MONOAMINE

NEUROTRANSMITTERS By Registration Number

Monoamine neurotransmitters are a class of

DOPAMINE
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in
motivation, reward, and movement control. It is
synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.
Diseases associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine
system include Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia,
bipolar disease, restless legs syndrome and attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

NOREPINEPHRINE
Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter involved in the "fight
or flight" response, attention, and arousal. It is synthesized
from the amino acid phenylalanine.
drugs used to treat ADHD and depression aim to increase
norepinephrine levels to improve focus, and concentration,
and alleviate symptoms of depression. Alternatively, other
medications may work by modulating norepinephrine levels
to achieve the same effect.

EPINEPHRINE
Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter involved
in the body's "fight or flight" response and is used as a
medication to treat severe allergic reactions.
Excessive levels of epinephrine can cause health issues
such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease,
but it is also used as a medication for treating
anaphylaxis, asthma attacks, cardiac arrest, and severe
infections.

SEROTONIN
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in mood
regulation, appetite, and sleep. It is synthesized from the
amino acid tryptophan.
Diseases associated with serotonin imbalance include
seasonal affective disorder, anxiety, depression,
fibromyalgia and chronic pain

HISTAMINE
Histamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the
regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, appetite, and immune
responses. It is synthesized from the amino acid
histidine. Histamine plays a role in asthma,
bronchospasm, mucosal edema and multiple sclerosis.

REFERENCES
Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annual review of neuroscience, 28, 403-450.
Harmer, C. J., Duman, R. S., & Cowen, P. J. (2017). How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(5), 409-418.
Neurotransmitters: What They Are, Functions & Types. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters
Schwartz, J. C., & Haas, H. L. (2020). Histamine in the brain. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 253, 1-29.
Simons, E. R. (2010). Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 125(2 Suppl 2), S117-S125.
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Tomasi, D., & Telang, F. (2015). Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(48), 14817-14818.