ELECTRICAL TERMS

ELECTRICITY - IS THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS; IS A NAME GIVEN TO THE CAUSE OF

ELECTRIC PHENOMENA OR MANIFESTATION.
WILLIAM GILBERT - FATHER OF ELECTRICITY.
PROTON - POSSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES.
ELECTRON - NEGATIVE CHARGE
NEUTRON - NOT ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
IONS - TERM APPLIED TO AN ATOM OR MOLECULES W/C IS NOT
ELECTRICALLY BALANCE (THERE IS A LOSS OR GAIN OF ONE OR MORE
ELECTRONS).
VOLTAGE - IS THE ELECTRICAL PRESSURE THAT CAUSES THE ELECTRONS TO
MOVE THRU A CONDUCTOR .
VOLTS - UNIT OF ELECT’L POTENTIAL; SMALL UNIT OF POWER IN ELECTRIC
CURRENT; ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE FLOOWING THE POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE TEMINAL; UNIT OF EMF.
EMF - THE FORCE THAT MAKES ELECTRONS MOVE IN A CIRCUIT.
AMPERAGE - THEFLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT, EXPRESSED IN AMP.
AMPERE - A UNIT OF THE RATE OF FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT (AN EMT OF 1
VOLT ACROSS A RESISTANCE OF 1 OHM RESULTS IN A CURRENT FLOW
OF 1 AMP) UNIT OF MEASURING ELECTRIC CURRENT.
CURRRENT - THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY IN AIRCUIT; RATE OF W/C ELECTRICITY
FLOWS THRU A CODUCTOR .
RESISTANCE - THE OPPOSITION OR FRICTION TO THE FLOW OF CURRENT (RECIPROCAL
OF ELECTRICCAL CONDUCTANCE.)
OHM - UNIT OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE.
RESISTOR - CONTROL THE FLOW OF CURRENT IN ELECT’L CIRCUIT.
CAPACITOR - STORE ELECTRIC BATTERY .
REOSTAT - CONTROL INTENSITY OF CURRENT FLOW .

OHM’S LAW (GEORGE SIMON OHM’S) - RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE CURRRENT

& RESISTANCE.
I = CURRENT (AMP)
V = EMP (VOLT)
RESISTANCE = RESISTANCE (OHM)

BATTERY – A DEVICE CONSISTING OF SEVERAL CELLS CONNECTED TOGETHER &

GENERATE EMF BY CHEMICAL ACTION.
REGULATOR – A DEVICE USED TO REGULATE THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY; CONTROLS
THE FLOW OF CURRENT TO THE DISTRIBUTION ELEMENTS.
ANNUNCIATOR – A SIGNALING DEVICE, USSUALLY ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, GIVING
AN AUDIBLE SIGNAL & A VISUAL INDICATION WHEN ENERGIZED BY
PRESSING A BUTTON.

CIRCUIT – THE ELECTRICAL PATH ; REFERS TO THE WIRE INSTALLATION IN THE

HOUSES THAT SUPPLIES CURRENT TO LIGHT & C.O.
TYPES:
1. SERIES CKT – A CIRCUIT W/C SUPPLIES ELECTRIC POWER TO A NUMBER OF
DEVICES CONNECTED; METHOD OF CONNECTING LAMP.
2. PARALLEL CKT – ELECTRICAL WIRING CONNECTION;

SHORT CIRCUIT – HIGH CURRENT FLOW CAUSED BY AN ABNORMAL CONNECTION

IN AN ELEC’L CKT; WILL OCCUR WHEN FAULTY APPLIANCES OR EXPOSED
WIRES TOUCH A CONDUCTOR.(CONTACT OF 2 LIVE WIRES.)
CONDUCTOR – ARE SUBSTANCES THAT CARRIES OR ALLOWS THE FLOW OF ELECTRIC
CURRENT; OFFERS LOW RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF ELEC’L CIRCUIT;

INSULATOR – SUBSTANCES THAT RESIST THE FLOW OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT;

MAT’L USED TO STOP THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRICITY OR HEAT.
AMPACITY – THE ABILITY OF A CONDUCTOR TO CARRY ELECTRIC CURRENT W/O
OVERHEATING; IS A CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY.

