Title of the Project Work

A Project Work submitted to the Ritz College of Engineering and Management,

Pokhara University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor’s
Degree in Bachelor's in Business Administration

Submitted by:
Sanjay Mahat
Roll No: ………………
Registration No: ………………………..
Ritz College of Engineering and Management

Balkumari, Lalitpur

July 2023
 CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP

I hereby corroborate that I have researched and submitted the final draft of
dissertation entitled “…………………………………………….”. The work of this
dissertation has not been submitted previously for the purpose of conferral of any
degrees nor it has been proposed and presented as part of requirements for any other
academic purposes.

The assistance and cooperation that I have received during this research work
has been acknowledged. In addition, I declare that all information sources and literature
used are cited in the reference section of the dissertation.

………………..
Sanjay Mahat

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

We have examined the project work entitled

"………………………………………………….." by Sanjay Mahat for the degree
of bachelor’s in Bachelor's in Business Administration. We hereby certify that the
project work is acceptable for the award.

Anil Bhandari
Supervisor
Signature: ___________________________

Daya Nidhi Adhikari

Academic Coordinator
Signature: ____________________

_____________________________
External Examiner
Signature

Tulsi Ram Rijal

Principal
Signature: _________________________
Date:

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………

Sincerely,

Sanjay Mahat

iii
 ABSTRACT

(one paragraph of 250 words)

Keywords: Participation, Community, Coordination, Tourism, Community.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP ............................................................................ i

REPORT OF RESEARCH COMMITTEE ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................ x
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background of the Study ..................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ........................................................................................... 1
1.3 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 1
1.4 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................ 1
1.5 Rationale .............................................................................................................. 1
1.6 Research Hypotheses ........................................................................................... 1
1.7 Research Limitations ........................................................................................... 1
1.8 Organization of the Study .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................ 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................................................... 2
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Concept of Tourism ............................................................................................. 2
2.3 Concept of Tourism in Nepal ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4 Types of Tourism in Nepal ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1 Sustainable Tourism...................................................................................... 2
2.4.2 Ecotourism .................................................................................................... 2
2.4.3 Peace Tourism ............................................................................................... 2
2.4.4 Volunteer Tourism ........................................................................................ 2
2.4.6 Recession Tourism ........................................................................................ 2
2.4.7 Medical Tourism ........................................................................................... 2

v
 2.4.8 Educational Tourism ..................................................................................... 2
2.4.9 Religious Tourism ......................................................................................... 2
2.5 About Shree Antu .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.6 Introduction to Community................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7 Community Participation and Development Initiatives ....................................... 2
2.8 Community Participation in Tourism Development Process............................... 2
2.9 Community Participation in Tourism DevelopmentError! Bookmark not
defined.
2.10 Factor Influencing Community Participation .................................................... 2
2.11 Barriers to Community Participation in Developing Tourism ........................... 2
2.12 Review of Previous Articles ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.13 Conceptual Framework of the Research ............................................................ 2
2.14 Research Gap ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................ 4
RRESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 4
3.1 Research Design................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Sample Size and Sampling Technique ................................................................. 5
3.3 Instrumentation .................................................................................................... 5
3.3.1 Reliability Analysis ....................................................................................... 5
3.4 Data Collection Methods ..................................................................................... 6
3.5 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER IV ................................................................................................................ 8
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................... 8
4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents .................................................................. 8
4.2.1 Age of Respondents ...................................................................................... 8
4.2.2 Gender of Respondents ................................................................................. 9
4.2.3 Education Level of Respondents ................................................................ 10
4.2.4 Work Status of Respondents ....................................................................... 10
4.2.5 Income of Respondents ............................................................................... 11
4.2.6 Nationality of Respondents ......................................................................... 12
4.2.7 Most often with whom do prefer to travel .................................................. 12
4.3 Descriptive Statistics .......................................................................................... 13

vi
 4.3.1 Accommodation .......................................................................................... 14
4.3.2 Social Culture Conservation ....................................................................... 15
4.3.3 Safety and Security ..................................................................................... 16
4.3.4 Community Participation in Tourism Development ................................... 17
4.4 Correlation Analysis .......................................................................................... 18
4.4.1 Relationship between Independent Variables and Community Participation
in Tourism Development ..................................................................................... 18
4.5 Regression Analysis ........................................................................................... 19
4.5.1 Linear Regression Analysis ........................................................................ 20
4.6 Hypothesis testing .............................................................................................. 23
4.7 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................... 26
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................... 26
5.1 Summary ............................................................................................................ 26
5.2 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 26
5.3 Implication ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 27
APPENDIX I ................................................................................................................. a
APPENDIX II .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Reliability test results ...................................................................................... 6

