Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

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The Real Number e ea u be System

Rapid Learning Mathematics Series
Wayne Huang, PhD Theresa Johnson, MEd Susan Kim, PhD Adel Arshaghi, MS

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Learning Objectives
By completing this tutorial you will learn how to: Recognize the subsets of the real number system system. Use the rules of real numbers to add, subtract, multiply, and divide real numbers. Use order of operations to evaluate math expressions. l t th i

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Concept Map
Previous content New content

The Real Number System

is composed of uses

Rational Numbers
with the subsets

Irrational Numbers Order of Operations

to

Natural Numbers

Whole Numbers

Integers Evaluate Expressions

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Subsets of Real Numbers

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Subsets of Real Numbers - Outline

By completing this section you will be able to: Determine if a given number is irrational or rational. Categorize rational numbers into subsets.

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Definition: Real Number

Real Number A number that is either rational or irrational.

Example: any common number from - to is a real number.

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Definition: Irrational Number

Irrational Number - A number that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers. Example: is an irrational number.

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Example: Irrational Number

The decimal approximation of an irrational number does not terminate or repeat. Examples are shown in the table. Exact Value Approximation 3.14159 26535 89793

1.41421 1 41421 35623 73095 73095

123
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11.09053 65064 09417

Definition: Rational Number

Rational Number - A number that can be written as the ratio of two integers, a and b, where b cannot be zero.

Example: is a rational number number.

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Example: Rational Number

The decimal equivalent of a rational number will terminate or repeat.
Terminating g Fraction
1 3 2 2 8 5

Repeating p g Fraction
1 2 5 3 7 6

Decimal 0.5 0.375 0.4

Decimal 0.3 0.285714 0.83

Note: A line over decimal digits indicates those digits repeat infinitely.
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Subsets of Rational Numbers

There are three important subsets of rational numbers:
Subset {1, 2, 3, } Natural Numbers The numbers used for counting and ordering. {0, 1, 2, 3, } Whole Numbers Formed by adding 0 to the set of natural numbers. numbers {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, } Integers Formed by adding the negatives of the naturals to the set of whole numbers. Description

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Venn Diagram: Rational Numbers

The subsets of rational numbers are shown in the diagram:

Integers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers N b

Rational Numbers

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Note: Integers as Rational Numbers

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Stop-and-think: Subsets
-7 is an element of which of the following sets? Real numbers Irrational numbers Whole numbers Integers

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Rules for Real Numbers

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Rules for Real Numbers - Outline

In this section you will gain knowledge of: The double negative rule. Rules for adding and subtracting real numbers. Rules for multiplying and dividing real numbers.

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Double Negative Rule

Double Negative Rule: For any real number x, -(-x) = x
Examples: 1. -(-5) = 5 2. 7 (-3) = 7 + 3 = 10

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Addition Rule: Like Signs

Like Signs When adding numbers with like signs, g g , add the absolute values of the numbers and keep the sign.
Examples: 1. 8 + 5 = 13 2. -8 5 = -8 + -5 = -13

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Addition Rule: Unlike Signs

Unlike Signs When adding numbers with unlike signs, subtract the smaller absolute value from the bt t th ll b l t l f th larger absolute value. Keep the sign of the number with the larger absolute value.

Examples: 1. 9 + (-7) = 9 7 = 2 2. 1 + (-4) = -(4 1) = -3

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Note: Adding a Negative Number

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Multiplication Rules
Multiplication Rules negative (negative) = positive positive (positive) = positive negative (positive) = negative
Examples: 1. -2(-3) = 6 2. 2(3) = 6 3. -2(3) = -6
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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Division Rules
Division Rules negative negative = positive positive positive = positive negative positive = negative

Examples: 1. -8 -2 = 4 2. 8 2 = 4 3. -8 2 = -4
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Note: Commutative Property

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Stop-and-think: Sign Rules

Match each expression to the left with its evaluated form to the right.

-(-12) -7 + 3 4(-5) -21 7 -5 4

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-20 12 -4 -9 -3

Evaluating Number Expressions

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Evaluating Number Expressions - Outline

In this section you will learn: Order of operations (PEMDAS). How to use PEMDAS to evaluate mathematical expressions. expressions

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PEMDAS: Order of Operations

P arentheses E xponents Multiplication D ivision A ddition S ubtraction

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

PEMDAS and Aunt Sally

Memory Tip for PEMDAS

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally.

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Note: PEMDAS

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Example: PEMDAS
Evaluate: 5(8 12)2 + 1 Solution: 5(8 12)2 + 1 = 5(-4)2 + 1 = 5(-4)(-4) + 1 = 5(16) + 1 = 80 + 1 = 81
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Stop-and-think: PEMDAS
Using PEMDAS, what is the first step in evaluating 4(7 + 3) 5 2? Subtract 2 from 5 Divide 3 by 5 Add 7 and 3 Multiply 4 and 3

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

Learning Summary
The product or quotient of two numbers with like signs is positive. Addition and multiplication are commutative. Perform multiplication and division (addition and subtraction) from left to right.

Two consecutive negative signs create a positive. -(-x) = x

The product or quotient of two numbers with unlike signs is negative.

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Congratulations
You have successfully completed the core tutorial

The Real Number System

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Elementary Algebra Rapid Learning Series - 03

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