FEEDER – IS A CIRCUIT CONDUCTOR BET. THE SERVICE EQUIP’T & THE BRANCH
CIRCUIT OVER CURRENT DEVICE.
JUMPER – A PIECE OF METAL OR AN ELEC’L CONDUCTOR USSED TO BYPASS AN
ELECTRICAL DEVICE IN AN ELEC’L SYSTEM.
COPPER – ELECTRIC WIRE
SILVER – BEST CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY
LEAD – POOREST CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY
CORD – TERM GIVEN TO AN INSULATED WIRE
WIRES – AKA - CONDUCTOR
WIRE – A FILAMEBNT OR SLENDER ROD OF DRAWN METAL (AWG#8 OR A
SMALLER)
CABLE – LARGER THAN WIRE; AN ELECTRIC CONDUCTOR CONSISTING OF A
GROUP OF A SMALLER –DIAMETER CONDUCTOR STRANDS TWISTED
TOGETHER.
CONDUIT – A TUBE OR PIPE USSED TO PROTECT ELECTRIC WIRING; IS A PIPE
CONTAINING THE WIRES; A STEEL OR NON- METALIC PIPE INTO W/C
CABLES ARE DRAWNS ; PROTECT ELEC’L WIRING; PIPE COMMONLY
USED AS ELECTRICAL RACEWAY FOR HODING WIRES.
RACEWAY – ARE CHANNELS DESIGNED FOR HOLDINGS WIRES, CABLES OR
BUSBARS, W/C ARE EITHER MADE OF METAL OR INSULATING
MATERIAL
BUSBAR – A RIGID ELEC’L CONDUCTOR, USUALLY A METAL BAR, HOLLOW
TUBE, OR ROD, W/C FORMS A CONNECTION BET. ELEC’L CIRCUITS.
RIGID CONDUIT – ELECTRICAAL ROUGH – IN.
CABLE TRAY – ASSEMBLY OF METAL WORKS W/C IS USED TO SUPPORT INSULATED
ELEC’L CONDUCTORS, SIMILAR IN FUNCTION TO AMETAL CABLE
DUCTS BUT CONSISTING AF A LADDER LIKE METAL FRAME WORK ON
THE BOTTOM & SIDE W/ THE TOP OPEN.
OUTLETS – POINTS IN THE WIRING SYSTEM AT W/C CURRENT IS TAKEN TO SUPPLY
UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT; AN OUTLET IS ANY POINT THAT SUPPLIES AN
ELECTRIC ROD.

KINDS:
1. C. O.
2. L.O. – INTENDED FOR DIRECT CONNECTION OF A LIGHTING FIXTURE.
3. RECEPTACLE OUTLET – WHERE ONE OR MORE RECEPTACLES ARE INSTALLED.
RECEPTACLE – CONTACT DEVICES INSTALLED AT THE OUTLET FOR THE CONNECTION
OF A SINGLE ATTACHMENT PLUG.
SWITCH – DEVICE W/ SERVES TO OPEN OR CLOSE THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.
JUNCTION BOX – MASTER & SLAVE STATION; A BOX W/ BANK COVER W/C SERVES THE
PURPOSE OF JOINING DIFF RUNS OF RACEWAY OR CABLE, & PROVIDED W/
SUFFICIENT SPACE FOR CONNECTION & BRANCHING OF THE ENCLOSED
CIRCUIT.
PULL BOX – A BOX W/ BLANK COVER W/C IS INSERTED IN ONE OR MORE RUNS OR
RACEWAYS TO FACILITATE PULLING IN THE CONDUCTORS. (SAFETY)
UTILITY BOX – BOX USED FOR MOUNTING LIGHT CONTROL.
BRANCH CIRCUIT – THE CIRCUIT CONDUCTORS BET. THE FINAL OVERCURRENT DEVICE
PROTECTING THE CIRCUIT & THE OUTLETS.
OVERCURRENT – ANY CURRENT IN EXCESS OF THE RATED CURRENT CAPACITY OF THE
EQUIP’T OR THE RATED AMPACITY OF THE CONDUCTOR.

PROTECTION FOR OVERCURRENT:

SAFETY SWITCH – PROTECTS EQUIP’T & APPLIANCES IN CASE OF CURREBT FUNCTUATION
CIRCUIT BREAKER – IS AN OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE (FUNCTION AS A SWITCH)
EQUIPPED W/ AN AUTOMATIC TRIPPING DEVICE TO PROTECT THE BRANCH
CIRCUIT FROM OVERLOAD & GROUND FAULT; SAFETY MEASURE AGAINST TOO MUCH
PRESSURE.