Table 2: Age of the Respondents ................................................................................... 9
Table 3: Gender of the Respondents .............................................................................. 9
Table 4: Education Level of the Respondents ............................................................. 10

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of community participation in tourism development in

Shree Antu ......................................................................................................... 3

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

SPSS – Statistical Package for the Social Science

IBM – International Business Machine

SD – Standard Deviation

SCC – Social Culture Conservation

SS – Safety and Security

x
 1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of Problem

1.3 Research Questions

Following are the research questions that will be answered during this research:

 What are the …………………………………….?

 What are ……………………………………..?
 To what extent …………………..?
 To what extent …………………………….?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to find out the ………………………...

Following are the specific objectives of this research:

 To analyze the …………………………….

 To study the …………………………..

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Research Hypotheses

The following hypothesis was suggested based on the research goal, theoretical
and empirical literature review, in order to find out the effect of in tourism development.

 H1: There is positive relation between ……….

 H2: There is positive relation between ……………..
 H3: There is positive relation between ……………….
 H4: There is positive relation ………………………………..

1.7 Limitations of the Study

 This research focuses ……………………..

 ………………………………………..
 2

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter includes the reviews of various literatures from previous studies of
scholars, researchers and writers regarding related information about the research.
…………….

2.2 Concept of Tourism

2.4.1 Sustainable Tourism

2.4.2 Ecotourism

2.4.3 Peace Tourism

2.4.4 Volunteer Tourism

2.4.5 Pro-poor Tourism

2.4.6 Recession Tourism

2.4.7 Medical Tourism

2.4.8 Educational Tourism

2.4.9 Religious Tourism

2.4.10 Sports Tourism

2.7 Community Participation and Development Initiatives

2.8 Community Participation in Tourism Development Process

2.10 Factor Influencing Community Participation

2.11 Barriers to Community Participation in Developing Tourism

2.13 Conceptual Framework of the Research

This study attempts to develop a conceptual framework community

participation in tourism development ………………………………….
 3

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Service

Accommodations
Tourist Satisfaction
Quality

Price

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of community participation in tourism development in

………………
 4

CHAPTER III
RRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge for its

advancement and it is also essentially an intellectual and creative activity. It is the
pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison, experiment and may
help the creative problem solver to reach his/her objectives more efficiently. Similarly,
methodology refers the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in
studying his/her research problem along with the logic behind it. Research methodology
is a systematic way to solve the research problem. In other words, research
methodology describes the methods and process applied in the entire aspect of the
study. Research methodology sets out overall plan associated with a study publications
research, interview, survey and other research techniques and could include both
present and historical information. It provides a basic framework on which the study is
based. Before presenting the analysis and interpretation of data, it is necessary that
research methodology should be described first. In the absence of methodology, it is
likely that the conclusion drawn may be misunderstood.

3.1 Research Design

The selections of appropriate methods are the most important part of any type
of research. This chapter is designed to explain the research methods used to meet the
stated objectives of the study. The methodologies undertaken in relation to the research
paradigm are sampling process, data collection and analysis techniques to study the
factors influencing employee engagement are explained in this chapter.

This chapter also explains the collection procedure of data and methodology
used by researcher for analyzing the available data. It includes preparation of the
questionnaire to be answered by the people. A description of method and procedure of
community’s participation and analyzing the data has been explained. The research
applies techniques of correlation and regression to analyze the relations between
various independent and dependent variables. So, it has followed descriptive research
design.
 5

3.2 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The population of the study consists of tourists who have taken part in places
within Nepal during their stay. The method of convenience sampling was used to gather
the data in which random tourists who have visited Shree Antu destination of Nepal
were given the questionnaire. In case the selected person was not able to fill up the
questionnaire due to different reasons such as language barrier and time, the
questionnaire was given to next tourist. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed
among the tourists, of which 124 were collected

3.3 Instrumentation

To collect the data, survey was conducted distributing a set of structured

questionnaires to the different customers segment which includes respondents from
different geography and demography. The primary data and information are collected
and analyzed community participation in tourism development in Shree Antu.

