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Steel Procedures DOC

Steel Structures (University of New South Wales)

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STEEL PROCEDURES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES

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SOLVING LIMIT STATE DESIGN

QUESTIONS
Step 1 – Solving Limit State Equations

Step 2 – Find Load

Combination Factors (From Table 4.1 of AS1170.1)

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SOLVING STEEL TENSION MEMBER

QUESTIONS
Finding the smallest member by satisfying TENSION

Step 1: Find the properties of the steel (From One steel Catalogue)

Properties to find – Fy, Fu, d=Df+2mm

Step 2: Find the Load Combination that will govern the design.

Step 3: Initial Sizing to find the minimum gross cross section.

Step 4: Find the size of Steel that is Larger than Ag (Gross Cross Section) (From One Steel Catalogue)

Step 5: Find Fracture on Net Cross Section (An)

Step 6: Find Nominal Section Capacity (Nt)

Note Kt Is a variable from Table

7.3.2 of AS4100

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SOLVING STEEL MEMEBERS IN

COMPRESSION

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Step 1: Solve for Load Combination to find the governing equation.

Step 2: Calculate the effective member length (X-X, Y-Y direction)

Note Ke is from Figure 4.6.3.2 Form AS4100

Step 3: Initial Sizing

Step 4: Find a steel member that has a greater Ag value from the value obtained in the
previous Step and record all the main properties From One Steel

Note: Main Properties include – Ag, Fy=min(Fyf, Fyw), Tf, Ry, Rx, Kf

Step 5: Calculate the effective slenderness ratio (X-X, Y-Y direction)

Step 6: Calculate the Modified Slenderness Ratio using the largest effective slenderness ratio.

Step 7: Interpolate the value for alpha(b) variable From Table 6.3.3.(1) or 6.3.3.(2) from AS4100

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Step 8: Interpolate
the value for alpha(c)
variable From Table
6.3.3.(3) of AS4100

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Step 9: Calculate the Nominal Section Capacity and Nominal Member Capacity.

Step 10: Determine if it satisfies the following condition.

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IN PLANE EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

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STEEL FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Step 1: Distinguish all the different types of elements.
λe
Step 2: Calculate Section slenderness where λs=λe of the element withthe greatest vaule
λey

λey Could be found ¿ Table 5.2of AS 4100

λe
Step 3: λsp=λep ,∧λsy=λey of the element with the greatest value of (Same for
λey
Hollow Sections)

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Step 4: Section Classification:

Step 5: Calculate Z or S values or take from the One Steel Table.

Step 6: If section is Non-Compact, calculate Zc:

Step 7: Calculate Ze:

If Circular Hollow Section:

Step 8: Calculate Msx:

Msx=Ze × fy
Where fy=min ⁡( fyf , fyw )
Step 9: If requiring to find Msy, repeat the above steps and calculating Ze:

Msy=Ze × fy

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STEEL FLEXURAL MEMBERS WITH

TORSION AND BUCKLING
If Initial Sizing is Required:
Step 1: Draw the Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram.
Step 2: Find ∝m :

Step 3: Initial Size to

determine the minimum Beam required:

Note: ∝m × ∝s< 1.0 for the following ¿ work .

Further we need to guess a value of ∝s . Ensure when multiplied to ∝m the value is below 1.

Calculating Buckling Moment (Mo)

Step 1: Find the following steel properties from the OneSteel Table:
Tw, Tf, d1, Iy, J, Iw

Step 2: Calculate the effective length ¿= Kr × Kl × Kt × L

Where kt – Table 5.6.3(1) of AS4100

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Where Kl – Table 5.6.3(2) of AS4100

Where Kr – Table 5.6.3(3) of AS4100

Where L is the length of the segment or sub segment.

Step 3: Calculate Buckling Moment (Mo)

Checking for Lateral Restraining:

Step 4: Calculating ∝m

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Finding∝m :

∝m can alsobe found thoughthe following informatio ¿ Table 5.6 .1of AS 4100

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Step 5: Calculating ∝s :

Calculating Mo:

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Calculating Ms:

Msx=Zex × fy
Msy=Zey × fy
Step 6: Calculate Mb
Mb=Ms when Fully restrained .
When both ends are not fully restrained:

FLEXURAL SHEAR & COMPRESSION

BEARING EFFECTS
Step 1: Ensure to complete the steps for section above for each SEGMENT/SUB-SEGMENT.
Once completed, we can check for Shear and Shear-Flexural Interactions.
Step 2: Checking if members are stiffened or unstiffened:
Lenght of Segment
>3.0 thenUnstiffened
d1
Length of Segment
<3.0 then Stiffened
d1

Step 3: Calculate Nominal Shear Yield Capacity:

Vw=0.6 × Aw × Fy
Aw=d ×tw
For Circular or Hollow Sections:

Step 4: Calculate ∝v :

Unstiffened:

Stiffened:

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Now if ∝v >1.0, Shear Yield Capcity ismost critical .

If ∝v < 1.0,then calculate:

Vb=∝v ×Vw ≤Vw ( if unstiffened )

Vb=∝v ∝d ∝ f × Vw ≤Vw ( If stiffened )

To Find the ∝ Values use the following Formulas:

To Find ∝d ∝v product, use the following table:

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Step 5: Checking for adequacy:

For Uniform Distribution: Vv=Vu=Vw

If not uniformly distributed then:

Vu=Vb If shear Yield Capacity is not critical or Vu=Vw if Shear Yield Capacity is Critical.
Vv:

Shear case is satisfied when: Vmax <¿ ∅Vv

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Step 6: Checking for Flexural Interaction Requirements:

If 0.75 ×∅× Ms >M∗then Shear Flexural Interactionis Negligble .