FUSE – OVERCURRENT DEVICE W/ A CIRCUIT OPENING FUSIBLE ELEMENT W/C OPENS

WHEN THERE IS AN OVERCURRENT IN THE CKT. (RENEWABLE OR ONE TIME)
FUSE – CONSIDERED AS THE SIMPLEST & MOST COMMON CKT PROTECTIVE DEVICE;
CHEAPEST TYPE OF TIME AUTOMATIC CIRCUIT OPENING DEVICE.
DISTRIBUTION PANEL – AN EQUIP’T AT THE SERVICE ENTRANCE THAT SEND THE ELEC-
TRICITY THRU THE HOUSE W/ BRANCH CIRUIT.
PANEL BOARD – A LARGE SINGLE PANEL, FRAME OR ASSEMBLY OF PANELS IN THE
FORM OF SINGLE PANEL.
SERVICE ENTRANCE – THE WIRE FROM THE MERALCO POLE TO THE POINT OF
ATTACHMENT OF THE BLDG. ; UNDERGROUND.
SERVICE DROP – WIRE FROM ENTRANCE CAP W/O MAIN SWITCH. ; OVERHEAD SERVICE
CONDUCTOR BET. THE LAST POLE OR OTHER AERIAL SUPPORT.
LOCKNUT & BUSHING – METAL CONDUIT INSTALLATION.
ADAPTOR – PVC CONDUIT INSTALLATION.
SOLENOID – COIL OF ELECTRIC WIRE
SWITCH BOARD – A LARGE SINGLE ELECTRIC CONTROL PANEL, FRAME, OR ASSEMBLY
OF PANELS W/C ARE MOUNTED SWITCHES, PROTECTIVE DEVICES, BUSES,ETC.

ELETRICAL SYSTEM OF A BUILDING (SYSTEM COMPONENTS)

1. WIRINGS – WIRES & CABLES
FEE DER (BIGGER CABLE)
ELECTRICAL RACEWAY (BIG)
CONDUIT (SMALL)

2. POWER HANDLING EQUIPMEMR

a. TRNSFORMER
b. CKT BREAKER
c. SWITVH BOARD
d. FUSE BOX
e. PANEL BOARD
3. UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT
a. APPLIANCE – CONSUMES ELECTRICAL ENERGY
b. DEVICE – DOES NOT CONSUME ELEC’L ENERGY
c. EQUIPMENT – MAT’LS, FITTING, DEVICES, APPLIANCES, FIXTURES,
APPARATUS
d. FITTINGS – AN ACCESSORY.
CONDENSER – A DECVICE FOR STORING ELECTRICITY IN THE FORM OFELECTRIC
CAHRGE.
SHUNT – WHEN A CIRCUIT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO OR MORE BRANCHES; CONDUCTOR OF
EACH BRANCH TAKEN SEPARATELY.
MICA – MAT’L W/C CAN STAND HIGH TEMPERATURE.
MEGER – LIMIT SURGE VOLTAGE ON EQUIPMENT.
VETO – BRAND NAME FOR LIGHTING SWITCHES & C.O.
FITTINGS – AN ACCESSORY
EQUIPMENT – MAT’LS / FITTING; DEVICES, APPLIANCES, FIXTURES,APPARATUSES
APPLIANCES – CURRENT- CONSUMING INSTRUMENT / EQUIPMENT.
ONE (1) HORSEPOWER = 746 WATTS.
WATT – RATE OF POWER USED (ENERGY CONSUMED); UNIT OF POWER ; VOLTS X
AMPERE.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. DIRECT CURRENT (DC) – CURRENT W/C FLOWS IN ONLY ONE DIRECTION;
FLOW OF CURRENT THAT TAKE PLACE AT CONSTANT TIME RATE.
2. ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) – FLOW OF CURRENT IS PERIODICALLY
VARYING IN TIME RATE & DIRECTION.
POWER – EQUALS AMPERE x VOLTAGE
ENERGY – POWER x TIME

KILOWATT – EQUAL TO 1.34 HORSE POWER (HP)

KILOWATT-HOUR METER – AN INSTRUUMENT USED TO MEASURES THE ENERGY

CONSUMED OVER A PERIOD OF TIME.
WATTMETER – AN INST. THAT MEASURES THE AMT OF INSTANTANEOUS POWER
OR POWER IN USE AT ANY ONE TIME; ELECTRIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT.
AMMETER – USED TO MEASURE ELECTRIC CURRENT; DEVICE USED TO MEASURE RATE
OF FLOW OF ELECTRICITY. (HIGH INSUL. RESISTANCE)
OHMMETER – AN INST. USED TO MEASURE THE RESISTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR.
VOLTMETER – AN INST. USED FOR MEASURING THE VOLTAGE DROP BET. ANY
TWO POINTS IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.
VOLTAGE DROP – THE DIFF. FROM EMF BET. 2 PTS IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.
TRANSFORMER – A DEVICE TO CONVERT ELECT’L ENERGY INTO HIGHER OR LOWER
VOLTAGE; A DYNAMO ELECTRIC DEVICE USED FOR CHANGING ONE
CURRENT TO ANOTHER ; DEVICE USED TO TRANSFORM AC OF ONE VOLTAGE
TO A.C. OF ANOTHER VOLTAGE.
RECTIFIER – A DEVICE USED TO CONVERTS AC TO DC CURRENT.
GENERATOR – A DEVICE FOR ENERGY FROM MECH’L TO ELEC’L ENERGY; MACHINE
THAT CONVERTS MECH’L TO ELEC’L ENERGY.
MOTOR – A MACHINE W/C CONVERTS ELECTRIC POWER INTO MECH’L POWER.
ALTERNATOR – A DEVICE FOR GENERATING AN ALTERNATING EMF; IS A GENERATOR
OF AN AC. IT PRODUCES ELECTRICITY BY MEANS OF A ROTOR.

