in millions is
69 + 2(19.7) ≈ 70 + 40 = 110 . Choice (B) is closest.
25. (D)
Category: Percents
28. (C)
Strategy: We compare the numbers in the “Call”
Category: Proportions
column to those in the “Total” column for each
answer choice. Strategy: There are a few ways to solve this, but
they all boil down to using a proportion. It isn't
Solution: A quick mental estimate shows that the
necessary to solve for k, but it will help us in the next
percentages in (C) and (D)
problem.
are both greater than 50%, while those in (A) and (B)
Solution: Let W be the electrician's wages and L the
are less than 50%, so eliminate (A) and (B). It may
amount of lightbulbs he screws in. Since they are
be possible to estimate well enough to narrow it down
directly proportional, we have W = kL for some
to one, but it is probably not the fastest option. This
constant k. Furthermore, we're given that 175 =
is a calculator problem, and it takes little time to see
k(25), so k = 7. If he makes $910, then 910 = 7L,
9, 862 16,651 and L = 130.
that > , so (D) is correct.
17, 947 32,062

29. (B)
26. (B) Category: Percents
Category: Proportions Strategy: Use the information from the previous
Strategy: There is a lot of information packed into problem to find his wages for screwing in 65 bulbs,
the problem statement and answers, but the essential then deduct the percentage that goes to union dues.
idea is straightforward. The hardest part is keeping Solution: In the previous solution, we derived the
track of everything and looking at the right section of formula W = 7L, where L is the number of lightbulbs
the table. screwed in and W is the wages. Here we are told that
Solution: We limit ourselves to the population of 30- the electrician's profit p is 74% of his wages, so
49 year olds who primarily text, so we only need to p = 0.74W = 0.74(7L ) = 5.18L . If he screws in 65
refer to the second row, first column entry in the
lightbulbs, this gives him a profit of 5.18(65) =
table. Of the 1,000 people surveyed, 674 of them
336.70 dollars.
(67.4%) text mainly family members. Since this was a
random sample, we expect the same proportion of
the entire population to text mainly family members. 30. (B)
The population is 26,614, so we expect that Category: Data Collection
0.674(26,614) ≈ 18,000 of them mainly texted family. Strategy: Something is wrong with the survey that
Looking at the answer choices, we see that a makes it unreliable for determining public opinion. If
calculator isn't necessary for the last step; the it isn't clear at first, the answer choices give clues.
incorrect ones are obviously incorrect. Solution: The survey was indeed random, but only
within the population of city employees. It may be a
good indicator of their preferences, but no conclusion
can be made about the people of the city as a whole.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 205

Page 65–Put It Together Pages 68-69–Put It Together

1. (A) 1. (D)
Category: Algebraic Expressions Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities
Strategy: Find each term one at a time and Strategy: Distribute and solve for h. Alternatively,
eliminate incorrect answer choices. plug in.
Solution: Several of the terms cancel each other out. Solution:
One computation is − x y − ( − x y ) = 0 , so there's
3 2 3 2
(h + 1) − (5h − 1) = 14
no x y
3 2
term. Eliminate (C) and (D). Looking at the −4h + 2 = 14
−4h = 12
remaining choices, it's clear that the y 2 term h = −3
determines the answer. Since −4 y 2 − 4 y 2 = −8y 2 ,
(A) is correct. 2. (A)
Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities
2. (A) Strategy: Cross-multiply, or get a common
Category: Algebraic Expressions denominator of 12 and equate the numerators. The
Strategy: There are two possibilities: factor the latter results in smaller numbers, but dividing both
given expression or expand the answer choices. If sides by 2 after cross-multiplying, as we do,
accomplishes this as well. Alternatively, plug in.
one recognizes that 4 x 4 and 16y 4 are perfect
Solution:
squares, factoring is not so difficult. However, it's a
good idea to check the factorization by FOILing, so 7(9 + x ) (5 + 8x ) + 2
=
either way we'll be expanding at least one answer 4 6
choice. 6 ⋅ 7(9 + x ) = 4(7 + 8x )
3 ⋅ 7(9 + x ) = 2(7 + 8x )
Solution: We can eliminate (C) because it contains 189 + 21x = 14 + 16 x
175 = −5 x
the term x 4 , not 4 x 4 . We can eliminate (D)
−35 =x
because it has an x 8 term. Choice (A) FOILs to
(2x 2 − 4y 2 )2 = (2x 2 )2 − 2(2x 2 )(4y 2 ) + (−4y 2 )2
= 4 x 4 − 16x 2y 2 + 16y 2 3. (B)
Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities
so (A) is correct.
Strategy: Solving the equation by isolating p.
Solution: If 5 p − 5 = 15 − 5 p , then 10p = 20 and so
3. (C)
p = 2.
Category: Algebraic Expressions
Strategy: Once again, only do as much as necessary
to zero in on the correct answer. 4. (D)
Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities
Solution: The highest power of x 2 in
Strategy: Solve the inequality or plug in the answer
−2( x + 5y )(3x − 3y ) is −2(x )(3x ) = −6 x 2 . Choice
choices. If one makes a key observation, then there is
(B) has the cubic term 6 x 3 , (D) only has the first also a way even faster than both of these.
degree term 6x, and the x 2 term in (A) has the Solution #1:
wrong sign, so (C) is correct. 5 ≤ 3 − 2h
Just to verify for completeness, 2 ≤ −2h
−1 ≥ h
6 x (−x + y )−30y (x −y ) = −6x (x −y )−30y (x −y )
= −(6 x + 30y )(x − y ) Solution #2: We could test the answer choices, but
= −(2x + 10y )(3x − 3y ) note that if h > 0, then 3 – 2h < 3 < 5. All positive
= −2(x + 5y )(3x − 3y )
answer choices are eliminated.
206 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

5. (D) Pages 74-75–Put It Together

Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities 1. (B)
Strategy: There are at least two ways to see that Category: Systems of Linear Equations
there's no solution within seconds. We can either try Strategy: Use the elimination method to find one
to solve for x or introduce an extra term to compare value, then plug that into one of the equations to find
to the original ones. Either way results in a the other.
contradiction.
Solution: Set up the equations one above the other.
Solution #1: If there is a value of x that satisfies the
2 x + 2y = 2
inequality, then subtracting 3x from both sides results
in the inequality 5 < –2. Since this is false, there can x −y =3
be no solution. Choose a value to eliminate. For this example, we
Solution #2: For all real numbers x, 5 + 3x > 3x > will get rid of y by doubling the bottom equation
3x – 2 and then adding the bottom and top values:
x − y = 3 → double both sides
Page 71–Put It Together 2 x − 2y = 6
1. (D) Then, add this doubled equation to the top
equation to eliminate y :
Category: Absolute Value
2 x + 2y = 2
Strategy: The wording for this problem is
confusing—read carefully. The point is that one of 2 x − 2y = 6
these expressions will never be able to equal x due to 4 x + 0y = 8 so, x = 2
some logic. To solve, eliminate choices that do equal Plug this x value into one of the equations to
x for some value of x by finding such values, or graph find y :
each answer choice and eliminate the ones that touch
x − y = 3, so 2 − y = 3, resulting in y = −1
the line y = x.
Final answer: x (y ) = 2(−1) = −2
Solution #1: If x = 0, then | 1 − x | −1 = 1 − 1 = 0 ,
so eliminate (A). If x = 1, then
2. (B)
1− | x − 1 |= 1+ | x − 1 |= 1 , so eliminate (B) and (C).
Category: Systems of Linear Equations
By process of elimination, (D) is correct.
Strategy: Solve algebraically or plug in.
To see why, observe that if 1 + x ≥ 0 , then
Solution #1: It may be helpful to clear fractions
| 1 + x | +1 = 1 + x + 1 > x . first; multiply the top equation by 12 and the bottom
In the other case, if 1 + x < 0, then by 6. This gives 3x + 8y = 132 and 3x + y = 48 .
| 1 + x | +1 = −1 − x + 1 = −x . Subtract the equations to get
Now, –x = x if and only if x = 0, but x = 0 implies 3x + 8y = 132
1 + x ≥ 0 , so it occurs in the previous case which we −(3x + y = 48)
showed has no solution.
7y = 84
Solution #2: Graph each expression and see which
one never touches the line y = x. To avoid a cluttered so y = 12. Plugging this into the second equation
figure, we only graph y = x and y =| 1 + x | +1 . A 1
gives x + 2 = 8, so x = 12.
2
benefit of this approach is that it makes the fact that
all the expressions are related by a translation or Solution #2: When plugging in, try an x value
reflection immediately obvious. divisible by 4 and a y value divisible by 6. Only choice
Solution #3: Use logic to narrow down your answer (B) satisfies these conditions, so we hope that this is
choices. All expressions besides (D) involve both 1 2
the answer. Indeed, (12) + (12) = 3 + 8 = 11 , and
positive and negative values, allowing them to come 4 3
back to the original value of x. However, (D) only 1 1
(12) + (12) = 6 + 2 = 8.
involves addition, which means that the expression 2 6
will never be able to equal the value of x, itself. It will
always have to be a greater value.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 207

3. 32 reason to go to slope-intercept form; the general

Category: Systems of Linear Equations form will do. Multiplying the bottom equation by 3
gets the coefficients of the x terms equal, and it
Strategy: Set up a system of equations and solve.
makes the right hand sides unequal. If the
Another method is to test a possible answer and use
coefficients of the y terms are equal, then there's no
the result to arrive at the correct answer, described in
detail in solution #2.
a
solution. This happens if a = 3b, in which case =3
b
Solution #1: Let h be the number of hardcovers
sold and p the number of paperbacks. We are led to
this system of equations: Pages 76-77–Checkpoint Review
15h + 11.5 p = 917 1. (C)
h + p = 70 Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities

Multiply the second equation by 15 and subtract the Strategy: Solve for x or plug in from answer choices.
equations to get the following: Solution: Plugging in 4 for h and multiply both sides
by 4 to get rid of the fraction, resulting in:
15h + 15p = 1050
x + 2 = 16, so x = 14.
15h + 11.5p = 917

3.5p = 133 2. (D)

Solving for p gives p = 38. But we want h, which is Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities
70 − 38 = 32 . Strategy: This is straightforward but the mix of
Solution #2: If all 70 books sold were hardcovers, different notations for multiplication is visually jarring
then the store would have charged and may lead one to an attractor answer.

$15 × 70 = $1,050 . Swapping a hardcover with a Solution: 3 j × 3k = (3 × 3)( j × k ) = 9 × 12 = 108

paperback will lower this amount by the difference As for a possible error leading to an attractor answer,
between their prices, $3.50. We need to lower the once the distributive property 3 j + 3k = 3( j + k )
price by 1,050 − 917 = 133 dollars, so we need to becomes second nature, one might write
swap 133 ÷ 3.50 = 38 hardcovers for paperbacks, and 3 j × 3k = 3( j × k ) and not notice the error. Indeed,
so there were 70 − 38 = 32 hardcovers sold. 36 is one of the answer choices.

