International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 7 Issue 1, January-February 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

An Existence of Optimal Control in the

Fishing Sector Using Individual Model
Ebrima Bittaye
College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, China

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Ebrima Bittaye

In this study, we looked at an optimum control model that has been "An Existence of Optimal Control in
around for a while and can be modified thanks to technology. To the Fishing Sector Using Individual
demonstrate that the fishing industry can be in an ideal control by Model" Published
employing a single product (species), the individual model to in International
Journal of Trend in
optimize utility is clearly discussed. It has been demonstrated that Scientific Research
fish growth can match with pricing to close the "for others" gap. and Development
To maximize the utility of the consumer, a nonlinear convex idea (ijtsrd), ISSN:
2456-6470, IJTSRD52769
is implemented utilizing an individual model of consumer
behavior. In doing so, it has demonstrated the best possible control Volume-7 | Issue-1,
February 2023, pp.727-736, URL:
of the fishing boat as it navigated the river in search of fish.
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52769.pdf
Consequently, in the fishing area. The model used will
demonstrate mathematical analysis of the best possible control Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
strategies used by the fishing industry. International Journal of Trend in
There are also given the necessary and sufficient requirements for Scientific Research and Development
the supplied vector field to be an individual demand function. The Journal. This is an
Open Access article
findings in this research significantly outperform earlier findings
distributed under
by a number of researchers in this field. the terms of the Creative Commons
Models that demonstrated the effect of technology on the fishery Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
sector has been shown. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.
0)
KEYWORDS: Optimal control, Maximize Utility, Fishing, Walras Law,
Optimization

INTRODUCTION
The issue of optimal control has been studied for a x
long time (Clark, C.W. and Munro, G.R. (1975)), G( x)  rx(1  )
k
(Craven, R.D. (1995)) and in recent years, the best
method for collecting particular species has Where r and k are positive parameters called
received a lot of attention by many authors (Zhang, "intrinsic growth rate" and "carrying capacity",
R., Sun, J., & Yang, H. (2007), Hongying, L. U., & given the term
Ke, W. A. N. G. (2010) and Liu, Y. P., Luo, Z. X., h  qEx
& Lin, L. (2008)). The optimal harvesting policy
given using Pontryagin principle of the maximum Represents the introduced fishery's mortality rate,
by many authors (Sun, J. F., & Gou, X. K. (2011)) or the catch rate in relation to the specified fishing
and (Zhang, L., & Huang, Q. (2015)) They consider "effort" . To define max is their goal
the following fishing model: Studying predator-prey patterns with prey as well
̇ ( ) attracted the attention of researchers; see, e.g.,
(Bardi, M., & Dolcetta, I. C. (1997)) and (Brauer,
Where x is the biomass of the fish population G(x), F., & Soudack, A. C. (1981)., Beddington, J. R., &
is biological net growth rate, q is the catchability Cooke, J. G. (1982)). Maybe even extensive and
ratio, and E is fishing effort. This model was unregulated fishing lead to a decrease in total
originally developed by (Schaefer, M. B. (1957)), fishing. Some related papers demonstrated that the
as a management tool for eastern tropical Pacific ideal start the sum of investment of is the ideal
tuna fishing. In Schaeffer’s original model, G(x) value for ensuring the ideal total amount of fishing
was specified in "logistic" form

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by (Zhang, L., & Huang, Q. (2015)), but they did (Wu, R., Shen, Z., & Liao, F. (2015)) they
not provide the ideal speed of each fishing strategy. introduce the concept of effective utilization into a
More importantly, is it possible to determine the renewable resources development model and we
ideal fishing strategy if the initial investment the propose an optimal control model to ensure that it
number of fish is not ? approximates the actual situation. Reduced
productivity of ecological systems is an important
Using the aforementioned model as a guide, we
economic impact of environmental pollution
propose that modern "technology
(Freeman, A. M., Herriges, M., & Kling, C.
( ) be added to the model in order to expand it and (1993)). A typical example had been given by
decouple it from fishing effort( ) which was not (Olsen, J. R., & Shortle, J. S. (1996)) the effect of
done by other authors. pollution on fisheries. Some species are in danger
̇ ( ) of going extinct. The age-old issues of overfishing
and bycatch waste are major contributors to
The model's expansion has shown us how important diminishing populations. Water contamination is a
technology has been to the fishing industry. The significant additional factor. Fish can suffer
speed ( ), chemical ( ), and sensor ( ) used to immediate injury from pollution exposure. For
find fish are collectively referred to as;. instance, The Gambia has had multiple fish kills as
a result of acute pesticide exposure. (Department of
Lemma: (Minkowski Inequality) (Charles E. fisheries, 2022).
(2014)) In this paper, we present discrete optimum
distribution control method and optimum fishing
Let () then ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ strategy control method to satisfy Walras Law. In
‖ ‖ contrast to existing optimal approaches like the
conventional variational method, Pontryagin's
Let the dual of (  ) is defined as principle maximum, and discrete dynamic
the following. programming work by (Zhang, L., & Li, C. Y.
 (2014)), this approach is novel and effective for the
() () Linear boundary. discrete optimal control problem. As a typical
logistical function that is tied to the individual
Theorem:
model, model building. The design of each fishing
Let let it’s conjugate, that is
strategy's optimal control was done using discrete