The questionnaires are formulated out of the concept that was raised in the
review of the literature. The questionnaire is divided into three sections. The first part
titled are about the basic demographic information of the respondents such as age,
gender, Qualification, income, marital status, work status. Similarly, the second part is
about information regarding community participation in tourism development in Shree
Antu. Third part is designed to analyze the impact of community participation in
tourism development, accommodation, social culture conservation and safety and
security. There were four statements that characterized each factor that affects
community participation. Each statement was measured on a five-point Likert-type
scale ranging from 1(Strongly disagree) to 5(Strongly agree).

3.3.1 Reliability Analysis

The reliability is a measure of consistency and truthfulness of instruments used

in collecting data. According to Golafshani (2003), Reliability and validity are
conceptualized as trustworthiness, rigor and quality in qualitative paradigm. Reliability
test gives a clear idea of whether the used methods are trustworthy or not.

Although reliability cannot be calculated accurately, it can be estimated using

different types of available test measures for reliability of data. Cronbach’s Alpha is
used here to test the reliability of the collected data. Cronbach’s Alpha is considered a
 6

good measure of reliability of data. Generally, 0.7 or higher value of Cronbach’s Alpha
is considered good and the value less than 0.5 is considered unacceptable.

Table 1: Reliability test results

Variables No of question Cronbach's Alpha

Community Participation 3 0.778

Accommodation 3 0.845

Social culture conservation 3 0.829

Safety and security 3 0.739

Overall 12 0.932

Source: Responses on Survey Likert Questionnaire

Reliability test results presented in above table 1 shows that the overall value of
Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.932 which is higher than 0.7. Community participation,
Accommodation, Social cultural conservation, Safety and security are higher than
0.7This indicates that the questionnaire used for the collection of data is reliable.

3.4 Data Collection Methods

In this research primary data collection method was used. Primary data refers to
data that is first used to test the working hypothesis and then used as evidence to support
a researcher's claim. For this research, survey questionnaire method was used as it is
the best suited for descriptive study. The questionnaires were handed out through
delivery and collection method which belongs to the category of self-administered
questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed online as well as handed face to
face.

Online distribution was done through e-mails and social networking sites. The
data collection phase was spanned a total of seven weeks.
 7

3.5 Data Analysis

Data analysis was performed using “IBM SPSS Statistics” software which is
commonly used software in data analysis. Each collected data is entered manually to
the software to organize the data. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to test the reliability of
collected data. After entering all the collected data in the software, the data are
categorized according to various demographic characteristics of the respondents to find
out various characteristics of the respondents such as age group, gender, education level
etc.

After categorizing data into various categories according to demographic

characteristics; the opinions of respondents regarding the research variables are
categorized and their relations are analyzed as suggested in the conceptual framework
of thesis by using different statistical techniques such as correlation, regression etc.
Descriptive statistics such as simple frequency count, percentage, mean and standard
deviation, etc. are used analyze average of different items of a single variable and their
deviation from the average value. Correlation analysis is used to analyze the relation
between different attributes of destination image and destination image. Correlation
analysis is also used to find out relation between destination image and behavioral
intention. Regression analysis technique is used to determine the effect of perceived
risk on relation between destination image and behavioral intention.
 8

CHAPTER IV
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter discuss the data presentation and analysis of the questionnaire
prepared for the respondent. The analysis of data was performed with the help of SPSS
and MS- Excel. ……………………………………

This section is further sub divided into three sub section. The first section deals
with the respondent profile. It’s given demographic information of the respondent such
as age, gender, marital status, highest qualification.