AVERAGE LOAD RATING IN WATTS

LIGHT OUTLET 100w WASHING MACHINE 1,200w

CONVENIENCE OUTLET 200w HAND IRON 1,700w
RANGE 8,000w WATER PUMP 300w
REFRIGERATOR 800w WATER HEATER 1,500w
ACU ¾ hp. 1,200w
ACU 1 ½ hp. 2,400w

WIRE SIZE CONDUIT DIAMETER AMPACITY APPLICATION

No. SIZE (mm) INCHES MILLIMETER MAX.
# 14 = 2.0 mm ½” = 15 mm diameter 20 AMP 6 – L.O & C.O.
#12 = 3.5 mm ¼” = 20 mm diameter 30 AMP 8 – L.O.& C.O. / REF
#10 = 5.5 mm ¾” = 20 mm diameter 40 AMP ACU & MOTORS
#8 = 8.0 mm 1” = 25 mm diameter 55 AMP RANGE & MOTORS
FLEXIBLE METAL CLAD CABLE (BX) TH - MOISTURE RESISTANT THERMOPLASTIC
- MOST COMMON TYPE OF CABLE RUN THW – MOISTURE & HEAT RESISTANT
W/ O RACEWAY; NEC TYPE AC METAL THERMOPLASTIC (DRY & WET
CLAD CABLE. LOCATION)
XHHN – MOISTURE & HEAT RESISTANT CROSS
LINKED THERMOSETTING POLYETHELENE
CONVERSION : WIRE SIZE IN mm DIAMETER = CIRCULAR MILS x 0.0005067

ACOUSTICS & LIGHTING

ACOUSTICS - THE SCIENCE OF SOUND, INCLUDING THE GENERATION, TRANSMISSION

& EFFECTS OF SOUND WAVES .
SOUND - IS A SENSATION FELT BY THE BRAIN RESULTING FFROM THE DISTURBANCE OF
MOLECULES IN THE AIR .
NOISE - UNPLEASANT & UNWANTED SOUND.
ECHO - IS A DISTINCT, SEPARATE OR DELAXED SOUND HEARD, AS A RESULT OF
REFLECTION OF SOUND COMING FROM ANY SMOOTH WALLS OR SURFACES
- IS ASOUND WAVE THAT REFLECTED OR BOUNCED BACK W/ SUCH MAGNITUDE
& DELAY.
REVERBERATION - PROLONGATION OF SOUND CAUSED BY PERSISTENCE OF SOUND
ENERGY W/IN A ROOM FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME .
DECIBEL - MEASURE OF LOUDNESS OF SOUND; UNIT OF LOUDNESS OR ENERGY OF
SOUND
BRIGHTNESS - SUBJECTIVE IMPRESSION OF LIGHT REACHING THE EYE; RATE OF FLOW OF
RADIANT ENERGY EVALUATED W/ RESPECT TO THE VISCIAL SENSATION.
DECAY TIME - REVERBERATION TIME
LUMEN - UNIT OF LUMINOUS FLUX; QUANTITY OF LIGHT MEASUREMENT; UNIT OF
LIGHT ENERGY USED TO SPECIFY LIGHT OUTPUT OF SOURCES.
LUMINOUS FLUX - THE TIME RATE OF FLOW OF LIGHT
CANDELA - THE UNIT OF LUMINOUS INTENSIT; EQUAL TO ONE (1) CANDLEPOWER
CANDLEPOWER - LUMINOUS INTENSITY OR INTENSITY OF LIGHT PRODUCED BY LIGHT
SOURCE MEASURED IN CANDELAS
FOOTCANDLE - UNIT OF ILLUMINATION; UNIT MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT
FOOTLAMBER - UNIT OF LUMINANACE; UNIT OF BRIGHTNES
ILLUMINANCE - THE DENSITY OF THE LUMINOUS FLUX INCIDENT ON A SURFACE
LUMINANCE (BRIGHTNESS) - THE LUMINOUS INTENSITY OF THE SURFACE IN A GIVEN
DIRECTION PER UNIT OF PROJECTED AREA OF THE SURFACE AS VIEWED
FROM THAT DIRECTION
LUX - UNIT OF LUMINANCE
INTENSITY - AMOUNT OF ENERGY OF SOUND
LUMINAIRE - COMPLETE LIGHTING UNIT COSISTING OF LAMP OR LAMPS TOGETHER
W/ THE PARTS DESIGNED TO DISTRIBUTE LIGHT, TO POSITION & PROTECT
LIGHT, & CONNECT LAMPS TO POWER SUPPLY; A DEVICE OR FIXTURE W/C
SUPPORT THE SOURCE OF ELECTRIC LIGHT & REDIRECT IT
DIFFUSER - DEVICE TO REDIRECT OR SSCATTER THE LIGHT FROM A SOURCE
REFLECTOR - DEVICE USED TO REDIRECT LIGHT FROM A SOURCE
REFRACTOR - DEVISE USED TO REDIRECT RAY OF LIGHT
BAFFLE - OPAQUE OR TRANSLUCENT ELEMENT USED TO SHEILD LIGHT SOURCE
FROM DIRECT VIEW AT CERTAIN ANGLES
LOUVERS - SERIES OF BAFFLES USED TO SHEILD LIGHT SOURCES
VALENCE - LONGITUDINAL SHEILDING MEMBER MOUNTED ACROSS THE TOP OF A
WINDOW OR ALONG A WALL TO CONCEAL LIGHT SOURCES W/C PROVIDE
UP AND DOWN LIGHT
ACCENT LIGHT - DIRECTIONAL LIGHT W/C EMPHAZISES OBJECTS OR DRAWS ATTENTION
 TO A PART OF VISUAL FIELD
CORNICE LIGHTING - LIGHTING FROM SOURCES EBHIND PANEL TO WALL & ATTACHED
TO CEILING . (LIGHT IS DISTRIBUTED OVER WALLS)
FLOOD LAMP - INCANDESCENT LAMP W/C PRODUCES A RELATIVELY WIDE BEAM OF
LIGHT
SOFFIT LIGHTING - LIGHTING FROM SURFACES IN UNDERSURFACES OF BEAM, BALCONY,
VAULT, ETC.
LAMP - MAN MADE SOURCE OF LIGHT
BULB OTHER ENVELOPE OF LIGHT SOURCE, USALLY QUARTS OR GLASS
CREEP - REFLECTION OF SOUND ON CURVED SURFACE
HUE - OTHER TERM FOR COLOR
SHADE - BLACK + P
TINT - WHITE + p
50 WATTS x 1ft LEVEL - LIGHT REQ’D FOR DRAFTSMAN
FLUTTER ECHO - RAPID SUCCESSION OF REFLESTED SOUNDWAVES RESULTING FROM
A SINGLE INITIAL SOUND PULSE
FOCUSING - OCCURS WHEN SOUND WAVES ARE REFLECTED FROM CONCAVE SURFACES
& BUILD UP
DIFFUSION - SOUND LEVEL IS EVERYWHERE THE SAME