4. (B) 3. (D)

Category: Systems of Linear Equations Category: Algebraic Equations and Inequalities

Strategy: This can be solved many different ways. Strategy: Solve for x and then use it to find the
Perhaps the most basic way is to view such a system value of the desired expression.
with no solution as two parallel lines. Solution:
Solution #1: Each equation represents a line. If 4 x + 3 = 27
they never intersect, they must have the same slope. 4x = 24
Putting each equation into y = mx + b form gives x =6
13x = 78
3 80 1 20 13x − 12 = 66
y =− x + and y = − x + . If the slopes are
a a b b
3 1 a
equal, then − =− . Rearranging gives = 3 . (If
a b b
either a or b is zero, we would not be able to do one
or both of the divisions to get the slope-intercept
forms. It's not hard to show that if one is zero, so is
the other, in which case a/b is undefined.)
Solution #2: The faster way to describe the
previous solution is that if there is no solution, it's
possible to make the left hand sides the same but the
right hand sides different. In other words, there's no
208 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

1 Solution #2: The following figure can be used in a

4. few ways to arrive at the answer. First, the line lies in
2
the first and third quadrants, so we can eliminate
Category: Systems of Linear Equations
choices (B) and (C). From there, just knowing the
Strategy: We take the approach of solution #2 in steepness of a line with slope –0.5 (say, compared to
problem 4, p.75: to assure the lines described by the a slope of –1) will eliminate (D). Alternatively, the
equations never meet, we give them the same slopes slope can be used to go from one point–here, the
but different y-intercepts. origin–to another point. Just use the fact that going
Solution: Multiply the bottom equation by 6 to get one unit to the left (a “run” of –1) results in going
the new system: one half unit up (a “rise” of 0.5). If we do this twice,
we end up at the point (–2,1).
2x + 3y = 7
2x + 6ay = 6
2. (D)
We can make the left hand sides equal and the right Category: Slope
1 Strategy: Find the equations of the lines and use the
hand sides unequal if (and only if) 6a = 3, or a = .
2 fact that parallel lines have equal slopes, or consider
The same expression can't equal two different values, it a geometry problem with triangles and use
so with this value of a there's no solution. similarity.
Solution #1: Two points on line m are (–4,0) and
5. (D) 3−0 3
(0,3). The slope is = . If l  m , then their
Category: Systems of Linear Equations 0 − ( −4) 4
Strategy: Solve algebraically or plug in. slopes must be the same. One point on line l is
(0,–12) and the x-intercept is (x,0) for some x. We
Solution #1: First, switch the order of the terms in
3 −12 − 0 12
one of the equations to avoid errors. We rearrange get the equation = = . Getting the
the bottom equation and multiply it by 3 to get the 4 0−x x
new system: 12 12
common numerator 12 results in = , so x = 16.
3m + 2n = 11 16 x
Solution #2: Think geometrically in the coordinate
−3m − 18n = 21
plane. We have similar triangles by AAA, and thus the
Add the equations to get −16n = 32 , so n = −2 . This x 4
equation = .
is enough to choose (D). 12 3
Solution #2: Plug in. Neither (–2,5) nor (2,5) satisfy
This yields:
the first equation, so eliminate (A) and (B). (3,1)
satisfies the first equation but not the second, so x = 16, which only appears in choice (D).
eliminate (C).
3. (C)
Page 79–Put It Together Category: Slope
1. (A) Strategy: The suggestion to draw a picture opposite
Category: Slope the problem should be followed (it's always a good
recommendation).
Strategy: Use the information to get the equation of
the line and plug in. Alternatively, take a graphical Solution: Any line with positive slope has points in
approach to eliminate answers or use the “rise over the first quadrant, and any line with negative slope
run” interpretation of slope. has points in the second quadrant, so eliminate (A)
and (B). A line with undefined slope is vertical, so it
Solution #1: Let (x,y) be any other point on the
can't have points in both quadrants three and four, so
line. Using the slope formula with one point (0,0) and
eliminate (D).
y −0 y
the other point (x,y) gives −0.5 = = . The
x −0 x
only answer choice that satisfies this condition is (A),
1
since = −0.5 .
−2
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 209

Pages 81-83–Put It Together 4. (C)

1. (C) Category: Graphs of Linear Equations
Category: Graphs of Linear Equations Strategy: Eliminate obviously incorrect choices and
Strategy: If we try to isolate y, the equation turns then find the slope to get the right choice. Another
out simpler than it appeared at first. Testing points is method is to find the slope and use the y-intercept to
also a possibility, but they should be good ones; for get the equation. Plugging in (5, 75) to each choice is
instance, trying (2,0) isn't very helpful because many yet another option, but it may be slower.
of the graphs pass through that point, but all the y- Solution: Choices (A) and (B) go through the origin,
intercepts are different, so they're good candidates. so eliminate them. The slope of the given line is
Solution: 75 − 55
= 4, eliminating (D). Trying to save time by
5
3+y = y + 2x − 1
3 = 2x − 1 visually estimating the slope is dangerous here, as the
4 = 2x scales on the two axes are different. (D) is an
2 =x attractor answer.
This is a vertical line passing through (2,0), so (C) is
correct. To save a few seconds, note that once the y 5. (A)
values cancel, the rest of the work was unnecessary.
Category: Graphs of Linear Equations
An equation only involving x describes a vertical line.
Strategy: To answer this question, understand the
context of the problem using the study’s description.
2. (D)
Solution: The S-intercept is the patient's blood sugar
Category: Graphs of Linear Equations level at t = 0, which is almost the exact wording used
Strategy: Going to slope-intercept form will help in choice (A).
with (A) and (B). We can then find the x-intercept,
but that isn't necessary.
Page 85–Put It Together
Solution: Rewrite as y = 6x + 3. This has positive
1. (B)
slope and positive y-intercept, so eliminate (A) and
(B). Any line with positive y-intercept and positive x- Category: Graphs of Linear Inequalities
intercept must have negative slope (just connect the Strategy: A solution to the system of inequalities
two intercepts to see this), so eliminate (C). encompasses the areas of the coordinate plane where
both conditions are true. Graph both inequalities and
see where the areas intersect.
3. (C)
Solution: While the first inequality enters all four
Category: Graphs of Linear Equations
quadrants, the second is constrained to all except
Strategy: Convert the equations to slope-intercept Quadrant II. Since only the overlapping areas count
form to compare and contrast. as solutions to the system of inequalities, answer (B)
Solution: The first equation can be rewritten as is correct.
y = −2x − 10 , and it has slope –2. The second
1 Page 87–Put It Together
equation can be rewritten as y = x + 5 , and it has
2 1. (B)
1 Category: Creating Linear Models
slope . Since perpendicular lines have negative
2 Strategy: Translate the information given into an
reciprocal slopes, the answer must be (C). expression or choose numbers.
Solution #1: Art catches 4m fish and Brian catches
4n fish, for a total of 4m + 4n fish.
Solution #2: Let m = n = 1, so they each catch 4
fish, and 8 altogether. This eliminates choices (A) and
(D). Now suppose that m = 1 and n = 0, so Art
catches 4 fish and Brian none. This eliminates choice
(C).
210 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

2. (C) Solution: After 0 days, i.e., at present, Maria has 98

Category: Creating Linear Models tomatoes (which eliminates (C)). After 1 day, she
plans to have 98–14 = 84 tomatoes, after 2 days,
Strategy: Avoid the urge to immediately calculate
98–14(2) = 70 tomatoes, and so on, so evidently, the
the amount already spent and subtract from 100. The
14 represents the number of tomatoes she plans to
answer itself isn't the point; the choices show possible
pick each day.
processes to use to get the answer, so this is more of
a conceptual question.
Solution: (3)(12) represents the amount spend on 3. (D)
wrenches, and (2)(14) the amount spent on pliers. Category: Interpreting Linear Models
Adding the amount spent on screwdrivers, we must Strategy: Plug in different x values into the equation
get a number no greater than 100. Since x represents to see what the 3.119 represents.
the amount spent on screwdrivers, this leads us
Solution: In 1990, x = 0 and y = 174.380. This is
directly to choice (C).
the number of participants in 1990 according to a line
of best fit, which is why the number isn't an integer.
3. (A) This eliminates (A). In 1991, x = 1 and the estimated
Category: Creating Linear Models number of participants is 174.380–3.119. In 1992, the
estimated number goes down another 3.119, and so
Strategy: The profit for a single item equals the
on. Evidently, (D) is correct.
selling price minus the cost to produce. From there
it's easy to get the profit from d doughnuts and
subtract the daily costs. This is much easier to do 4. (D)
using the answer choices as a guide. Category: Interpreting Linear Models
Solution: Ignoring the fixed daily cost for the Strategy: Usually, all variables appearing in an
moment, the profit from each doughnut is equation are explained. Here, we have to figure out
0.40–0.23 dollars, so the profit from d doughnuts is what y represents by the context.
(0.40–0.23)d dollars. But the shop must pay $750 a
Solution: Using the equation, we see that when x =
day in daily costs, and this must be subtracted from
0, corresponding to traveling 0 miles, y = 12. But
the profit gained from the doughnuts. This leads us to
after 0 miles, the car must still have all 12 gallons of
choice (A). It's also possible to get the right answer
gas, implying that y must represent how much gas
just by knowing that $750 must be subtracted at
that car will have left, as mentioned in the problem.
some point, and this only happens in (A).
Now, (20,10) is a solution, this means that after 20
miles, the car will still have 10 gallons of gas left over.
Pages 90-91–Put It Together This is almost the exact wording of choice (D).
1. (B)
Category: Interpreting Linear Models Pages 96-103–Practice
Strategy: This is a conceptual problem, so there's 1. (C)
not a whole lot of strategy. Because it describes a
Category: Expressions
simple, common scenario, if one is stuck it's probably
safe to eliminate some choices based on intuition Strategy: Do only as much as necessary to eliminate
alone, a technique that doesn't often apply on the incorrect answers. Remember that subtracting a
SAT. negative number becomes addition in an expression.
Solution: When Xin arrives, h = 0 and S = 20. Since Solution: Since 6u 2v − 3u 2v = 3u 2v , choice (A) is
S is the number of sculptures remaining unsold, we incorrect. Going to the next term, 2v 2 − 2v 2 = 0 , so
have just stated choice (B) in slightly different words.
there will be no v 2 term in the answer. This
eliminates (B) and (D).
2. (A)
Category: Interpreting Linear Models
Strategy: If the 14 isn't immediately recognized as a
rate of change, the answer can still be obtained with
a little experimentation.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 211

2. (B) 3x + 7 ≥ 20, so eliminate (C). (That's the “elegant”