4.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents

4.2.1 Age of Respondents

Age of respondents was divided into 3 categories: “less than 20”, “20-30”, “30-
40” and 40 above.
 9

Table 2: Age of the Respondents

Age Frequency Percent

Below 20 years 21 16.9

20- 30 71 57.3

30-40 25 20.2

40 and above 7 5.6

Total 124 100.0

The result in above table shows that most of the respondents were of age less
than 20, 21 (16.9%). 71(57.3%) out of 124 were of the age group 20 to 30, 25 (20.2%)
out of 124 were of the age group 30 to 40 and 7 (5.6%) out of 124 were of the age group
40 and above

4.2.2 Gender of Respondents

Gender of respondents was divided into 2 categories: “male” and “female”. The
distribution of respondents according to gender is presented in the table 3 below:

Table 3: Gender of the Respondents

Gender Frequency Percent

Male 52 41.9

Female 72 58.1

Total 124 100.0

The result in the above table shows that 52 (41.9%) out of 124 respondents were
male and 72 (58.1%) out of 124 were female.
 10

The result indicates that percentage of female respondents is much higher than
male respondents. The major cause for this result could be the method of sampling
which was chosen to be simple random sampling.

4.2.3 Education Level of Respondents

Table 4: Education Level of the Respondents

Education Frequency Percent

Below high school 20 16.12

Bachelor 54 43.54

Master 48 38.70

M.Phil. and Ph.D. 2 1.61

Total 124 100.0

Education level of respondents was divided into 4 categories: “below high

school”, “bachelor”, “masters” and “M.Phil. and Ph.D.”. The distribution of
respondents according to education level is presented in the table above.

The results presented in the table shows that most of the respondent’s education
level are bachelor (43.54%). 54% were bachelor’s degree holder, 38.70% were master’s
degree holder 38.70% were below high school level and 1.61% were M.Phil. and Ph.D.

4.2.4 Work Status of Respondents

Table 5: Profession of the Respondents

Profession Frequency Percent

Student 50 40.32
Private Job 48 38.70
Public Job 18 14.80
Unemployed 8 6.45
Total 124 100.0
 11

Work status of respondents was divided into 4 categories; “student”, “Private

Job”, “Public Job” and “Unemployed.”. The distribution of respondents according to
work status is presented in the table 5 above.

The results presented in the table shows that most of the respondent’s work
status are student (40.32%). 40.32% were student, 38.70% were private job holder, 14.8
% were public job holder and 6.45% were unemployed.

4.2.5 Income of Respondents

Respondents were asked to fill up their income per month in NRS in the
questionnaire. The distribution of respondents according to their income per month in
NRS is presented in the table below:

Table 6: Income of the Respondents

Income Frequency Percent

Less than 20000 50 40.32

20000-35000 32 25.80

35000-60000 29 23.38

More than 60000 13 10.48

Total 124 100.0

The results presented in above table shows that income of the respondents
ranges from the minimum of NRS 0 to the maximum. The highest number of
respondents has an income of less than NRS 20,000 per month. 40.32% followed by
the respondents having income of NRS 20,000 per month, 25.80% respondents have an
income of NRS 20,000-35,000 per month while 23.38% respondents have an income
NRS 35,000-60,000 per month. And 10.48% respondents have an income more than
NRS 60,000 per month.
 12

4.2.6 Nationality of Respondents

Table 7: Nationality of the Respondents

Nationality Frequency Percent

Nepali 98 79.03

Foreigner 26 20.96

Total 124 100.0

Respondents were asked to fill up their nationality in the questionnaire. The

distribution of respondents according to their nationality is presented in the table below:

Results shown in the table 7 shows that the respondents are of various
nationalities. Highest number of respondents is Nepali. 79.03% are Nepali while
20.96% are Foreigner.

4.2.7 Most often with whom do prefer to travel

Table 8: Religion of the respondents

Prefer to travel Frequency Percent

Friend 68 54.8

Family 42 33.9

Relative 14 11.3

Total 124 100.0

The results presented in above table shows that most often with whom do prefer
to travel. The highest number of respondents has preferred to travel with friends. 54.8%
followed by the respondents preferred to travel with friends, 33.9% followed by the
respondents preferred to travel with family while 11.3% followed by the respondents
preferred to travel with relative.
 13

4.3 Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics is used to analyze the data collected from the respondents.
The data for research was collected with the help of a questionnaire based on a 6-point
rating scale ranging from 1-strongly disagree to 6-strongly agree. The rating scale
ranges from 1 to 6 as follows:

1 – Strongly disagree

2 – Disagree

3 – Slightly disagree

4 – Slightly agree

5 – Agree

6 – Strongly agree

18 opinion statements were set to measure 4 different variables among which 3

are independent variables, 1 is dependent variables. 12 different opinion statements
were used to describe independent variables namely “Accommodation”, “Social
Culture conservation” and “Safety and security”. 5 different opinion statements
described dependent variable.