5 TYPES OF LIGHTING :
1. DIRECT – SHINES DIRE CTLY ON AN OBJECT.
2. INDIRECT – REFLECTED FROM LARGE SURFACES.
3. SEMI-DIRECT – SHINES MAINLY DOWN AS DIRECT LIGHT.
4. SEMI- INDIRECT – SMALL PORTION OF SEMI-DIRECT LIGHT IS DIRECTED UPWARD.
5. DIFFUSED – SPREAD EVENLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS.

THREE (3) METHODS OF GOOD LIGHTING

1. GENERAL LIGHTING – SPREADS AN EVEN, LOW LEVEL LIGHT THROUGHOUT A
ROOM..
2. SPECIFIC (LOCAL) LIGHTING – DIRECTS LIGHT TO AN AREA USED FOR A
SPECIFIC VISUAL TASK.
3. DECORATIVE LIGHTING – MAKES USE OF LIGHTS TO DEV’P DIFFERENT MOODS
AND TO ACCENT OBJECTS FOR INTEREST.

THREE (3) GROUPS OF LIGHT FIXTURES:

1. VALANCE – IS A LONG SOURCE OF LIGHT OVER A WINDOW. ITS LIGHTS
ILLUMINATES THE WALL & DRAPERIES FOR THE SPACIOUS EFFECT
THAT DAYLIGHT GIVES A ROOM.
2. WALL BRACKET – BALANCES THE LIGHT OF A VALANCE. IT GIVES AN UPWARD
DOWNWARD WASH OF LIGHT DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN ON AN INNER
WALL.
3. CORNICE – IS ATTACHED TO THE WALL & CAN BE USED W/ OR W/OUT DRAPES.
ALL LGIHT FROM THIS FIXTURE IS DIRECTED DOWNWARD, TO GIVE
AN IMPRESSION OF HEIGHT TO THE ROOM.