Category: Expressions solution, but of course plugging in, say, 4.9 and using
a calculator is more direct.)
Strategy: Expand or choose numbers. We choose 0
first and then 1, but choosing 1 right away works as
well. This problem illustrates the trade-off when 5. (6)
choosing 0: on the one hand, it often won't eliminate Category: Equations and Inequalities
many answer choices, but on the other hand, the
Strategy: Solve for a and then find 3a – a. It is also
resulting calculations take so little time that it's often
possible to solve the problem without actually solving
still worth it. It is also harder to make an error with
for a on its own.
simple, tangible numbers.
Solution 1: We are given that 3a + a = 4a = 12, so
Solution #1:
3a − a = 2a = 6 .
(3k − 1)2 = (3k − 1)(3k − 1) = 9k 2 − 6k + 1.
Solution 2: Looking at the problem, the first
Writing the middle step is almost always effective in equation simplifies to 4a = 12 and the expression
avoiding the attractor answers (A) and (C). simplifies to 2a. Therefore, we know that the answer
Solution #2: Choose numbers. Let k = 0 so that will have to be half the value of the first equation.
(3k − 1)2 = (−1)2 = 1 . This eliminates (C) and (D) at
a glance. Now let k = 1 so that (3k − 1)2 = 22 = 4 . 6. (D)
We now see immediately that (A) is incorrect. Category: Absolute Value
Strategy: Use a fundamental fact about absolute
3. (A) values. Alternatively, plug in.
Category: Expressions Solution: If | n − 2 | +4 = 0 , then | n − 2 |= −4 .
Strategy: Expand each answer choice until one Since absolute values are never negative, this
matches. You can eliminate incorrect answer choices equation has no solution.
this way, as well.
Solution: Use FOIL to calculate 7. (D)
(4 x 2 + 2y )2 = (4 x 2 + 2y )(4 x 2 + 2y ) Category: Systems of Linear Equations
= 16x 4 + 16x 2y + 4 y 2 ,
Strategy: Notice that the order of the x and y terms
(A) is correct. Alternatively, (16 x ) ≠ 16 x , so
2 2 4 is not consistent. Fix this and solve by elimination.
eliminate (B). Also, (x 4 )(4 x ) ≠ 16 x 4 , so eliminate Solution:
Set up system of equations:
(D). Lastly, (2y )( −2y ) = −4 y 2 , not the desired 4 y 2 ,
so eliminate (C). 5 x − 4 y = −3
4 x − 3y = −7
4. (D) Subtract the second equation from the first to get
Category: Equations and Inequalities x – y = 4.
Strategy: Solve the inequality algebraically or test
numbers. 8. (B)
Solution #1:
Category: Systems of Linear Equations
3x + 7 ≥ 20 Strategy: Set up a system of equations and solve by
3x ≥ 13
elimination. The second solution does essentially the
1
x ≥4 same thing, but in a way that avoids any formal
3
algebra.
1
Thus, x ≥ 4 > 4 , so (D) is correct. Solution #1: Let s be the price of a skirt and t the
3
price of a top. Set up equations:
Solution #2: If x = 6 then 3x + 7 = 25 > 20, so 3s + 5t = $90
eliminate (A) and (B). Also, since 3x + 7 is continuous
and increasing and 3(5) + 7 = 22 > 20, we know that 3s + 2t = $63
there are values of x less than 5 such that Subtract to get 3t = $27, so t = $9.
212 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

Solution #2: Since both orders contain the same 12. (D)
amount of skirts, the difference must come from the Category: Slope
tops. Adding 3 tops to an order increases the price by
Strategy: Starting from the point (0, 1), use the
$27, so each top costs $9.
slope to arrive at a new point. Repeat as necessary
until one of the points is an answer choice. Another
method is to find the equation of the line and test
9. (A)
answer choices.
Strategy: Plug in 1 for x and 0 for y, then find a way
Solution #1: Thinking in terms of “rise over run,” if
to compare a and b.
1
Solution: If (1, 0) is a solution to both inequalities, (0, 1) is on a line with slope , then so is
2
then 0 ≥ 2 + a and 0 < −2 + b . The first inequality
(0 + 2,1 + 1) = (2,2) and (2 + 2, 2 + 1) = (4,3) .
gives a ≤ −2 , and the second gives b > 2. It follows
Solution #2: We are given the slope and y-
that a < b.
x
Here is a slight variant: After plugging in (1,0), intercept, so we see right away that y = + 1 is the
2
combine 0 ≥ 2 + a and 0 < −2 + b to get
4
2 + a ≤ 0 < −2 + b . Since −2 + b < 2 + b , we have equation of the line. Since 3 = + 1, (4, 3) is on the
2
2 + a < 2 + b , so a < b. line.

10. (D) 13. (C)

Category: Systems of Linear Equations Category: Graphs of Linear Equations
Strategy: Equate their usages and solve for x, then Strategy: Use the slope-intercept form of the lines
use this to find the usages themselves. and set the respective expressions for y equal to each
Solution: Their usages are equal when r = b, that is, other to solve for the x coordinate of the intersection.
Then use this to solve for the y coordinate.
when 7.25 − 0.05x = 10.25 − 0.15x . Solving gives
Solution: The first line has equation y = −3x + 3
7.25 − 0.05x = 10.25 − 0.15x
and the second line has equation y = 3x − 9 . At the
0.1x = 3
point where the lines intersect, the y-coordinates are
x = 30 equal, so we have the following:
Plugging x = 30 into either equation (we use −3x + 3 = 3x − 9
Rasheed’s) gives their usages (in kWh) as 12 = 6 x
7.25 − 0.05(30) = 7.25 − 1.5 = 5.75 .
2=x
Since this is a no-calculator problem, it may be helpful
When x = 2, either equation can be used to find y.
to use techniques like breaking down the
The second equation with x = 2 gives:
multiplication of 0.05(30) into 0.05(10)(3).
y = 3(2) − 9 = −3

11. (A) which makes the point (2, -3)

Category: Slope
Strategy: Use the definition of slope.
Solution:
−2 − 4 −3
m= =
3 − (−1) 2
If necessary, a very rough sketch of the points will
eliminate choices (C) and (D), which are positive
slopes.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 213

7 16. (A)
14.
11 Category: Creating Linear Models
Category: Graphs of Linear Equations Strategy: There are the two standard methods of
Strategy: The strategy is the same as in the last solving algebraically and choosing numbers, and also
problem. Getting the equations of the lines is a bit a way to rule out all incorrect choices fairly easily.
harder in this problem. Solution #1: If Alex mows one lawn, he needs a
Solution: The equation of the line that goes through half gallon of fuel, which costs $1.50 and an eighth of
a quart of oil, which costs him $0.50. The cost to
(1, 2) with slope 5 is y − 2 = 5( x − 1). The other line
operate the mower for one lawn is on average $2,
2−0 1 and since he charges $10 per lawn, his profit is $8
has slope = − and goes through (–1, 2), so
−1 − 5 3 per lawn. For L lawns, the profit is 8L dollars.
1 Solution #2: To solve by choosing numbers,
its equation is y − 2 = − (x + 1). At the point of
3 suppose L = 8. Alex charges $80 and needs 4 gallons
intersection (p, q), both equations have equal left of fuel and 1 quart of oil. These cost a total of $12 +
sides and must also have equal right sides, giving $4 = $16, so his profit from mowing the 8 lawns is
1 $80 – $16 = $64. This corresponds only to choice (A).
5 ( p − 1) = − ( p + 1)
3 Solution #3: The cost of running the lawnmower
15p − 15 = − p − 1 must increase in proportion to the number of lawns
mowed, so it should be multiplied by L in the correct
16 p = 14 answer. This eliminates (C) and (D), as they describe
a situation where Alex charges $10 per lawn and only
7
p = buys gas and oil once. Also, Alex clearly makes less
8
than $10 profit for each lawn mowed, since that's
Plugging this into either equation (we use the first) what he charges before expenses are subtracted. This
gives the following: rules out (B).
7  11
q = 5  − 1 + 2 =
8  8 17. (D)
Plugging in the values for p and q, we get the Category: Creating Linear Models
following: Strategy: We go one step at a time to find an
7 expression for T in terms of the original price C, then
p 8 7 solve for C.
= =
q 11 11 Solution: Suppose the cost of the purchase before
8 any discount or tax was C dollars. Then after the
discount the price was 0.85C, and after the tax the
price was T dollars, with T = 1.06(0.85C). Dividing
15. (C)
both sides by (1.06)(0.85) gives choice (D).
Category: Graphs of Inequalities
Strategy: Determine what the line y = ax + b looks
18. (C)
like with the conditions on a and b, then determine
whether to shade above or below the line. Category: Creating Linear Models

Solution: The line y = ax + b has negative slope and Strategy: The numerical answer isn't the point, but
negative y-intercept, which eliminates choices (A) and rather the thinking behind it. The answer choices
(B). Since the inequality is y ≤ ax + b, the solutions should be used as guides.
will be below (and on) this line when graphed, so (C) Solution: In the first month, we know that the
is correct. company expects to produce 30,000 bottles. The next
month, if they increase production by 10%, they'll
produce 1.1(30,000). The third month, they expect to
increase that amount by 5%, meaning they expect to
produce 1.05(1.1)(30,000) bottles. If we add all of
these up, we get choice (C).
214 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

19. (A) 23. (A)

Category: Creating Linear Models Category: Equations and Inequalities
Strategy: We could come up with a system of Strategy: Solve the inequality for x. It's not the only
inequalities and then just match it to an answer way, but it is probably the fastest.
choice, but it's better to look at the answer choices Solution:
early and try to eliminate some. This turns out to
3x + 3 ≥ 2 x − 5
work well for this problem.
x ≥ −8
Solution: If the number of cans must be no more
than 60, one of the conditions must be a + b ≤ 60. Choice (A) is outside this range.
This already eliminates all but (A).
24. (C)
20. (A) Category: Expressions
Category: Interpreting Linear Models Strategy: We solve by choosing numbers and again
Strategy: This is another conceptual question that by conveniently rewriting the numerator to arrive at
can still be answered with a little plugging in. See if the answer quickly. A third way is to use polynomial
the answers make sense by testing them. long division.