Descriptive statistics uses simple statistical tools to draw summaries from a

given data set. Mean and standard deviation is used here to summarize the data for each
variable which were collected during the data collection period using questionnaire.
 14

4.3.1 Accommodation

Table 9: Descriptive analysis of Accommodation

Accommodation N Mean Std. Deviation

Price of many good and services are effort able 124 4.42 1.03

Tourism should pay more services they use 124 4.09 0.923

Tourism has contributed to the 124 4.35 0.866

introduction of new technology

Total 124 4.29 0.060

“Accommodation” is an independent variable used in this research. 3 different

opinion statements were used to describe the accommodation “Price of many good and
services are effort able”, “Tourism should pay more services they use”, “Tourism has
contributed to the introduction of new technology”,

The results are presented in the table 9 above.

Results presented in table shows that mean value for all the opinion statements
are above to 4. The highest value of mean is 4.42 for “Price of many good and services
are effort able” followed by Tourism has contributed to the introduction of new
technology with 4.35 mean value. The overall mean of real risk was 4.29, where SD =
0.060

The overall mean value for Accommodation during activity is 4.29 with
standard deviation of 0.060. This indicates that the Accommodation during activity in
Nepal as most of the respondents slightly agree or agree on the statement. It also
signifies that respondents have slightly agreed or agreed that accommodation has
played a certain role for their chances to take part in different kind of adventure
activities.
 15

4.3.2 Social Culture Conservation

Table 10: Descriptive Analysis of Social Culture Conservation

Social Culture Conservation N Mean Std. Deviation

Tourists respect our tradition 124 4.44 0.98

Tourism helps to preserve the culture 124 4.18 0.810

and encourage local handicrafts

Tourism has caused the increase of place of 124 4.29 0.919

place of historical and culture interest.

Total 124 4.301 0.903

“Social Culture Conservation” is an independent variable used in this research.

3 different opinion statements were used to describe the “Social Culture Conservation”
namely “Tourist respect our tradition”, “Tourism help to preserve the culture and
encourage local handicrafts”, “Tourism has caused the increase of place of place of
historical and culture interest.” The results are presented in the table above.

Results presented in above table shows that the highest value of mean is 4.44
for “Tourist respect our tradition” which indicates most of the respondents agree or
slightly agree that Adventure activity in Nepal are challenging. Similarly, the lowest
value of mean is 4.18 for “Tourism help to preserve the culture and encourage local
handicrafts” with standard deviation of 0.810 which indicates respondents slightly
agree. that the opinions are more dispersed and the opinions of most of the respondents
range from slightly disagree to agree.

The overall mean value for Social Culture Conservation is 4.301 with standard
deviation of 0.903. This indicates that respondents agree or strongly agree that Social
Culture Conservation is one of the major reasons that people are influenced to take part
in adventure.
 16

4.3.3 Safety and Security

Table 11: Descriptive Analysis of Safety and Security

Safety and Security N Mean Std. Deviation

Tourism increases insecurity and crime 124 4.40 0.97

Tourism creates more job for people 124 4.13 0.80

from outsider then local people

Tourism disrupts the resident behavior 124 3.94 0.98

Total 124 4.16 0.080

“Safety and Security” is an independent variable used in this research. 3

different opinion statements were used to describe desired risk namely “Tourism
increase insecurity and crime”, “Tourism create more job for people from outsider then
local people” and “Tourism disrupts the resident behavior”. The results are presented
in the table above.

Results presented in above table shows the highest value of mean is 4.40 for
“Tourism increase insecurity and crime” which indicates most of the respondents
slightly agree or slightly disagree. Similarly, the lowest value of mean is 3.94 for
“Tourism disrupts the resident behavior” with standard deviation of 0.98 which
indicates respondents slightly disagree that the opinions are more dispersed and the
opinions of most of the respondents range from slightly disagree to slightly agree.