TYPES OF CEILING FIXTURES: TYPES OF WALL FIXTURES:]

1. RECESSED LIGHTING 1. COVE LIGHTING
2. ATTACHED 2. ACCENT LIGHTING
3. HANGING 3. VALANCE LIGHTING
4. CORNICE 4. WALL BRACKET LIGHTING
 5. SOFFIT
6. LUMINOUS CEILING

ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL

TWO (2) TYPES OF ELEVATOR: OTHER PARTS OF ELECT’L ELEV.
1. HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR 1. CONTROL PANEL
2. ELECTRIC ELEVATORS 2. MOTOR GENERATOR
3. GOVERNOR
TYPES OF ELEVATOR TRACTION MACHINE 4. GUIDE SHOES
1. GEARLESS TRACTION MACHINE 5. LIMIT SWITCHES
2. GEARED TRACTION MACHINE 6. BUFFER

MAJOR PARTS OF ELECT. ELEVATOR MAJOR PARTS OF A HYDRAULIC ELEV

1. CAR 1. CAR OR CAB
2. CABLE 2. PLUNGER
3. ELEVATOR MACHINE 3. GUIDE RAILS
4. COUNTER WEIGHTS 4. GUIDE SHOES
5. GUIDE RAILS 5. SPRING BUFFER
6. SHAFT HOISTWAY 6. SHAFT OR HOISTWAY
7. ELEVATOR PIT 7. ELEV. MACHINE ROOM
8. PENTHOUSE 8. ELEV. PIT
9. CONTROL EQUIPMENT 9. CONTROL UNIT

OTHER PARTS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR: OTHER PARTS OF ELEC’T ELEV:

1. FLOOR STOP & LIMIT SWITCH 1. TRACKS
2. CREEPAGE & LEVELING CAR SWITCH 2. EMERGY BRAKES
3. CAR GATE SWITCH 3. CONTROLLER
4. GATE VALVE 4. EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON
5. CONTROLLER 5. KEY-OPERATED SWITCHES
6. MOTOR & PUMP W/ TANK

MAJOR PARTS OF ESCALATOR: ARRAGEMENT:

1. TRUSS 1. CRISS-CROSS
2. SPROCKET ASSEMBLY 2. PARALLEL
3. DRIVING MAN
4. BALUSTRADE ASSEMBLY
5. HANDRAIL
6. ENDLESS BELT
ROD.
 PLUMBING AND SANITARY TERMS

BIBB - SYNONYMOUS WITH FAUCET, COCK, TAP. PLUG, ET. (FAUCET)

FAUCET - A VALVE ON A WATER PIPE BY MEANS OF W/C WATER CAN BE DRAWN
FROM OF HELD WITH IN THE PIPE.
CAP - A FITTING INTO WHICH THE END OF A PIPE IS SREWED FOR THE
PURPOSE OF CLOSING THE END OF THE PIPE.
PLUG - A PIPE FITTING WITH OUTSIDE THREAD & PROTECTING HEADS THAT IS
USED FOR CLOSING THE OPENING IN ANOTHER FITTING
(CLEAN OUT, P. TRAP).
NIPPLE - PIPE FITTING WITH OUTSIDE THREAD FOR CONNECTING TWO PIPES.
SLEEVE - A PIPE COUPLING.
COUPLING - A PIPE FITTING WITH INSIDE THREAD FOR CONNECTING TWO PIPES;
METHOD OF PIPE CONNECTION; A SHORT INTERNALLY THREADED
SECTION OF A PIPE USED TO JOIN TWO PIPES OR CONDUIT.
UNION - A PIPE FITTING USED TO CONNECT THE ENDS OF TWO PIPES,
NEITHER OF WHICH CAN BE TURNED.
SERVICE ELL,
STREET ELL - A MALLEABLE-IRON FITTING FOR THREADEDPIPE, HAVING 45 DEGREE
OR 90 DEGREE BEND, WITH INSIDE THREAD ON ONE END & OUTSIDE
THREAD ON THE OTHER.

REDUCER - ARE FITTING USED TO CONNECT PIPES OF DIFF. SIZES IN THE SAME
LINE ; A PIPE COUPLING, WITH INSIDE THREADS, HAVING ONE END
WITH SMALLER DIAMETER THAN THE OTHER.
INCREASER - A COUPLING WITH ONE END IS LARGER THAN THE OTHER.
ELBOW - A FITTING JOINING TWO PIPES AT AN ANGLE.
TEE - T – SHAPED FITTING WITH TWO OUTLET S, ONE AT 90 DEGREE TO
THE CONECTION TO THE MAIN LINE; FITTING SHOULD NEVER BE
USED WITH PIPES CARRYING SEWAGE BUT MAY BE USED W/ VENT
PIPES ; CHANGE IN DRAINAGE NOR DIRECTION.
RISER - A WATER SUPPLY PIPE THAT EXTENDS VERTICALLY ONE FULL
STOREY OR MORE TO CONVEY WATER TO BRANCHES OF FIXTURES .
(VERTICAL PIPE IN H2O SUPPLY LINE.)
SERVICE PIPE - THE PIPE FROM THE WATER MAIN OR SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY TO
THE BUILDING SERVED.
HYDRANT - A CYLINDRICAL RESERVOIR USSUALLY OF METAL; AN APPRATUS FOR
DRAWING WATER DIRECTLY FROM A MAIN.
HOSE REEL - A CYLINDRICAL DEVICE WHICH TURN ON AN AXIS AROUND WHICH A
FIRE HOSE IS WOUND & CONNECTED.