Solution: In 1960, the line of best fit gives the Solution #1: If the expressions are equivalent, they
nation's GDP as 20,077, in whatever units are being have the same value for each choice of x.
used. The next year, when x = 1, the GDP is given as 6x + 30
Setting x = 0 gives = 10 . Only choice (C)
20,077 + 0.0613, so choice (A) makes sense. None of x +3
the others do. It should be kept in mind that the also equals 10 when x = 0.
numbers given by the line of best fit are almost Solution #2: Using the form of the answers as a
certainly wrong; it's very unlikely that the GDP in hint, we find a way to get a constant term of 6 in the
1960 was actually 20,077, for example. answer.
6x + 30 (6x + 18) + 12
=
21. (A) x +3 x +3
Category: Expressions 6(x + 3) + 12
=
Strategy: This can more or less be done mentally, x +3
but it never hurts to write it all out. Another option is
12
to plug in. =6+
x +3
Solution: We need to solve
(5x 2 + 4 x + 4) − p (x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 6 for p(x).
Rearranging gives the following: 25. 76
p ( x ) = (5x 2 + 4 x + 4) − (x 2 + 4 x + 6) = 4 x 2 − 2. Category: Systems of Linear Equations
Strategy: This is indeed a system of equations
problem, but we solve it without any formal algebra.
22. 16 We also demonstrate the most common mistake
Category: Equations and Inequalities made when attempting such a solution.
Strategy: The long way is to solve the first equation Solution: If they both sold 70 shirts, they would
for x or y and then plug into the second one. The have sold a total of 140 shirts. But Sam sold 12 more
easy way is to realize that the value of the expression than Alex, so it may seem that he sold 82. However,
asked for is closely related to the left side of the a quick check shows that then Alex would have sold
equation. 58, for a difference of 24 shirts. We added too much
Solution: Multiplying the equation by 4 yields 4x + and now we see that any increase in Sam's sales is
2y = 16. matched by a decrease in Alex's. Sam must have sold
76 shirts then, and indeed this checks out.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 215

26. (B) 30. (C)

Category: Systems of Linear Equations Category: Equations and Inequalities
Strategy: Either solve the system or plug in. Strategy: The item makes a profit precisely when
Solution #1: First multiply the top equation by 3. the revenue is greater than the cost of production, so
3x − 3y = 15 we need to find when R > C, or equivalently, when
R – C > 0.
6 x + 3y = 21
Solution: There will be a profit when
Add the equations to get 9x = 36. So x = 4 and (B) 21x − (12x + 270) > 0
must be correct.
9x > 270
Solution #2: Each answer choice satisfies
x − y = 5 , so we have to go to the second equation. x > 30
Only (4,–1) satisfies that. Since x must be an integer, at least 31 products must
be sold before a profit is made.
27. (A)
Category: Equations and Inequalities 31. (B)
Strategy: Solve for d. Category: Equations and Inequalities
Solution: Subtract 132 from both sides of the Strategy: Either set up equations describing each
provided equation, then divide both sides by 2.60 to runner's position and set them equal, or look for an
isolate d. This gives choice (A). insight that will avoid work. Such an insight can be
elusive under testing conditions, but it's worth a few
seconds of thought before jumping into the algebra.
28. (D)
Solution #1: All units are in minutes, miles, and
Category: Equations and Inequalities miles per minute. Let t = 0 be the time that David
Strategy: Set c equal to 145 and solve for d. The begins to jog, so that David's distance D at time t is
numbers are convenient for mental math. described by D = 0.2t. Carlton is already 2 miles into
Solution: Solving 132 + 2.60d = 145 by subtracting the loop, so his distance C at time t is given by
132 and dividing by 2.6 gives d = 5. C = 2 + 0.1t. When they meet, these distances are
equal and we have 0.2t = 2 + 0.1t, so 0.1t = 2 and
t = 20. At this time, their distance into the loop is
29. (D) 0.2(20) = 4 miles
Category: Creating Linear Models Solution #2: David's going twice as fast and has to
Strategy: This is similar to #1 on p.87 but with a make up an initial separation of 2 miles, so they must
twist. One must convert the percentages to decimal meet after twice that distance, or 4 miles. (This may
form or fall for the attractor choice (A). be easier to see by imagining the situation in reverse:
Solution: 0.75% of m dollars equals 0.0075m if they start at the same point and one runs twice as
dollars, and similarly 0.45% of j dollars equals fast, after any amount of time he'll be twice as far
0.0045j. Adding these leads to choice (D). ahead.)
It can be difficult for students at first to see why (A)
is incorrect. If so, changing 0.75% and 0.45% to 32. (D)
75% and 45%, respectively, and getting the same Category: Equations and Inequalities
answer (A) for a different problem can be
Strategy: The fastest way is to solve directly for
illuminating.
2x – 1. Another method is to test values of x that
work in the original inequality and see if they work in
the answers as well.
Solution #1: Divide both sides by 4, getting
6 ≥ 2x – 1.
Solution #2: x = 0 satisfies 24 ≥ 8x − 4 , but not
the inequalities in (A) and (C). x = 3 satisfies
24 ≥ 8x − 4 but not the inequality in (B).
216 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

33. (A) PASSPORT TO ADVANCED MATH PRACTICE

Category: Creating Linear Models Page 107–Put It Together
Strategy: The numbers provided are convenient for 1. (D)
mental math, but as an extra check on our work we Category: Equations with Fractions
write out the details and include units. Plugging in is
Strategy: Either solve for x or plug in.
another option. Note that in either case, choice (D)
can be eliminated because as n increases, the Solution: Multiply both sides by 2x + 1 to get
expression decreases, which makes no sense. 2
6x + 3 = 7 , so 6x = 4 and x = .
Solution #1: The type of car was driven 50n miles 3
that day, and we can find the number of gallons of
gas used as follows: 2. (D)
 1gallon  50n Category: Equations with Fractions
50nmiles  = miles.
 20miles  20
Strategy: Either rearrange the expression
Solution #2: Suppose that only one person drove, algebraically or choose numbers.
so n = 1. This person needed 2.5 gallons of gas to Solution #1: Multiplying numerator and
travel 50 miles, and only choice (A) equals 2.5 for denominator of the given expression by x + 2 results
n = 1. x +2
in the equivalent fraction . The answer isn't
x −2
34. 6 given in this form, but polynomial long division results
Category: Equations and Inequalities in the following:

Strategy: The problem tells us some of Jason's 1

x −2 x +2
made shots, and we just have to find any way to fill
x −2
in the rest while still satisfying the condition that he
4
made more lay-ups than 3-pointers.
So, (x + 2) ÷ (x – 2) = 1 with a remainder of 4. This
Solution: Five of Jason's points are accounted for by
his made lay-up and 3-pointer. There are still 10 4
can be written as 1 + .
points left unaccounted for, which could have come x −2
from 5 additional lay-ups. Thus one possible Instead of formally doing the long division, we could
breakdown of his made baskets is 6 lay-ups and a 3- have rewritten the numerator as x + 2 = (x – 2) + 4.
pointer. Based on the wording of the problem, this See the similar problem #24 on p.100 for this
must be the only possible breakdown. Indeed, he approach.
must have made an odd number of 3-pointers to get Solution #2: Let x = 0, so the expression is equal to
an odd total, and if he made 3 three pointers he –1. Only the expression in (D) equals –1 when x = 0.
would have had to have made at least 4 lay-ups. (Another good choice is x = –1, as it makes the
That's already 17 points. fraction in the denominator equal to 1, simplifying the
calculations greatly).
35. (C)
Category: Equations and Inequalities 3. (D)
Strategy: Only one of the listed functions can go Category: Equations with Fractions
through all four points in the table, so we test them Strategy: Either solve for a algebraically or choose
and eliminate incorrect answers. numbers.
Solution: Either by testing the point (1,–1) or Solution #1:
realizing that the slope isn't constant, eliminate (A)
and (B). Testing (1–1) again eliminates (D). ka − kb = a + b
ka − a = kb + b
a (k − 1) = b (k + 1)
b (k + 1)
a =
k −1
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 217

Solution #2: Let a = 1 and b = 0. Then Page 111–Put It Together

1+0 1. (C)
k = = 1 . Only the equation in (B) is true for
1−0 Category: Equations with Radicals
these three values.
Strategy: Solve algebraically or plug in.
Solution:
Page 109–Put It Together
6 x + 11= 41
1. (C)
6 x = 30
Category: Equations with Exponents x =5
Strategy: Use exponent rules to simplify x = 25
algebraically or choose numbers. We use the rule
x a x b = x a + b , but the rule ( x a )b = x ab can be used 2. (D)
instead.
Category: Equations with Radicals
Solution #1:
Strategy: Solve algebraically or plug in.
(x 2 ) −1/2 (x 2 )3/2 = (x 2 ) −1/2 + 3/2
Solution: Cube both sides, getting y 2 + 2 = 27 , so
= (x 2 )2 /2
=x2 y 2 = 25 . Only ±5 satisfy the equation.
Solution #2: Choose numbers. Let x = 2. The given
expression equals 4, corresponding to choice (C). 3. (C)
Category: Equations with Radicals
2. (B) Strategy: Either plug in or solve algebraically. If
Category: Equations with Exponents solving algebraically, notice how breaking up the
Strategy: Use an exponent rule and then the fact square root on the right and canceling before
that a + b = 32 to solve for a – b. squaring both sides saves time.

Solution: Solution: Plugging in for c and rewriting the right

hand side gives the following:
( x a + b )a − b = x (a + b )(a − b )
3(2 2) = 2 x
If this equals x64, then (a + b)(a – b) = 64. 6 = x
Since a + b = 32, it follows that a – b = 2. 36 =x
Notice that if you just multiply the whole equation
3. (C) c = 2 2 by 3, you get 3c = 6 2.
Category: Equations with Exponents The problem has already told us that 3c = 2x .
Strategy: Use the information to set up a system of The only way to get the whole value under the
equations relating x, y, and a, or plug in. radical sign would be to square it, making
Solution: From the first equation we have 2x + y = 2a , 6 2 equal to 2(36).
so x + y = a. From the second equation we have
2 x − y = 2a − 2 , so x – y = a – 2. Pages 112-113–Checkpoint Review
Thus 2x = (x + y ) + ( x − y ) = a + (a − 2) = 2a − 2, so 1. (D)
x = a – 1. Category: Equations with Exponents
Strategy: Express both sides in terms of a common
base or test numbers.
Solution #1:
2t = 8(2s ) = 232s = 23 + s , so s = t – 3.
Solution #2: Play around with some low numbers
and hope to get lucky. If s = 1 and t = 4, the
equation holds and s = t – 3.
218 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

2. (B) Page 115–Put It Together

Category: Equations with Exponents 1. (B)
Strategy: Factor an a 4 out of the numerator (the Category: Functions

answer choices, all containing a 3 , suggest this) and Strategy: Use the information to arrive at a
quadratic equation to solve, or plug in. When
simplify. Another method is choosing numbers, but
plugging in, rewriting as a(a + 4) = –4 may make the
they had better be convenient ones or it's not worth
mental math easier.
it; a = 1 and b = 0 gets the answer fairly easily.
Solution: Solution: We have −4 = a 2 + 4a , and we bring all
terms to one side and factor:
(a 7b 5 + 4a 4 )1/ 4 (a 4 (a 3b 5 + 4))1/ 4
=
4a 4a 0 = a 2 + 4a + 4 = (a + 2)2 , so a = −2.
a (a 3b 5 + 4)1/ 4
=
4a
(a 3b 5 + 4)1/ 4 2. (C)
=
4 Category: Functions
Strategy: Find p(3) and then evaluate q at that
3. (D) value. A figure may help.
Category: Equations with Fractions Solution: By the definition of p(x) provided, since
3 > 0, p(3) = 5.
Strategy: Use the difference of squares factorization.
Solution: Therefore, q ( p (3)) = q (5) = 52 − 4 = 21.