The overall mean value for desired risk is 4.16 with standard deviation of 0.080.
This indicates that Safety and Security affects tourist attraction as most of the
respondents slightly agree or slightly disagree on this.
 17

4.3.4 Community Participation in Tourism Development

Table 12: Descriptive Analysis of Community Participation in Tourism Development

Community Participation in tourism development. N Mean Std. Deviation

In general, do you feel personally 124 4.71 0.74

involved in the tourism development process?

There has been greater protection of the tourist 124 4.26 0.699

Tourism cause overcrowding in the Tourist place 124 4.34 0.95

Total 144 4.44 0.110

“Community Participation in tourism development” is a dependent variable

used in this research. 3 different opinion statements were used to describe Community
Participation in tourism development namely “In general, do you feel personally
involved in the tourism development process?”, “There has been greater protection of
the tourist”, “Tourism cause overcrowding in the Tourist place. The results are
presented in the table 12 above.

Results presented in above table shows that mean value for 2 out of 5 opinion
statements is 5 and mean valid.

The highest value of mean is 4.71 for “In general, do you feel personally
involved in the tourism development process?” which indicates most of the respondents
agree or strongly agree that personally involved in the tourism development process.
Similarly, the lowest value of mean is 4.26 for “There has been greater protection of
the tourist” which indicates respondents slightly agree that There has been greater
protection of the tourist in Nepal, but a higher standard deviation suggests that the
opinions are more dispersed and the opinions of most of the respondents range from
slightly agree to agree.
 18

The overall mean value for Community Participation in tourism development is

4.44 with standard deviation of 0.110. This indicates that Community Participation in
tourism development is good as most of the respondents agree or slightly agree on this.

4.4 Correlation Analysis

Pearson Correlation analysis is used to determine the relation between various

independent and dependent variables associated with the research. It measures the
linear correlation between any two variables

4.4.1 Relationship between Independent Variables and Community Participation

in Tourism Development

Results of Pearson Correlation analysis to determine the relation between

various independent variables which impact the destination image and destination
image is presented in the table below:

Table 13: Correlation Analysis of Variables and Community Participation in Tourism

Development

Variable Community Participation in tourism

development.
Accommodation Pearson .613**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .0001
N 124
Social Culture Pearson .227**
Conservation Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.001
N 124
Safety and Security Pearson .583**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .0005
N 124

*Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
 19

a) Relation between Accommodation and Community Participation in

tourism development

The correlation analysis results presented in above table shows that Pearson
Correlation Coefficient between accommodation and Community Participation in
tourism development is r = 0.613, which implies that the two variables are positively
correlated. Further, this value indicates that there is high correlation between
accommodation and Community Participation in tourism development. The correlation
is significant at 1% level of significance as the p-value is less than alpha i.e.,0.001 <
0.01.

b) Relation between Social Culture Conservation and Community

Participation in tourism development

The correlation analysis results presented in above table 13 shows that Pearson
Correlation Coefficient between social culture conservation and Community
Participation in tourism development is r = 0.277, which implies that the two variables
are positively correlated. Further, this value indicates that there is moderate to high
correlation between social culture conservation and Community Participation in
tourism development. The correlation is significant at 1% level of significance as the
p-value is less than alpha i.e.,0.001 < 0.01.

c) Relation between Safety and Security and Community Participation in

Tourism development

The correlation analysis results presented in above table 13 shows that Pearson
Correlation Coefficient between safety & security and Community Participation in
tourism development is r = 0.583, which implies that the two variables are positively
correlated. Further, this value indicates that there is moderate correlation between safety
& security and Community Participation in tourism development. The correlation is
significant at 1% level of significance as the p-value is less than alpha i.e.,0.005 < 0.01.

4.5 Regression Analysis

While correlation analysis assumes no causal relationship between variables,

regression analysis assumes causal relationship between two or more variables. Simple
linear regression shows the effect of an independent variable on single dependent
variable while multiple linear regressions show the effects of multiple independent
 20

variables on single dependent variable. Correlation analysis only provides the degree
of relationship between two variables. Thus, regression analysis is done to have better
understanding of the strength of relationship between two or multiple variables.

Multiple regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of multiple

independent variables on single dependent variable. Thus, multiple regression analysis
is used to analyze the impact of various independent variables Community Participation
in tourism development.