TYPES OF VALVES & CONTROLS

a. GATE VALVE - A VALVE IN WHICH THE FLOW OF WATER IS CUT OFF BY
MEANS OF A CIRCULAR DISK. THIS VALVE IS USED WHEN
A NORMAL FULLY OPEN OR CLOSED POSITIONS IS
DESIRED. EITHER END MAY BE USED AS AN INLET.
GLOBE VALVE - USED WHEN IT IS DESIRED TO THROTTLE THE WATER
SUPPLY. SAME END MUST ALWAYS BE USED AS AN INLET.
CHECK VALVE - A VALVE THAT AUTOMATICALLY CLOSES TO PREVENT
THE FLOW OF WATER IN A REVERSE DIRECTION.
ANGLE VALVE - CHANGES THE DIRECTION OF THE FLOW OF WATER AS
 WELL AS CONTROL IT. ACT SOMEWHAT LIKE GLOVE VALVE
BUT ARE USUALLY USED FOR A RIGHT ANGLE TIRN.
FLUSH VALVE - FORM A VALVE USED IN A FLUSH TUNK FOR THE PURPOSE
OF CONTROLLING THE FLUSHING OF FIXTURES.
TYPES OF CHECK VALVE:
SWING CHECK VALVE - HAS PIVOTED FLAP WHICH IS READILY PUSHED OPEN
BY PRESSURE NOR OR LIFT CHECK VALVE – CONSIST
OF A LOOSE DISK WHICH CLOSES BY GRAVITY WHEN
THE PRESSURE ON BOTH SIDES ARE EQUAL.
BALL CLOCK - A FAUCET OPENED OR CLOSED BY THE FALL OR RISE
OF A BALL FLOATING ON THE SURFACE OF WATER W/
A SPHERICAL FLOAT.
CORPORATION COCK - A STOP VALVE PLACED IN A SERVICE PIPE CLOSE TO
ITS CONNECTION W/ A WATER MAIN; A DEVICE INS-
TALLED WHEN TAPPING A CITY WATER MAIN WITH
PRESSURE.
KINDS OF FAUCET:

KEY COCK
COMPRESSION COCK
HOSE BIBB
SELF CLOSING FAUCET

TWO TYPES OF SPRINKLER:

UPRIGHT - USED ABOVE PIPING WHEN PIPING IS EXPOSED.
PENDENT - THIS TYPE PROJECTS THRU A FINISHED CEILING
WHEN PIPING IS CONCEALED.

THRREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION:

UPFEED SYSTEM – FROM NORMAL WATER PRESSURE FROM PUBLIC WATER MAIN
LOW RISE BLDGS.
PNEUMATIC TANK – FROM AIR PRESSURE FROM SUNCTION TANK FOR TALL BLDGS.
W/C CANNOT BE REACHED BY NORMALWATER PRESSURE.
DOWNFEED SYSTEM – BY GRAVITY FROM OVERHEAD TANKS ARE SUPPORTED BY
STRUCTURAL FRAMES.

COLOR CODE FOR PIPES: BENDS EQUIVALENT IN DEGREES

POTABLE WATER - BLUE ¼ x 360 = 90
ELECTRICAL - ORANGE OR LT GRAY 1/8 x 360=45
INDUSTRIAL - GRAY 1/5 x 360=72
SEWAGE - ORANGE BROWN 1/16 x 360= 22.5
COMMUNICATION CABLE - YELLOW
STAND PIPE - RED G.I. PIPES = 6.00m LENGTH MAX.
HOT WATER - WHITE PVC PIPES = 3.00m LENGTH MAX.
BACK PRESSURE – AIR PRESSURE IN DRAINAGE PIPESN GREATER THAN ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE.
BACK FLOW –TERM ONLY FOR WATER. REVERSAL OF FLOW OF WATER (DRAWBACK)
THE FLOW OF WATER INTO A WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM FROM ANY SOURCE
OTHER THAN ITS REGULAR SOURCE.
BACK SIPHONAGE – A SUCTION CREATED BY THE FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN PIPES.
VACUUM – AN AIR PRESSURE LESS THAN ATMOSPHERIC.
VENT – A PIPE OR OPENING USED FOR ENSURING THE CIRCULATION OF AIR IN A
PLUMBING SYSTEM & FOR REDUCING THE PRESSURE EXETED ON TRAP SEALS.
- IS A DEVICE INSTALLED IN A HOUSE DRAIN INTENDED TO PREVENT THE
 THE BACKFLOW OF SEWAGE; DEVICE THAT PREVENT THE LOSS OF SEAL BY
SIPHONAGE, BACK PRESSURE, ETC.
VENT STACK (DRY) – A VERTICAL VENT PIPE INSTALLED PRIMARILIY FOR THE
PURPOSE OF PROVIDING CIRCULATION OF AIR (MAIN VENT,)