If 0.75 ×∅× Ms < M∗then Shear Flexural Interactionis Considered .

Step 7: If Shear Flexural Interaction is considered calculate Vvm:
Vvm :

If ∅Vvm>Vmax then Shear Flexural Interaction is satisfied .

CHECK FOR LOAD BEARING

STIFFENER
Step 1: Calculate bs:

Step 2: Calculate bbf, bb:

bbf =b s+ 5t f

Area of Cross Section

bb =
tw

Step 3: Calculate Bearing Yield Capacity Rby:

For single Webs

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For Both webs:

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Step 4: Calculate Bearing Buckling Capacity Rbb:

Step 6: Determine Nominal Bearing Capacity Rb which is the minimum of Rbb and Rby.
Step 7: Check whether the equations are satisfied.
R∗≤ ∅Rb∨P∗≤∅Rb

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SOLVING BOLT CONNECTION

PROBLEMS
Step 1: Calculate the Centroid of the bolt group.
n n
xi yi
X =∑ Y =∑
i n i=0 n
Step 2: Set the (x,y) co-ordinate system and determine (xi, yi) for each bolt where (xi,yi) are
the distance from the centroid. (NOTE: ensure to use negatives and positive signs)

Bolts->
xi
yi

Step 3: Calculate the Second Moment of Area and Polar Second Moment:
n n
I x =∑ y i 2 I y =∑ x i2
i=0 i=0

Polar Moment of Area : I p=I x + I y

Step 4: Determine Eccentricity which is the lever distance from the force to the centroid.
Calculate both ex and ey.
Step 5: Determine Fx and Fy and include the negative and positive.
Step 6: Calculate Mo:
Mo=M∗+ Fy × ex−Fx × ey
Step 7: Calculate Vf for the critical bolt:

Note Ry=Fy and Rx=Fx

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Step 8: Check if the bolt satisfies the following equation:

∅Vf ≥ Vf ∗¿
Where ∅ is:

SOLVING WELD CONNECTION

PROBLEMS
Step 1: Calculate the Centroid for each member
n n
xi ×li yi ×li
X =∑ Y =∑
i n i=0 n
Step 2: Determine the (xi, yi) for the different point (corners and end of members) with
respect to the centroid.
POINTS->
xi
yi

Step 3: Determine the (xi, yi) depending on the centre points of different members with
respect to the centroid.
MEMBERS->
xi
yi

Step 4: Calculate the Polar Second Moment of Area.

Step 5: Determine Eccentricity which is the lever distance from the force to the centroid.
Calculate both ex and ey.
Step 6: Determine Fx and Fy and include the negative and positive.
Step 7: Calculate Mo:

Step 8: Calculate Vw for the most critical

POINT.

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Ry=Fy and Rx=Fx

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Step 9: Check if the weld is Satisfied.

∅V w ≥V w∗¿
Where ∅ is:

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR

Step 1: Find the Ix values for the beams and columns from OneSteel Tables.
Step 2: Calculate Gamma values for top and bottom of the Column.

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Step 3: Calculate Kex

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Step 4: Calculate Effective Length

lex=kex × l
Step 5: Calculate N omsx

5
Where E is2 ×10

Step 6: Repeat for other columns.

Step 7: Calculate λms

Step 8: Calculate Moment Amplification Factor:

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BEAM COLUMN STEP BY STEP

VERIFICATION PROCEDURE
Step 1: Determine the Design Action Load Combinations.

Step 2: Determine the eccentricity and bending moment diagrams of the frame.
Depth of section ( d )
Eccentricity=0.1+
2
'
When Caculting eccentricty ensure ¿ convert ' d ¿ mm ¿ m
M∗¿ Axial Force∗Eccentricity
Step 3: Assemble the required data from OneSteel Tables.

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Step 4: Calculate the effective length factors (Kex, Key) and the effective member length
(Lex, Ley).

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Effective Length is then calculated by : lex=kex × l

Step 5: Calculate the Moment Amplification Factor δ b ¿ δs and M∗¿

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Step 6: Calculate Slenderness Reduction Factor αc

Find αb:

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Step 7: Calculate Nominal Section Capacity and Nominal Member Capacity.

Step 8: Calculate the nominal Section bending

moment capacity.

Step 9: Check whether the member has full lateral restraint.

…….(1)

………(2)

Full Lateral restraint occurs when (1) < (2)

Step 10: Determine the effective length and obtain Mo

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Step 11: Calculate Moment modification factor and Slenderness Reduction factor.

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Step 12: Calculate Nominal member bending moment Capacity.

ifˇ ϕ M bx > M∗¿

Step 13: calculate the reduced Section bending moment capacity.

ˇ > M∗¿
ϕMrx

Step 14: Calculate the in-plane bending moment Capacity of the member and check
M∗≤ ϕ M ox

The Calculate αb and αc

ifˇ ϕMix > M∗¿

Step 15: Calculate the out of plane bending moment capacity M ox of the member and
¿
check M ≤ ∅M ox
x

ifˇ ϕMox >M ∗¿

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