x +y x +y 1
1= = = ,
x −y
2 2
(x + y )(x − y ) x − y 3. (D)

so x – y = 1 and y = x – 1. Category: Functions

Strategy: We apply g twice, the second time using
the output g(x) as the new input.
4. (B)
Solution:
Category: Equations with Radicals
g (g (x )) = g (2x − 10)
Strategy: This problem is meant to look intimidating, = 2(2x − 10) − 10
but it isn't any more complicated than most other = 4 x − 30
fraction problems to solve algebraically. Choosing
numbers is an option, but unless one chooses
something very convenient (say, x = 7 and t = 4), it's Pages 117-119–Put It Together
not worth it. 1. (B)
Solution: To make this less visually terrifying, make Category: Graphs of Functions
the following substitutions:
Strategy: There's not too much to do here, as this
x x  x 
A= , B =2+ , C = 2 +  + 1. problem tests understanding of function notation
7 7  7 
 more than anything else. Drawing the line y = 3 may
be helpful but even that isn't necessary.
AB
Then the formula is s = t . Multiplying by C and Solution: The horizontal line y = 3 intersects the
C
graph of f in two points, so there are two values of x
C that satisfy f(x) = 3.
dividing by AB gives t = s , corresponding to
AB
choice (B).
Alternately, notice that all you need to do to get t
alone would be to move all of the fractional work to
the other side. In order to do that, you simply
multiply both sides by the reciprocal, which would
result in choice (B).
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 219

2. (C) Solution #2: Let a = 2. Then a 2 + 5a + 14 = 28 and

Category: Graphs of Functions (a − 2)(a + 7) + k = 0(9) + k = k . It follows that k =
Strategy: Estimate the values of a such that 28.
f (a ) = −2 and hope one is an answer choice, or
eliminate all of the obviously incorrect choices. 2. (A)
Solution: Estimating visually, it looks like Category: Quadratic Equations
g (0.5) = g (1.5) = −2 , so a can be either 0.5 or 1.5.
Strategy: Form an appropriate quadratic with those
Whether these are the precise values or not doesn't solutions, or plug in.
matter because all of the other answer choices are
Solution #1: The only quadratics with those
easily ruled out.
solutions are of the form
0 = A (y − 3)(y + 4) = A (y 2 + y − 12) where A is any
3. (C) nonzero constant. When A = 1, the quadratic is
Category: Graphs of Functions y = 12 − y 2 .
Strategy: We follow the advice next to the problem
Solution #2: Test the solutions in each answer
and use the graphs to evaluate each function at the
choice. y = 3 satisfies the equation in (A) but no
required point.
others.
Solution: According to the graph, f(0) = 2 and
g (2) = −1 , so by definition g (f (0)) = g (2) = −1.
3. (C)
Category: Quadratic Equations
4. (A)
Strategy: Whenever the denominator is zero, g(x) is
Category: Graphs of Functions undefined. When setting the denominator equal to
Strategy: Determine how the graph of f(x) is shifted zero, we do not want to FOIL but rather keep
when going to f (x − 1) + 1 or test points. (x − 5)2 as is until a later stage. You want to get this
squared term alone so that you can take the square
Solution #1: The graph of f (x − 1) + 1 is the same
root of both sides and eliminate the exponent.
as the graph of f(x) except shifted to the right 1 unit
Solution: The function is undefined when the
and up 1 unit. This results in the graph shown in (A).
denominator equals zero.
Solution #2: We can find a point that must be on
4( x − 5)2 − 1= 0
the graph of f (x − 1) + 1 and use it to eliminate
4( x − 5)2 =1
incorrect answers. When x = 1, 1
( x − 5) 2
=
f (x − 1) + 1 = f (1 − 1) + 1 = f (0) + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4, 4
where we've used the provided graph of f(x) to find 1
x −5 =±
f(0). Only the graph in (A) goes through (1, 4). 4
1
x −5 =±
2
Pages 122-123–Put It Together 1
x =5±
2
1. (D)
Category: Quadratic Equations 1 1
Since 5 − = 4 , choice (C) is correct.
Strategy: Expand the right side and get an easier 2 2
equation to work with. Most terms end up canceling.
Another method is to choose a value for a. If it
weren't for the convenient cancellations, k would
depend on a, but the answer choices show that this
isn't the case for this problem.
Solution #1: If we FOIL the right hand side, we get
a 2 + 5a + 14 = a 2 + 5a − 14 + k . Canceling like terms
yields 14 = −14 + k , so k = 28.
220 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

4. (A) Pages 126-127–Put It Together

Category: Quadratic Equations 1. (B)
Strategy: The quadratic formula is the easiest way, Category: Graphs of Quadratics
but if it's not available to use there are other methods Strategy: There's no need to get the equation in
described below. another form or find the vertex or anything. There's
Solution #1: Using the quadratic formula with an obvious zero of the equation and it's a zero in only
a = 1, b = 2, c = –7 gives the solutions as one of the graphs.

−2 ± 22 − 4(1)(−7) −2 ± 32 Solution #1: Since x + 1 is a factor of both terms of

= the equation, we see that when x = –1, y = 0. Only
2(1) 2
the graph in choice (B) reflects this.
32
= −1 ± Solution #2: Note that each graph has a different
2
= −1 ± 2 2 location for its y value at x = 2. Plug this value into
the equation to identify the correct graph.
Solution #2: If one forgets the quadratic formula,
there are (at least) three options:
(1) Complete the square to solve for m, which is 2. (A)
most of the way to deriving the quadratic formula in Category: Graphs of Quadratics MATH PRACTICE
the first place. Strategy: The x-intercepts can be read off the graph
(2) Plug in one number from each answer choice. and then we simply see which answer choice contains
This easily eliminates (C) and (D) and we can try them as constants.
1 + 2 2 and see that it's not a solution, eliminating Solution: According to the graph, the x-intercepts
(B). are –1 and 5. Only the function in choice (A) has
these as constants.
(3) (C), and (D) are easily eliminated by plugging in.
Since 12 + 2(1) − 7 is negative and 22 + 2(2) − 7 is
positive, the equation has a zero between 1 and 2. 3. (D)
But 1 + 2 2 ≈ 1 + 2(1.4) > 2 and 1 − 2 2 < 0 , Category: Graphs of Quadratics
eliminating (B). None of these take too long to do, Strategy: Once again, we can get the answer
though it may take some time to think of doing them. without fully manipulating the given form into one of
the answer choices, although this problem is harder
than most of the other ones of the “constants
5. (A) appearing in the equation” type. We only need to find
Category: Quadratic Equations part of the vertex. Another way is of course to use a
Strategy: One way is to go ahead and find the calculator to graph f and the answer choices to see
solutions, but that isn't necessary. Using the which ones match, though this method is only useful
discriminant will suffice, as will considering the graph on the calculator section.
of the left hand side. Solution: The x-coordinate of the vertex lies halfway
between the two zeros. The zeros are 1 and –3, so
Solution #1: x + 3(x − 4) = x + 3x − 12 . The
2 2

the x-coordinate of the vertex is –1. Only choice (D)

discriminant is 32 − 4(1)(−12) > 0 , so the equation has this as a constant (as long as we express x + 1 as
has two distinct real solutions. x – (–1)).
Solution #2: The parabola x 2 + 3( x − 4) goes
through the point (0,–12) and since the coefficient of Pages 130-131–Put It Together
x2 is positive, it opens upward. Therefore it must 1. (A)
intersect the x-axis at two points, corresponding to
Category: Polynomials
two distinct real solutions.
Strategy: Use the fact that x – c is a factor of f(x) if
and only if f(c) = 0.
Solution: We are given that (–3, 0) is a point on the
graph, or in other words, that f(–3) = 0. This implies
that x – (–3) = x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 221

2. (C) 5. (B)
Category: Polynomials Category: Polynomials
Strategy: Polynomial long division is an option, but it Strategy: The hint next to the problem describes
takes more time unless one gets lucky with their first pretty much the whole solution. We write out a few
choice. A better method is to use the fact that a extra steps to show the reason why the Remainder
polynomial f(x) has x – c as a factor if and only if Theorem, which may seem mysterious, is true.
f(c) = 0.
Solution #1: The equation f (x ) = q (x )(x + 1) + 3,
Solution: Getting our possible zeros from the answer
where q(x) is some polynomial, expresses the fact
choices, we try the easiest looking one first.
that the remainder upon division of f(x) by x + 1 is 3.
Let x = 2. Since 23 – 19(2) + 30 = 0, we've shown
Now, by substituting x = –1, we see that
that (x – 2) is a factor of x 3 – 19x + 30.
f (−1) = q (−1)(−1 + 1) + 3 = q (−1)(0) + 3 = 3.

3. (A)
Pages 134-135–Put It Together
Category: Polynomials
1. (D)
Strategy: The long way is to find the zeros on the
graph, use them as factors, and expand. The better Category: Nonlinear Models
way is to test answer choices to see if the zeros on Strategy: The stone is almost back on the ground
the graph are zeros of the equations. when h(t) = 0. Almost, because the function h gives
Solution: The graph has a zero at x = 0, so the stone's increase in height, not the height itself,
eliminate (C) and (D) because of their constant terms. which explains the lack of a constant term in the
The graph also has a zero at x = 1, and the function equation for h(t). The extra time it takes to fall the
in choice (B) equals –4 when x = 1, so eliminate (B) rest of the way to the ground is negligible.
as well. Solution: Setting h(t) = 0, we have
−3.9t 2 + 16t = 0 . Since 3.9 is so close to 4 and
4. (D) −4(42 ) + 16(4) = 0 , we estimate that it will take about
Category: Polynomials 4 seconds for h(t) to equal zero. A quick check with a
Strategy: Either relate the double zeros to factors calculator confirms this.
and form a polynomial, or use the fact that the
function must be zero at a zero. 2. (C)
Solution #1: The function is of the form Category: Nonlinear Models
f (x ) = A (x + 1)2 (x − 0)2 Strategy: If one knows the formula for exponential
= Ax 2 (x + 1)2
growth, this can be answered immediately. If not, we
= Ax 2 (x 2 + 2x + 1)
show another way to arrive at the answer.
= A ( x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 )
Solution: Since the number of bacteria is increasing,
for some nonzero A. When A = 1, this gives choice r must be greater than 1. Eliminate (A) and (B). After
(D). one hour, the number of bacteria is 200(1.04),
Solution #2: The functions in choices (A) and (B) do corresponding to choice (C).
not equal 0 when x = 0, so eliminate them. The
function in (C) equals 4 when x = –1, so eliminate
that as well. 3. (C)
Category: Nonlinear Models
Strategy: This is one of those problems that
essentially forces us to use a calculator. Use the
previous solution if necessary to find the expressions
for the number of bacteria in each dish after 24
hours, and then simply subtract.
Solution: The number of bacteria in dish A after 24
hours is 200(1.04)24, and the number in dish B is
200(1.015)24.
The difference is 200(1.04)24 − 200(1.015)24 ≈ 227.
222 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