4.5.1 Linear Regression Analysis

Linear regression is the next step up after correlation. It is used when we want
to predict the value of a variable based on the value of another variable. The variable
we want to predict is called the dependent variable in this case Community Participation
in tourism development The variable we are using to predict the other variable's value
is called the independent variable.

Impact of Attributes of Community Participation in Tourism Development

Multiple linear regression analysis is used to predict the impact of independent

variables of Tourist attraction towards Community Participation in tourism
development. The equation for Impact of independent variables and Community
Participation in tourism development is expressed in the following equation:

Ŷ = α + β1 X1 + β2 X2 + β3 X3 + ei

where,

Ŷ = Community Participation in tourism development (dependent

variable)

X1 = Accommodation

X2 = Social Culture Conservation

X3 = Safety and Security

α = Constant

β1, β2… β3 = Regression coefficients of Factor 1 to Factor 3 respectively

ei = Error term
 21

The results of model summary, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and beta

coefficients of impact of independent variables of Community Participation in tourism
development are presented in the following tables 14, 15 and 16 respectively:

Table 14: Model summary of Impact of Independent variables of Community

Participation in Tourism Development

Model R R Square Adjusted Std. Error of the Estimate

R Square

1 .714a 0.510 0.498 0.477

a. Predictors: (Constant), Accommodation, Social Culture Conservation, Safety and

Security

Table 15: ANOVA table for regression summary independent variables of Community

Participation in tourism development

Sum of Mean
Model Squares Df Square F Sig.

1 Regression 28.40 3 9.469 41.612 .0001b

Residual 27.308 120 .228

Total 55.716 123

a. Dependent Variable: Community Participation in tourism development

b. Predictors: (Constant), Accommodation, Social Culture Conservation, Safety and

Security
 22

Coefficients

Table 16: Coefficient table for regression summary

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig.
1 (Constant) 1.644 .286 5.749 .000
AC 0.418 .065 .508 6.406 .003
SC 0.125 .060 .161 2.091 .039
SS 0.371 .066 .416 .5.650 .001

Results presented in Table 13 and Table 14 shows multiple correlation

coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R square), and F-ratio which are used to
predict the goodness-of-fit of the regression model. R of independent variables X1, X2,
and X3 on the dependent variable of Community Participation in tourism development
(Ŷ) is 0.714, which shows that tourist attraction towards adventure tourism in
Community Participation in tourism development have positive and high overall
correlation with the three independent variables i.e., Accommodation, social cultural
conversation and social security. Further, R square is 0.510, which suggests that 51.0%
of the variation of Community Participation in tourism development is explained by the
three independent variables. Again, the F-ratio explains whether the results of the
regression model have occurred by chance. The value of F-ratio is 41.61 (p=0.001) and
is considered significant at 1% significance level. The regression model has achieved a
satisfactory level of goodness-of-fit in predicting the variance of Community
Participation in tourism development in relation to accommodation, social cultural
conversation and social security. As measured by the above-mentioned R, R square,
and F-ratio. In other words, at least one of the 3 independent variables has important
contribution to Community Participation in tourism development.

The results presented in Table 16 also summarizes the values of unstandardized

beta coefficients (β1, β2 β3,) and the constant α with which the estimated equation for
Impact of independent variables Community Participation in tourism development can
 23

be written. Using the values of unstandardized beta coefficients and constant, we can
write the estimated equation as follows:

Ŷ = 1.644+ 0.418*X1 + 0.125*X2 + 0.371*X3 + ei.

In the regression analysis, the beta coefficients are used to explain the relative
importance of the independent variables in contribution to the variance in dependent
variable. The results presented in Table 16 shows that accommodation, (β1 = 0.418,
p=0.003) carries the heaviest weight for Community Participation in tourism
development, followed by social culture conservation (β2=0.125, p=0.039) and social
security (β3= 0.371, p=0.001). The results showed that a one-unit increase in real
accommodation would lead to a 0.418 unit increase in Community Participation in
tourism development keeping other variables constant. Similarly, one unit increase in
social culture conservation factor would lead to a 0.125 unit increase in Community
Participation in tourism development. In conclusion, all underlying dimensions are
significant except social security. Thus, the results of multiple regression analysis
accept hypotheses that there is positive relationship between independent variables and
Community Participation in tourism development.

