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BOILING AND CONDENSATION - Notes

Boiling and condensation are phase change processes that involve the transformation between liquid and vapor states. [1] Boiling occurs at the solid-liquid interface when a liquid is heated above its saturation temperature, while evaporation occurs at the liquid-vapor interface. [2] Condensation is the reverse process where vapor transforms to liquid upon cooling below the saturation temperature. [3] Boiling and condensation can be classified based on factors like the presence of bulk fluid flow and whether the bulk liquid temperature is below or at the saturation temperature.

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74 views

BOILING AND CONDENSATION - Notes

Boiling and condensation are phase change processes that involve the transformation between liquid and vapor states. [1] Boiling occurs at the solid-liquid interface when a liquid is heated above its saturation temperature, while evaporation occurs at the liquid-vapor interface. [2] Condensation is the reverse process where vapor transforms to liquid upon cooling below the saturation temperature. [3] Boiling and condensation can be classified based on factors like the presence of bulk fluid flow and whether the bulk liquid temperature is below or at the saturation temperature.

Uploaded by

Louis Kapeso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOILING AND CONDENSATION

Boiling is a liquid-vapour phase change process like evaporation although


the two processes are different.
Evaporation: Occurs at the liquid-vapour interface when the vapour
pressure is less than the saturation pressure of the liquid at a given
temperature.
Boiling: Occurs at the solid-liquid interface when a liquid is brought into
contact with a surface maintained at a temperature Ts sufficiently above the
saturation temperature Tsat of the liquid

Evaporation

Boiling

The boiling heat flux from the solid surface to the fluid is expressed from
Newton’s law of cooling as

qboiling = h(Ts –Tsat) = h∆T (W/m2)

Where (Ts –Tsat) =∆T is the excess temperature, which represents the

excess temperature above the saturation temperature of the fluid


Classification of boiling
Boiling is called Pool boiling in the absence of bulk fluid flow
Boiling is referred to as Flow boiling when bulk fluid flow is present

1
Pool and flow boiling are further classified as subcooled boiling or
saturated boiling depending on the bulk temperatures.
Subcooled (local) boiling: Occurs when the temperature of the main
body of the liquid is below the saturation temperature.
Saturated boiling: Occurs when the temperature of the liquid is equal
to the saturation temperature.

Boiling regimes and the boiling curve


a) Natural convectional boiling: The fluid motion in this mode is
governed by natural convection currents. Natural convection boiling
ends at an excess temperature of about 5 oC for water.
b) Nucleate boiling: Bubbles form at an increasing rate at a number
of nucleation sites. Occurs at 10 oC ≤ ∆T ≤30 oC of excess ∆T for
water (i.e., between point A and C on the curve).
c) Transitional boiling: Here both nucleate and film boiling occurs
partially. The increase in excess temperature at this stage causes
the decrease in heat flux. This is because a large fraction of the
heater surface is covered by a vapour film which acts as insulation.
For water, transitional boiling occurs over excess temperature
between 30 oC and 120 oC. ( from point C to D on the curve)
d) Film boiling: In this mode, the heater surface completely covered
by a continuous stable vapour film. The presence of a vapour film
between the heater surface and the liquid is responsible for the low
heat transfer rate in the film boiling region. The heat transfer
increases with increasing excess temperature because of radiation
to the liquid

2
Boiling regimes equations
1. Nucleate boiling
3
𝑔(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 ) ½ 𝐶𝑝𝑙 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝑞̇ 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 = µ𝑙 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [ ] [ ]
𝜎 𝐶𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑙𝑛

where
µl =viscosity of the liquid (kg/m.s)
hfg =enthalpy of vaporization (J/kg)
g =gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
ρl = density of the liquid (kg/m3)
ρv = density of the vapour (kg/m3)
σ =surface tension of liquid-vapour interface (N/m)
Cpl =specific heat of the liquid (J/kg.oC)
Ts = surface temperature of the heater (oC)
Tsat = saturation temperature of the fluid (oC)
Csf = experimental constant that depends on surface-liquid combination
Prl =Prandtl number of the liquid
n = experimental constant that depends on the fluid

2. Peak heat flux


𝑞̇ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐𝑟 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [𝑔𝜎𝜌𝑣2 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )]¼

3
3. Minimum heat flux
¼
𝑔𝜎(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )
𝑞̇ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.09𝜌𝑣 ℎ𝑓𝑔 [ ]
(𝜌𝑙 +𝜌𝑣 )2

4. Film boiling
¼
𝑔𝑘𝑣3 𝜌𝑣 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )[ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 0.4𝐶𝑝𝑣 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )]
𝑞𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 [ ] (𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝜇𝑣 𝐷(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

K= the thermal conductivity


D = diameter
Note: Cfilm = 0.62 for horizontal cylinders and 0.67 for spheres

Condensation: Occurs when the temperature of the vapour is reduced


below its saturation temperature.
Types of Condensation
1. Film condensation: Occurs when the condensate wets the surface
and forms a liquid film on the surface that slides down under the
influence of gravity.
2. Dropwise condensation: Occurs when the condensed vapour forms
countless droplets of varying diameters on the surface instead of a
continuous film.
The simplified expression for the determination of the average heat transfer
coefficient for film condensation on a vertical plate of length L is:

∗ ¼
𝑔𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 0.943 [ ]
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝐿
Note: All properties of the liquid to are to be evaluated at the film temperature
Tf = (Tsat + Ts)/2. The hfg and ρv are to be evaluated at Tsat.

The average heat transfer coefficient for film condensation on the outer
surface of a horizontal tube is determined by:

4
∗ ¼
𝑔𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧 = 0.729 [ ]
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝐷
Where D is the diameter of the horizontal tube
 The condensate flow is smooth and wave-free laminar for Re≤30
 The condensate flow is wavy-laminar in the range 30<Re<1800
 The condensate flow is turbulent for Re>1800
Heat transfer coefficients in the wavy-laminar and turbulent flow regions are
determined from:

⅓
𝑅𝑒𝑘 𝑔
ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡,𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑦 = 1.08𝑅𝑒 1.22𝑙 −5.2 (𝑣2 ) For 30 < Re < 1800
𝑙

⅓
𝑅𝑒𝑘
𝑙 𝑔
ℎ𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 8750+58𝑃𝑟 ±0.5 (𝑅𝑒 0.75 −253) (𝑣 2 )
For Re > 1800
𝑙

The average heat transfer coefficient for film condensation on the outer
surface of a sphere is:
∗ ¼
𝑔𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑘𝑙3
ℎ𝑠𝑝ℎ = 0.815 [ ]
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝐷

For low vapour velocities, film condensation heat transfer inside horizontal
tubes can be determined from:
¼
𝑔𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )𝑘𝑙3 3
ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 0.555 [ (ℎ𝑓𝑔 + 𝑐𝑝𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ))]
𝜇𝑙 (𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 ) 8

The heat transfer coefficient for dropwise condensation of steam


on copper surface is given by:
ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 51104 + 2044𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 22 oC < Tsat < 100 oC
ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 255,310 for Tsat > 100 oC

5
Example

Water at atmospheric pressure is to be boiled in a polished copper pan. The diameter of the
pan is 0.3 m and is kept at 111 oC. Calculate
(a) The heat transfer rate
(b) The rate of evaporation in kg/h

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