Pages 140-146–Practice Solution #2: It's easy to see without any calculation
1. (C) that j = 1 is a solution, so eliminate (B) and (C).
Multiplying both sides by j reveals that this is a
Category: Equations with Fractions
quadratic equation, so it has no more than two
Strategy: There are a few slightly different ways of different solutions. Eliminate (D) as well.
algebraically manipulating the equation to get the
desired fraction. Choosing numbers is another option.
4. (B)
Solution #1: Dividing both sides by 12 results in
y Category: Equations with Exponents
x 1
= , and taking reciprocals, =6. Strategy: To do this algebraically, we need to find
y 6 x
some way to get an exponent of 8 from the
Solution #2: The equation is satisfied when x = 1 exponents 3 and 7. Another method is to choose
y numbers.
and y = 6, in which case =6.
x Solution #1:
2
x7 
 3  = (x ) = x , and substituting a and b for x 3
4 2 8
2. 1
x
 
Category: Equations with Fractions
2
Strategy: A rational expression is undefined b  b2
and x 7, respectively, gives x 8 =   = 2 .
whenever a division by zero occurs, so we set the a  a
denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. Solution #2: Let x = 2, so that a = 8 and b = 128.
Solution #1: Expand the denominator to get Now, x 8 = 256, and only choice (B) gives 256 for our
x 2 + 4 x + 4 − 6 x − 12 + 9 = x 2 − 2x − 1 = (x − 1)2 . values of a and b.
This equals 0, making the expression undefined,
when x = 1. 5. (C)
Solution #2: Make the substitution u = x + 2, so Category: Equations with Exponents
the denominator is u − 6u + 9 . This is a perfect
2
Strategy: Divide or choose numbers. Multiplying the
square that factors as (u − 3)2 . The expression is answer choices by 3mn until one results in 6m 3n 2
undefined when the denominator equals 0, or when works as well, and is basically solution #1 in reverse.
u = 3. When u = 3, x = 1. 6m 3n 2
Solution #1: = 2m 2n
3mn
3. (A) Solution #2: Choose Numbers. Let m = n = 2.
Category: Equations with Fractions Then 6m 3n 2 = 6(2)3 (2)2 = 192 , 3mn = 12, and 192
Strategy: Manipulate the equation to get a quadratic is the product of 12 and 16. The only choice that
in j, then solve. It's tempting to argue that if a gives 16 when m = n = 2 is (D).
number is unchanged upon division by j, then j must
be 1. That reasoning is almost correct, but solving the
quadratic shows that it can fail when the numerator is 6. 1
0, which is why we're told that j is an integer. A Category: Equations with Exponents
second solution skips the actual solving of the Strategy: Get each side in terms of the same base.
quadratic equation.
Solution:
Solution #1: Multiply both sides by j and get all
terms on one side, resulting in the following: 3n + 3 = 92n
3n + 3 = (32 )2n
0 = j (3 j − 2) − (3 j − 2) = ( j − 1)(3 j − 2). 3n + 3 = 34 n
Setting each factor on the right equal to 0, we see
so n + 3 = 4n and n = 1.
2
that the solutions to this are j = and j = 1, but we
3
are told that j is an integer, so j = 1.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 223

7. (B) 11. (B)

Category: Radical Equations Category: Functions
Strategy: There are several slight variants of an Strategy: Form two equations from the function
arithmetic solution using various properties of square values provided and try to isolate a + b.
roots. Plugging into a calculator works as well. Solution: From f(0) = 2 we get 2 = c, and from
Solution: f(1) = 1 we get 1 = a + b + c. But c = 2, so
1 = a + b + 2 and therefore a + b = –1.
1 1 1 1
2 + = 2 = 2   = 1 = 1.
3 6 2 2
12. (D)
Category: Graphing Functions
8. 3
Strategy: The value f(x) is greater than zero
Category: Radical Equations
precisely when the graph lies above the x-axis.
Strategy: Solve algebraically or try low integers and
Solution: The graph lies above the x-axis on two
hope to get lucky.
intervals. That alone is enough to choose (D).
Solution: Cube both sides, getting 3x 2 = 27 , so
x 2 = 9 and x = ±3 . In either case, | x |= 3 . 13. (A)
Category: Graphing Functions
9. (B) Strategy: All we have to do is find the maximum on
Category: Functions the graph and read off the x-coordinate. Naturally,
the attractor answer of 4 is a choice.
Strategy: Knowing the value of the function lets us
plug numbers into the formula for f(x) and then use Solution: The highest point on the graph is (–2, 4).
this to solve for k. Plugging in for k works as well. We're asked for the x-coordinate, which is –2.

Solution: Since f(2) = 0 we are led to the equation

0 = 4 − 2k − 8 = −4 − 2k . Adding 4 and dividing by –2 14. (C)
gives k = –2. Category: Graphing Functions
Strategy: This is a function transformation problem
10. (B) so we need to know how adding constants in different
places affects the graph. Be careful to describe how
Category: Functions to transform g into f and not the other way around.
Strategy: This is similar to the last problem but a Solution: Add 1 to each side to get f(x) = g(x + 1).
little more complicated. Just plug in 4 and 10, solve The graph of g(x + 1) is the graph of g(x) shifted left
for a, and compute f(–4). There is a way to do it with 1 unit.
less computation, though.
Solution #1: Using the fact that f(4) = 10 allows us
to write 15. (A)
Category: Quadratic Equations
16a + 12
10 = Strategy: The solutions can be found mentally. From
2
18 = 16a there, be sure to multiply and not add, as well as get
9 the sign right. The incorrect answers result from
= a.
8 those mistakes.
9 Solution: The solutions to x 2 – 25 = 0 are x = –5,
(16) + 12
20 and (5)(–5) = –25.
Then f ( −4) = 8 = = 2.
10 10
224 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

16. (B) 19. (A)

Category: Quadratic Equations Category: Nonlinear Models
Strategy: Since the two sides are equal for all x, the Strategy: Anyone familiar enough with exponential
coefficients must be equal as well. This leads to a decay can answer this at a glance, but it's still
(nonlinear) system of equations, and from there, to accessible to anyone. Two approaches are to
values of c. It may not be clear that there is only one algebraically find a pattern or to choose numbers.
solution up to order, but even if one doesn't know Solution #1: After one week, the price is 750(0.9).
this the solution does happen to be easy to find and After two weeks the price is 90% of this, which is
leads directly to an answer choice.
(0.9)(750(0.9)) = 750(0.9)2 . This already eliminates
Solution: Matching the coefficients of x 2 on both all but (A) and explains why it's true at the same
sides gives ab = 24, and we are given that a + b = time.
10. The solutions to these equations are a = 6, b = 4
and a = 4, b = 6. Furthermore, matching the Solution #2: After one week, the price will drop by
coefficients of the x terms gives c = 6a – 3b. If a = 6, $75 (ten percent of $750) to the new price $675.
b = 4, then we get c = 24. If a = 4, b = 6, then c = Choices (A) and (D) both return $675 when t = 1, but
6. (B) and (C) don't. After two weeks, the price will
become 0.9($675) = $607.50. Only choice (A) agrees
with this when t = 2.
17. (D)
Category: Graphs of Quadratics 20. (D)
Strategy: This is yet another of those “constants in Category: Equations with Fractions
the equation” type of problems that requires much
less of us than it first appears to. We can just read Strategy: Isolate the square, take square roots, and
the vertex off the graph and look for those numbers solve for a. Alternatively, plug in. The correct answer
in an answer choice. happens to be the easiest to plug in, so this method
may be faster.
Solution: The vertex is (–1,9). Only the equation in
choice (D) contains these numbers as constants. Solution:
2
 7
a − 2  − 4
18. (A)   = 15
3
Category: Polynomials 2
 7
Strategy: Use the Remainder Theorem or choose a a −  = 49
 2
suitable polynomial q(x). 7
a− = ±7
Solution #1: According to the Remainder Theorem, 2
q(5) = 12 if and only if q(x) = p(x)(x – 5) + 12. The
7 21
last equality is exactly described by choice (A). The positive solution is 7 + = .
2 2
Solution #2: Most remainder problems can be
solved quickly by choosing numbers, and the
analogous method for polynomial remainders is to
choose polynomials. Take any polynomial such that
q(5) = 12, one of the simplest being q(x) = x + 7.
We can see that none of the polynomials in choices
(B), (C), and (D) are factors of q(x), so by process of
elimination, (A) is true. It can also be seen directly,
x + 7 ( x − 5) + 12 12
since = =1+ .
x −5 x −5 x −5
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 225

21. (B) 25. (A)

Category: Equations with Exponents Category: Functions
Strategy: We could plug in for y and find y 3 + y in Strategy: Argue why three of the four graphs must
terms of x, but even that isn't necessary if we just always be greater than or equal to zero, or find a
match terms. Another way is of course to plug in. value for which one of the graphs is negative.
Because of the relationship of the answers to each Solution #1: A number to an even power is never
other, any wrong choice leads quickly to the correct
negative, so y = x 2 can never be less than 0. This
one.
eliminates (B), and since ( − x )2 = x 2 , (D) as well.
Solution #1: Unless there is some factoring
involved, which there isn't in the answer choices, 1
Also, x −2 = , and the reciprocal of a nonnegative
1 1 x2
y 3 + y must have the term x (since y = x )
2 2 number is also nonnegative, so eliminate (C).
which is only present in choice (B). Solution #2: Since (−1)3 = −1 , the graph of y = x 3
Solution #2: Plug in and let x = 2, so y = 1 and takes on negative values.
1
y 3 + y = 2 . For choice (A), (2)3 + 2 = 4, so
4
26. (B)
eliminate it. Each choice is half of the one preceding
Category: Equations with Exponents
it, so (B) is correct.
Strategy: There is a lot of information thrown at us
and a lot of variables. Knowing that they're integers
22. (B) and using the given order allows us to narrow the
Category: Equations with Exponents possibilities down until we reach the solution. The
Strategy: Isolate d and take fourth roots, which other way is to find the solution by trial and error
turns out neatly in this particular case. Alternatively, (problem #22 may be helpful here).
plug in. Solution #1: Since 16 is a power of 2, this limits our
possibilities to bc = 2 and a = 4, or bc = 16 and a =
Solution: Adding 16 to both sides gives d 4 = 16 ,
1. The latter is impossible because b and c are
which has solutions d = –2. Since d < 0, (B) is
integers less than a, making a at least 3. Now, bc = 2
correct.
and b and c are integers with b > c, so b = 2.
Solution #2: Since 24 = 16, and we want b > c, we
23. (A) see right away that a = 4, b = 2, c = 1 works.
Category: Graphs of Functions
Strategy: If f(c) = 0, then the graph crosses the x- 27. (A)
axis at x = c. Thus, if f(x) 6= 0 on some interval, then
Category: Equations with Exponents
its graph must lie entirely above or entirely below the
x-axis there. This is what we look for in the graphs. Strategy: Use the two equalities to get a system of
equations involving a and b, or plug in.
Solution: The only graph that lies entirely to one
side of the x-axis is in choice (A). Solution #1: Using the first equality, since
x a x b = x a + b , we have a + b = 7. The second
24. (C) xa
inequality gives a – b = 3, since b = x a −b . Adding
x
Category: Graphs of Functions
these together gives 2a = 10, so a = 5 and therefore
Strategy: Visually determine how many times the b = 2.
graph of the function crosses the horizontal line
y = –3. Solution #2: Plug in. If b = 2, then x a x 2 = x 7 , so a
Solution: On the given interval, the function x5
= 5. Since = x 3 , the second condition is satisfied
achieves the value –3 once when it goes from (–5,0) x2
to (0,4) and again when it goes from (0,–4) to (3,0), and (A) is correct.
for a total of two times.
226 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