4.6 Hypothesis testing

H1: There is positive relation between accommodation and community

participation in tourism development:

Results presented in Table 12 shows that Pearson Correlation Coefficient

between accommodation and Community Participation in tourism development is r =
0.613. This shows that a positive and high correlation exists between accommodation
and Community Participation in tourism development. This correlation is significant at
1% significant level, as p-value is less than alpha i.e., 0.001 < 0.01. Hence, H1 is
accepted.

H2: There is positive relation between social culture conservation and community
participation in tourism development:

Results presented in Table 12 shows that Pearson Correlation Coefficient

between social culture conservation and Community Participation in tourism
development is r = 0.227. This shows that a positive and high correlation exists
 24

between social culture conservation and Community Participation in tourism

development. This correlation is significant at 1% significant level, as p-value is less
than alpha i.e., 0.001 < 0.01. Hence, H2 is accepted.

H3: There is positive relation between social security and community participation
in tourism development:

Results presented in Table 12 shows that Pearson Correlation Coefficient

between social security and Community Participation in tourism development is r =
0.583. This shows that a positive and high correlation exists between social security
and Community Participation in tourism development. This correlation is significant at
1% significant level, as p-value is less than alpha i.e., 0.005 < 0.01. Hence, H3 is
accepted.

4.7 Discussion

Nepal has been always a tourists’ destination for the keen travelers. Tourism
has been regarded as one the best aspect where the nation can focus for the overall
development of the country. Tourism industry plays an important role in the economy
of Nepal. Tourists are not only attracted by high mountains, lakes, speeding rivers,
evergreen national parks but also by different ethnic groups, their languages, dresses,
foods, rites and rituals, faiths and festivals, religious beliefs, dances and songs, etc.
Nepal, a small country in the world, is traditionally a tourist country (Smith, Puczko,
2001).

Adventure is a concept related with some of these motivations and it has a very
old background. Throughout history adventurous people played great role in
discoveries and innovations. Thus, adventurous and curious spirits have been an asset
for their societies. This situation is underlined by Turkish outdoor journal named Atlas
as following (Kesier Atlas, 2009)” Look around to discover all the time! This principle
is valid for all in life. Even for discoveries themselves. Discovery is an endless journey;
it is convenient for human nature and spirit. A true human-being is full of desire to
learn, curious and ambitious to research around. Perhaps because of this reason we
stood up and gazed at far horizons. Therefore, individual having this spirit, aspiring for
adventure, risk taking, searching for adrenalin passion have a special travel motivation.
These people seek to learn and research during their travels, and they desire a
 25

differentiated Abstract. There are several motivations for participating tourism

activities. Some of these are known as to relax, to see different places, to discover new
cultures, to swim etc. Nearby them, there are some other reasons like to feel rush,
passion for adventure, feeling of fear or enjoyment of participation.

These latter elements can also be accepted as core ingredients of tourism for
participants’ motivation. Tourism marketers need to keep pace with these changes and
needs. This research has been examined the socio-cultural and environmental impacts
of ecotourism towards the local communities and will recommend positive aspects as
well as highlight all those aspects which need to be improved in this area. Previous
studies were done on the potentials of tourism and had drawn the economic aspects but
not so much concerned about the environmental and socio-cultural impacts of
ecotourism in this area (Ruska, 2012).
 26

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

……………………………………………

5.2 Conclusions

……………………………………………
 27

REFERENCES (APA-7)
 APPENDIX I

Survey Questionnaire

Dear Respondents,

I am …………………., student at affiliated to, conducting this research for partial

fulfillment of ……………………………………………………………………..

Thank You.

Respondent Profile

This section is the demographic profile of the respondents.

Name (Optional)

…………………………..

Nationality

o Nepali
o Foreigner

Age

o Below 20 years
o 20 -30 year
o 30 - 40 year
o 40 and above year

Gender

o male
o Female

Material Status

o Married
o Unmarried
o Divorced

Education level

a
 o Below high school level
o Bachelor’s Degree
o Master’s Degree
o M.Phil. and above

Work status

o Student
o Private
o Public
o Unemployed

Income Status (Nepali currency)

o Below 20000
o 20000 - 40000
o 40000- 60000
o 60000 and above

Most often with whom do prefer to travel

o Friends
o Family
o Relatives

b
c