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The document discusses probability concepts including sample space, outcomes, events, theoretical and experimental probability, and examples calculating probability. It provides examples of sample spaces for experiments like tossing a die, spinning a wheel, flipping a coin, and drawing cards. It also discusses tree diagrams to illustrate sample spaces for multiple events, like flipping two coins. Probability is defined as the number of favorable outcomes over the total number of possible outcomes. Examples are given to calculate probabilities of events like drawing certain cards or faces from a deck.

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Keith Oxford
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8 views

Math

The document discusses probability concepts including sample space, outcomes, events, theoretical and experimental probability, and examples calculating probability. It provides examples of sample spaces for experiments like tossing a die, spinning a wheel, flipping a coin, and drawing cards. It also discusses tree diagrams to illustrate sample spaces for multiple events, like flipping two coins. Probability is defined as the number of favorable outcomes over the total number of possible outcomes. Examples are given to calculate probabilities of events like drawing certain cards or faces from a deck.

Uploaded by

Keith Oxford
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOTTO

6/42 = 1-42 lotto


6/45 = 1-45 mega lotto
6/49 = 1-49 super lotto
6/55 = 1-55 grand lotto
6/58 = 1-58 ultra lotto

BINGO
B = 1-15
I = 16-30
N = 31-45
G = 46-60
O = 61-75

Probability Experiment and Sample Space

Outcome- each possible result of a probability experiment


Sample space - set of all possible outcomes. The sample space is usually denoted by S
and the total number of possible outcomes by n(S)

1. Tossing a die (experiment)


S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
n(S) = 6
2. Spinning the wheel, assuming that the arrow will never fall on the lines separating the
three sectors
S = {Red, orange, blue}
n(S) = 3
3. Flipping a coin
S = {Head, Tail}
n(S) = 2
4. Drawing a card at random from a deck of 10 identical cards labelled 1-10
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
n(S) = 10

There are 4 red blocks and 3 blue blocks in a box.


Write the sample space and the total number of possible outcomes if a block is picked at
random

S = {R1R2,R3,R4,B1,B2,B3}
n(S) = 7

Event - any subset of a sample space. In a sample of equally likely outcomes, the probability
of an event, denoted by P(E), is computed on the basis of favorable outcomes and the
number of possible outcomes
P(E) = number of favorable outcomes / number of possible outcomes

A card is drawn from a standard deck wag kalimutan yung P(e)

What is the probability of getting a


a. A face card
P (a face card) = 12/52 = 3/13
b. An ace
P (an Ace) = 4/52 = 1/13
c. A Queen
P (a Queen) = 4/52 = 1/13
d. A King
P (a king) = 4/52 = 1/13
e. A black diamond
f. P (A black diamond) = 0/52

Bingo was formerly called BEANO, because someone accidentally called bingo, BEANO
Jack - Kn - Knave
- Samuel hart changed
- Maybe mistaken to a king heart
European deck - there is no Ace, ace has the lowest value

4 suits - 4 seasons
52 cards - 52 weeks

Ace - there is only one value


Two - old and new testament
Three - father, son, holy spirit
Four - matthew, mark, luke, john
Five - five wise virgins
Six - god created heaven and earth six days
Seven - rest day
Eight - eight righteous persons were preserved from the deluge. Noah and his wife, their
sons and their sons’ wives
Nine - nine lepers cleansed by our savior
Ten - ten commandments
J - Lucifer
Q - Mary
K - God

Recall that the probability of getting a head when a coin is flipped is ½. How come the ratio
of the number flips in the actual experiment is not ½?

Experimental probability is the ratio of the number of all favorable outcomes and the total
number of possible outcomes in an actual experimen
Theoretical Probability - ratio of the favorable outcomes and the total number of possible
outcomes
Tree Diagrams

The process of counting the number of outcomes in a sample space is well illustrated with a
tree diagram

Example Flip 2 coins

1st 2nd outcome

H — HH
H<
T — HT

H — TH
T<
T — TT

S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}


n(S) = 4

a. Two heads
P(two heads) = 1/4
b. At least one tail
P(at least one tail) = 3/4
c. Exactly one tail
P(exactly one tail) = 2/4 = 1/2
d. At most one head
P(at most one head) = 3/4

A Table
A coin is tossed and a die is rolled
List the sample space of this experiment. The coin can land in two ways, Head or Tail, the
die can land in 6 ways, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

H H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6

T T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Fundamental Principle of Counting

If there are m ways to do a task and n ways to do another, then there are m * n ways of
doing both.
1. How many numbers of different digits can be formed from the digits 4,6,7,8 and 9?
a. How many choices are there for the hundreds digit? 5 choices
b. How many choices are there for the tens digit? 4 choices
c. How many choices are for the one digit? 3 choices
2. How many possible outcomes are there when six coins are flipped?
26 = 64 outcomes

3. There are 8 contestants in a mathematics competition. In how many ways can the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd be chosen?
1. Choosing the first place = 8
2. Second = 7
3. Third = 6
8 * 7 * 6 = 336 ways

Given the digits 1,2,3,4,&5, how many two different digits can be formed
a. If repetition is allowed
5*5 = 25 two different digits
b. If repetition is not allowed
5*4 = 20 two different digits

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