28. (D) 2
31.
Category: Functions 3
Strategy: Find values of x that make all incorrect Category: Equations with Fractions
choices less than –2, or find a reason that one choice Strategy: To find out how much more than p this
must always be greater than or equal to –2. expression is, we have to subtract p from it. Choosing
Solution #1: Since | 0 | −3 < −2 and numbers works as well.
(0 + 2)(0 − 2) < −2 , the functions in (A) and (B) are Solution #1:
less than –2 when x = 0. Now let x = 3, so that 5p − 1 p + 5 5p − 1 + p + 5 − 6p 2
+ −p = = .
6 6 6 3
−x + 3 = −6 < −2 . Eliminate (B) as well.
2

Solution #2: Let p = 0, so that

Solution #2: x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)2 ≥ 0 > −2 for all
5p − 1 p + 5 −1 5 2 2
x. + = + = . This is more than 0.
6 6 6 6 3 3

29. (C)
32. (C)
Category: Equations with Exponents
Category: Graphs of Functions
Strategy: We could just square and then simplify,
Strategy: Simplify the equation by factoring, or plug
but we don't have to do every step; considering the
in the answer choices.
powers of two of the terms is enough. Choosing
numbers works as well, with x = y = 1 eliminating (A) Solution #1: Getting all terms on one side,
and (B) and then x = 1, y = 2 eliminating (D). p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 0 . This is a perfect square and
Solution: There must be a 5 in the denominator, so factors as ( p + q )2 = 0 , which implies that p + q = 0,
eliminate (A) and (B). The numerator has a factor of or p = –q.
y2 and the denominator has a factor of y, so after
Solution #2: Plug in the answer choices. (A) and (B)
simplifying, the numerator has one factor of y
lead to quadratics in the variable q which don't hold
remaining. This eliminates (D).
for all q, so eliminate them. Choice (C) does give the
identity (−q )2 + q 2 = 2q 2 , while (D) gets the signs
30. (A)
wrong.
Category: Quadratic Equations
Strategy: Use the given information to form a
Page 153–Put It Together
quadratic and solve for h, or plug in. There's no need
to do any unit conversions. 1. (A)

Solution: The information leads to the equation Category: Angles

1 Strategy: Use vertical angles and the theorem that
12 = (h 2 − 2h + 9) interior angles in a triangle sum to 180 degrees.
9
0 = h 2 − 2h − 99 Alternatively, estimate.
= (h + 9)(h − 11)
Solution #1: If z is the vertical angle corresponding
Due to the nature of the problem, h cannot be to t, then we have x + y + z = 180, and since vertical
negative, so (A) is correct. angles are always equal, x + y + t = 180, so
t = 180 – x – y degrees.
Solution #2: Estimate. Angles x and y look to be
around 50 or 55 degrees each (this may require
rotating the page to see just how far away the
triangle is from being equilateral), and t looks close to
70 degrees. Only choice (A) is remotely close to 70
using this estimate.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 227

2. (D) 2. (D)
Category: Angles Category: Triangles
Strategy: Use the fact that l  m to relate the Strategy: We can find enough angles to prove that
angles at the top to the ones on the bottom. Several the two small right triangles are similar. After that, we
angle theorems are necessary. just use whatever resulting proportion seems easiest
to reach our goal of finding TR.
Solution: I: Because they're alternate interior angles,
a = e and c = f, so certainly a + c = e + f. Since I is Solution: Since PQ = PR, ∠PQR = ∠PRQ . Since
true, eliminate (C). ∠QSU = ∠RTV , by AAA triangles QSU and RTV are
II: Because the three angles form a straight line, similar. This gives, among many others, the
a + b + c = 180, so a + c = 180 – b. Therefore II is
TR QS
true, so we eliminate (A). proportion = . Plugging in for VT, QS, US and
VT US
III: Again because both pairs of angles form a
straight line, we have d + e = f + g = 180, so  36 
multiplying through by VT gives TR = 35   = 28.
d + e + f + g = 360. But we showed earlier that  45 
a = e and c = f, so d + a + c + g = 360 and
a + c = 360 – g – d. III is also true.
Page 160-161–Put It Together
1. (A)
3. (A)
Category: Circles
Category: Angles
Strategy: The ratio of the arc length to the
Strategy: The angle of h is given for a reason. It
circumference equals the ratio of the arc's angle to
suggests that we find the value of an interior angle of
1
the hexagon and then use this value to find g. We 360°. Here, the ratio is so the resulting
also need to know that, since the hexagon is 2
described as “regular,” the triangle with the two calculations are relatively simple.
angles h and g is isosceles. Solution: The arc length we're asked to find is half
Solution: Each interior angle (h in particular) of a of the circumference, so we find that first. Since the
regular hexagon equals 120°. This can be seen by diameter has length 5, the circumference is 5π and
using the formula for the sum of interior angles of the arc length LMN equals half this, 2.5π.
polygons ((n – 2) × 180), but perhaps a better way is
to connect the center of the hexagon to each vertex 2. (B)
to get six equilateral triangles. We now have the
Category: Circles
triangle below, and since it's isosceles,
2g + 120 = 180 and therefore g = 30 degrees. Strategy: The ratio of the area of the sector to the
area of the circle equals the ratio of the sector's
central angle to 360. We use this to find the range of
Page 156-157–Put It Together possible areas (or enough of the range to arrive at
1. 24 the answer).
Category: Triangles Solution: The circumference of the circle is 16π, so
Strategy: Isosceles triangles have two equal sides its radius is 8 and its area is 64π. The smallest
and equal opposite angles. This allows us to find the possible area of sector AOB occurs when the central
angle at A and then focus on triangle ADC. angle x is smallest. In this case, the area is
 30  64π 1
Solution: Since AB = BC, ∠BCA = ∠BAC . These 64π  = = 5 π . We could find the largest
 360  12 3
two angles, together with ∠ABC , are the interior
possible area in the same way, replacing 30 with 40
angles of a triangle and so add to 180°. Therefore on the left side. However, this isn't necessary; the
each of them, in particular ∠BAC , equals 1
possible areas must form an interval starting at 5 π ,
180 − 48 3
= 66 . Now, angles BAC, ADC, and ACD
2 so choices (C) and (D) are eliminated because they're
are also the interior angles of a triangle, so we have too small. Also, if 8π is a possible area, then so is 7π.
∠ACD = 180 − 90 − 66 = 24  , so x = 24. Thus choice (A) must also be impossible.
3. (D)
228 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

Category: Circles Solution #2: Use the fact that the volume increases
Strategy: A point on the circumference of the circle in proportion to the first power of the height but to
has coordinates that satisfy the equation of the circle, the square of the diameter (or, equivalently, the
so we test answer choices until one works. Some are radius). Going from the original vase to the smaller
more likely than others; since the right side equals vase, we multiply the height by six fifths, which
results in a volume 120% as large as the original if
49, we expect that it comes from 02 + 72 , so we look
we keep the diameter the same. We only want the
for answer choices that will make this true.
volume to be one-fourth of this (30% of the original)
Solution: Since –5 – 2 = –7 and –3 + 3 = 0, choice so we should halve the diameter. We've just
(D) results in the true equality (−7)2 + 02 = 49 , so described in words that if the original volume is kr 2h ,
(−5, −3) is on the circle. then k (0.5r )2 (1.2h ) = 0.3kr 2h , 30% of the original
volume. The original diameter was 12 cm, so we
Page 163–Put It Together should make the diameter of the smaller vase 6 cm.

1. 54
Category: Volume Page 167–Put It Together

Strategy: This is a fairly straightforward application 1. (D)

of the volume formula for a circular cone. Remember, Category: Trigonometry
the formula is given at the beginning of the math Strategy: This requires knowing the right triangle
section. Just keep in mind that the diameter is what definitions of the trig functions.
we're after, not the radius.
Solution: The only ratio between the sides that
Solution: The formula for the volume of a circular 3 XZ
cone is given at the beginning of math sections. This equals is . These are the two legs, so this is a
4 ZY
cone has volume 7, 290π and height 30 (all clue that we're looking for a tangent. Indeed, since
measurements are in cm or cm3). This results in the opposite 3
equation tan = , by definition, tanY = .
adjacent 4
30π r 2
7290π =
3
729 =r2 2. (A)
27 =r Category: Trigonometry
where we've ignored the negative root. Therefore, Strategy: Use the complementary angle identities on
the diameter of the base is 54 cm. p.164. In fact, cosine is short for complementary sine
because of these identities.
Solution: With angles measured in degrees,
2. (C)
sin(90 − x ) = cos x for all values of x, and in
Category: Volume
3
Strategy: One solution takes a concrete approach, particular if cos x = , so does sin (90 – x).
going through each step. Another way is to realize 7
that a lot of the intermediate steps aren't necessary
and to use proportional reasoning. Page 170–Put It Together
Solution #1: The volume of the original vase is 1. (C)
π (6)2 (25) = 900π . We want the volume of the small Category: Complex Numbers
vase to be 30% of this, or 270π . We know the height Strategy: Just distribute and replace i 2 with –1
of the small vase is 30, so we have an equation to wherever it occurs.
solve for r: Solution:
270π = π r 2 (30) 2(2 + i ) − (6 − 7i ) = 4 + 2i − 6 + 7i = −2 + 9i
9 =r2
3 =r
where we ignored the negative root. The new radius
is 3 cm, so the diameter is 6 cm.
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 229

2. (A) 4. 700
Category: Complex Numbers Category: Triangles
Strategy: A calculator will get the answer fastest, as Strategy: This is a similar triangles problem, so we
long as it's in the correct mode and the expression is need to use the fact that corresponding sides are
entered correctly. proportional to set up a proportion involving the
By hand, we multiply the top and bottom by the unknown length x.
conjugate of the bottom to get a real number in the Solution: Since the vertical angles at E are equal and
denominator. Then it's just a case of simplifying and the angles at A and D are equal, triangles EBA and
using the fact that i 2 = –1. ECD are similar by AAA. In particular,
Solution: Multiply top and bottom by 2 + i. 400 BE AB
= = , and multiplying left and right
1 + 2i 1 + 2i  2 + i  1200 CE 2100
=  
2−i 2−i 2+i  sides by 2100 gives AB = 700 meters, so x = 700.
2 + 5i + 2i 2
=
4 −i2 5. (D)
5i
= Category: Triangles
5
=i Strategy: We have two similar triangles which
results in a number of proportionality statements.
Check the answer choices until one is true.
Page 176-181–Practice
1. 132 Solution: By AAA, ΔBDE is similar to ΔBAC . This
Category: Angles leads to several true proportions, so we check each
answer choice to see which one is valid. Since BE and
Strategy: Use the geometric theorems dealing with
DE are the sides of the smaller triangle corresponding
vertical angles and transversals of parallel lines.
to the sides BC and AC of the larger triangle, the
Solution: Angles 2 and 3 are supplementary, so proportion in choice (D) is true.
∠3 = 180° − 48° = 132° . Because p  q , ∠4 = ∠3 ,
and because l  m , ∠1 = ∠4 , so ∠1 = 132° . 6. (A)
Category: Triangles

2. (C) Strategy: Find a special triangle and recognize that

Category: Angles ∠D is smaller than ∠BCA .