STACK VENT (WET) - IS THE EXTENSION OF A SOIL OR WASTE STACK ABOVE

THE HIGHEST HORIZONTAL DRAIN CONNECTED TO THE
STACK .
WET VENT (TERM FOR
SECONDARY BRANCH) - WET VENT IS THAT PORTION OF A VENT PIPE THRU WHICH
LIQUID WASTE FLOW.
DRY VENT - A VENT THAT DOES NOT CARRY WATER OR WATER-BORNE
WASTES.
BACK VENT PIPE (INDI-
VIDUAL VENT PIPE) - THE PART OF A VENT LINE WHICH CONNECTS DIRECTLY
WITH AN INDIVIDUAL TRAP UNDERNEATH OR BEHIND THE
FIXTURE & EXTENDS TO THE BRANCH OR MAIN, SOIL, OR
WASTE PIPE AT ANY POINT HIGHER THAN THE FIXTURE
TRAP IT SERVES.
UNIT VENT - AN ARRANGEMENT OF VENTING SO INSTALLED THAT ONE
VENT PIPE WILL SERVE TWO (2) TRAPS.
DUAL VENT - A.K.A.UNIT VENT OR COMMON VENT.
BRANCH VENT - A VENT PIPE CONNESTING FROM ABRANCH OF THE
DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO A VENT STACK.
GROUP VENT - A BRANCH VENT THAT PERFORMS ITS FUNCTION FOR
TWO (2) OR MORE TRAPS. (SEE DUAL & UNIT VENT.)
CIRCUIT VENT - A GROUP VENT EXTENDING FROM IN FRONT OF THE LAST
FIXTURE CONNECTION ON A HORIZONTAL BRACNH TO
THE VENT STACK. (SEE ALSO LOOP VENT, BRANCH VENT.);
PIPE CONNECTED TO A HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE PIPE RE-
CEIVING THE DISCHARGE. ( MIN OF 5 FIXTURES OR
POSSIBLE OF 20 FIXTURES).
RELIEF VENT - A VENT THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF WHICH IS TO PRO-
VIDE CIRCULATION OF AIR BETWEEN DRAINAGE & VENT
SYSTEM, ( IS USED IF THERE ARE MORE THAN 10
FIXTURES)
CONTINOUS VENT - I S A VERTICAL VENT THAT IS CONTINUATION OF THE
DRAIN, TO WHICH THE VENT CONNECTS (OR USTR).
STACK - A GENERAL TERM USED FOR ANY VERTICAL LINE OF
SOILWASTE OR VENT PIPING.
SOIL STACK - A VERTICAL SOIL PIPE CONVEYING FECAL MATTER &
LIQUID WASTE; A VERTICAL PIPE WHICH RECEIVES THE
DISCHARGE FROM WATER CLOSET.
WASTE STACK - VERTICAL PIPE WHICH RECEIVES THE DISCHARGE OF
FIXTURES OTHER THAN WATER CLOSET.
COMM0N VENT - USED FOR BACK TO BACK FIXTURES (SEE UNIT/
DUAL VENT).
FIXTURE - A RECEPTACLE ATTACHED TO A PLUMBING SYSTEM
OTHER THAN A TRAP IN WHICH WATER OR WASTES MAY
BE COLLECTED OR RETAILED FOR ULTIMATE DISCHARGE
INTO THE PLUMBING SYSTEM.
FIXTURE UNIT - 71/2 GAL/MIN (WATER CONSUMPTION).
FIXTURE DRAIN - THE DRAIN FROM THE TRAP OF FIXTURE TO THE
JUCNTION OF THE DRAIN WITH ANY OTHER DRAIN PIPE.
FIXTURE BRANCH - THE SUPPLY PIPE BETWEEN THE FIXTURE & THE WATER
 DISTRUBUTING PIPE .
GRADE (PITCH) - THE SLOPE OR FALL OF A LINE OF PIPE IN REFERENCE
TO A HORIZONTAL PLANE USUALLY EXPRESSED IN
PERCENT (2% SLOPE & PROVIDE A STRAP @ EVERY
3.0 MTS.)

LATRINE - A WATER CLOSET CONSISTING OF A CONTINOUS

TROUGH CONTAINING WATER . THE TROUGH EXTENDS
UNDER TWO (2) OR MORE ADJACENT SEATS. (PROHIBITED
BY HEALTH AUTHORITIES FOR PERMANENT
INSTALLATIONS).
SEPTIC VAULT - 1 CHAMBER
SEPTIC TANK - IS A WATERTIGHT RECEPTACLE WHICH RECEIVES THE
DISCHARGE OF A PLUMBING SYSTEM OR PART THEREOF.
(2 CHAMBER)