Strategy: Use the fact that the angles making up a Solution: The lengths of the segments correspond to
straight line sum to 180° to get an equation, then a 45-45-90 triangle. This can be seen by letting x = 2
solve. and using the triangle side relationship rules, or by
using the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem and
Solution: The sum of all the listed angles equals
180°, so we have 180° = x + x + x + y = 5x, after verifying that 22 + 22 = (2 2)2 . Either way,
combining like terms and substituting y = 2x. Dividing ∠BCA = 45 . Since ∠BDA must evidently be smaller
by 5 gives x = 36°, so y = 2(36°) = 72°.
than ∠BCA , only 40° is a possible value.

3. (C)
7. (D)
Category: Angles
Category: Circles
Strategy: Find the sum of the interior angles, then
divide by the number of angles to find the measure of Strategy: To find the area of a circle, we need the
each one. radius. In general this would require using the
distance formula or equivalently, the Pythagorean
Solution: The sum of the interior angles of a regular Theorem, but not in this case.
octagon (a stop sign) is, using the provided formula,
180(6) = 1080 degrees. Each interior angle is equal, Solution: The length of segment CA is the radius of
the circle. The points we’re given are convenient,
1080
so each one is = 135 degrees. since we can see right away that this length is
8
9 – 6 = 3. Thus the area of the circle is π (3)2 = 9π .
230 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

8. (A) 10. (B)

Category: Circles Category: Volume
Strategy: We’re given the center already, so all we Strategy: Student can find the volume of the
need is the radius. We can find this by knowing any cylinder and hemisphere at the beginning of each
point on the circle. math section. Find the volume of each and add. Don't
Solution: Before proceeding, we note that the center forget to account for the fact that a hemisphere is
being (–2, 0) eliminates choices (B) and (D), and 1
only half of as sphere. The at the beginning of the
169 2
is the square of a rational number, so the
25 second calculation below takes care of this.
answer is quite likely to be (A). Not only that, but 169 Solution: The volume of the cylinder is
= 132, π (24ft)2 (31ft) = 17, 856π ft 3 . The volume of the
25 = 52, and there’s a 12 in the problem statement,
14 3
suggesting a 5:12:13 triangle. To be sure of the hemisphere is 3
 π (24ft)  = 9, 216π ft . So the
answer, we sketch the center and the point on the 23 
circle, then find the radius. The legs have lengths 1 total volume of the tank, in cubic feet, is
12 12 13 17, 856π + 9,216π = 27,072π ≈ 85,049 .
and , and since 1 : : is in the familiar
5 5 5
13
5:12:13 ratio for a right triangle, the radius is
. 11. (C)
5
Category: Trigonometry
(This can of course be found by the Pythagorean
Theorem as well.) We know the center and radius, Strategy: This can be done using a basic identity. If
2 forgotten, the identity can be derived quickly from
 13 
and the equation is (x + 2)2 + y 2 =   , choice first principles, which we do.
 5 
Solution: Using the complementary angle identities,
(A). we see that (measured in degrees)
3
sin(90 − x ) = cos x , which in this case is . If we
9. (B) 5
Category: Circles opp
use the following figure, we see that the ratio
Strategy: The equation is given in a form not so hyp
convenient for finding the center, so complete the adj
for the angle (90 – x)° is the same as the ratio
squares to get it into a better form. hyp
Solution: Complete the squares as follows. We split for the angle x°.
one side into expressions labeled A and B for clarity.
11 = x2+ 6 x + y
2
− 12y

A

B
12. (A)
Category: Trigonometry
x +3)
11= ( 2

y − 6)
− 9 + ( 2
− 36

A B Strategy: This is a unit conversion problem where
11 = (x + 3) + (y − 6) − 45
2 2 we need the fact that 180 = π radians.

19π  180 
56 = (x + 3)2 + (y − 6)2 Solution: radians   = 285


12  π radians 
We didn't really have to do the last step if all we want
is the center. Reading it directly from the equation,
the center is (–3, 6).
 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 231

13. (B) 16. (D)

Category: Trigonometry Category: Angles
7π π Strategy: This requires the two theorems about the
Strategy: Use the fact that =π + and sum of the angles making a straight line and the sum
6 6
symmetry to recognize that the solution only requires of the interior angles of a triangle. From the former
we get the value of y and from the latter u + v.
π
us to find the cosine of . Estimation works as well.
6
Solution #1: Because ABC is a straight line,
Solution: Using the figure, one who has the trig
4 y + y = 5y = 180 , so y = 36. Also, since y, u, v are
functions memorized for a few key values will be able
to fill in the lengths shown in the first quadrant the measures of the interior angles of a triangle, we
immediately, then use symmetry to find the answer. have 180 = y + u + v = 36 + u + v, and subtracting
However, memorization isn't necessary; we can get 36 from both sides gives u + v = 144.
the lengths by setting the radius equal to 1 and Solution #2: Estimate. Angles D and C look to be
recognizing the 30-60-90 triangle. From there, we can about 100° and 45°, respectively, so we estimate
use 30-60-90 triangle ratios to give us the lengths of u + v = 145. This is very close to choice (D). Even a
the legs. The negative signs are added as a reminder much poorer estimate will easily eliminate choices (A)
of what quadrant the sides are in, although of course and (B).
the lengths aren’t actually negative.
17. (C)
14. (B) Category: Angles
Category: Complex Numbers Strategy: Either work within the parallelogram to
Strategy: Simplify, formally treating i as a variable find more angles, then find the desired exterior angle,
and replacing any i 2 with –1. or extend one of the sides for a slightly different
Solution: solution. Either way, we need to make use of some of
the relationships between parallel lines and
i (3 − 4i ) − 2i (1 + 2i ) = 3i − 4i 2 − 2i − 4i 2 transversals.
= −8i 2 + i
=8+i Solution #1: Since AB  DC , angles BAD and ADC
are supplementary, and therefore ∠ADC = 130° .
15. (B) This is the smaller angle formed at point D. When
Category: Complex Numbers combined with the larger angle of x°, the two angles
form a full circle containing 360°, giving 130° + x° =
Strategy: This requires several steps, and when
360°. It follows that x = 230.
dividing we have to make use of complex conjugates.
In the first line below, we start the computation after Solution #2: Extend segment AD to the right to any
inverting and multiplying and we make use of the point E. Because AB  DC , ∠CDE = 50 . Since ADE
facts that 3 + i 2 = 2 and 3 − i 2 = 4 . is a straight line, ∠ADE = 180. Adding these two
Solution: angles gives x = 50 + 180 = 230.
 4 + i  3 − i 2  4+i 
 2  = 2 
 3 + i  4 − i  4 −i 
 4 + i  4 + i 
= 2  
 4 − i  4 + i 
 16 + 8i + i 2 
= 2 
 16 − i
2

 15 + 8i 
= 2 
 17 
30 + 8i
=
17
232 ANSWER EXPLANATIONS

18. (A) Solution: Since segments OA and OB are radii, their

Category: Triangles lengths are equal and the angles opposite them are
Strategy: The familiar side lengths of 5 and 12 make equal as well, giving ∠A = ∠B . Furthermore,
another appearance here, so we can avoid some 180 = ∠A + ∠B + 60 = 2∠A + 60, so 2∠A = 120 and
calculations by knowing a common ratio. After that, angles A and B are both 60 degrees. We can now use
the Pythagorean Theorem takes care of the rest. our knowledge of equilateral triangles to find other
Solution: If AB = 5 and BD = 12, then AD = 13 to lengths and finally the area. This can be done either
complete the common 5:12:13 ratio. Before by directly using triangle relationship rules or by
proceeding, note that AC must be longer than this, splitting the triangle in half and using the
eliminating choices (C) and (D). Now we use the Pythagorean Theorem. We have h 2 + 4 = 16 , so
Pythagorean Theorem to find AC.
h = 12 . The base has length 4, so the area is
AC 2 = 132 + (3 3)2 = 169 + 27 = 196, and so
1
(4)( 12) = 2 12 = 2 4 3 = 4 3.
AC = 196 = 14 . 2

19. (B) 22. (D)

Category: Triangles Category: Area
Strategy: Use the fact that opposite sides of a Strategy: There are a few ways to dissect the shape
parallelogram are parallel. This gives us angle BAD, into rectangles and squares to find the desired area.
and after bisecting it we have an equilateral triangle. Here are all the lengths:
Solution: Draw segment AC. Because AB  DC , Solution #1: Find the area not used in Shape A
angles BAD and ADC are supplementary, so directly. It's 16(96) + 24(40) + 24(24) = 3072in2 .

∠BAD = 120 . If AC bisects ∠BAD , then Solution #2: Find the area of Shape A and subtract
it from the area of the board. That gives
∠DAC = 60 . It follows that DAC is equilateral, so all


56(96) − [48(40) + 16(24)] = 3072in2 .

sides are equal. In particular, AC = 4.

20. (B)
Category: Triangles
Strategy: This is a similar triangles problem, so we
expect to use a proportion between corresponding
sides. Also, just by a visual estimate, the answer must
be either (B) or (C).
Solution: Because AB  DE , triangles ABC and EDC
DE EC
are similar by AAA. Therefore, = .
AB AC
Since AC = AE + EC = 3 + 9 = 12 , we have
 EC  3
DE = AB   = 8   = 6.
 AC  4

21. (C)
Category: Triangles
Strategy: The 60° angle is a clue that a special
triangle is involved. We're only told one side, so we
have to recognize that we are also given two radii,
which are necessarily the same length. This enables
us to reduce the problem to finding the area of an
equilateral triangle.