optimal control and the optimal fishing strategy
then if * (  )+ there exist a
approach; the core of our work is a rigorous
unique function (  ) such that; mathematical study of the optimal control problem
utilizing a specific model. Analysis enables us to
determine an individual's and the industry's overall
() () ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
 optimal initial investment amounts. Additionally,
we learn that fishing operations shouldn't be begun
( )‖ ‖  ‖ ‖ .
( ) for a few years to make a total quantity of fishing
optimal if the beginning investment amount is
This result allows one to identifies the elements of lower or higher than the optimum value and the
 intrinsic growth rate of the fish R is also too low.
* (  )+ as element of (  ). Finally, a few common instances are provided to
highlight the outcomes. In a mathematical analysis
Remark of natural resources, optimal control is crucial.
If . Continuous-time production, under the premise of
discrete-time demand, offers for more flexibility by
 taking into account a dual supply policy (Yi, F.,
* (  )+ (  ). Baojun, B., & Jizhou, Z. (2013)). The amount of
The theorem is shown to justify that technology has fish caught in the Gambia is enough to feed all of
a great role in fishing nowadays. Because it is in a the country's inhabitants, but on the other hand,
space that is continuous. neither the locals nor the fishermen are able to
purchase fish from the market recently. One of the
Given the impact on the expected revenue of the reasons for this research is to find ways to change
effective utilization rate for renewable resources, that trend. Methods to curb that trajectory is among

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the reason of this research. Natural resources are ( )
not evenly distributed particularly fish, that’s an
important aspect of the research to see that method where,
that can be used to see that fish are supplied equally The aim of introducing the utility function is to give
to curb the high prices in some area where it is a full characterization of individual demand
lacking. We think, having what we call "for others" function. More precisely, necessary and sufficient
as an approach in equally distributing the resource conditions are given for a map ( ) to be
might bridge the gap. derived from a maximization problem. The proof
If the quantity to satisfy the area where is harvested relies on finding convex solutions to a strongly
is then "for other" would be . Therefore, nonlinear partial differential equation.
price of is equal to price of . The variation In economics, many questions take the following
parameters here should not make a difference form: Given an integer a vector field
because government has to interfere in mitigating
the gap through that idea of optimal control.
Question 1: Can we find functions and such
Methodology of models that
Several years data of fish catch in the Gambia has
( ) ( ) ( ) ………………. (1.1)
been use as empirical data for running a regression
to show the optimal point of specified species of Question 2: Can we choose the functions λ and in
fish catch. decomposition (1.1) so that λ is positive and
These models have helped to analysis the amount of (quasi) convex?
fish to be catch in order to solve the problem of Question 3: Can we ask λ and to satisfy
Walras Law in economics. As we have seen from additional conditions of the following type:
the models that technology has played a significant
( ( ) ( ))
role in the recent times of fishing. If , it
brought the quantity of fish available which trigger Where is given?
higher prices in the market. Hence, we understood Some answers:
from the individual model that the consumer has  For λ constant (without positivity and convexity
variety of choices depend on his/her budget line. assumptions), this is a classical theorem of
The more species available in the market, the lesser Poincare and the condition on for such
the price of that fish. decompositions is given by:
The demonstration done on the species satisfies the
( ) ( ) Such function is called the utility
function of consumer. Here, there are many species
of fish in the river, which could be fetch, but  In the case where λ non constant, that is a
harvesting them can lead to the drain of resources Frobenius condition and it can be stated as
with limited budget follows: ⋀
Where is the differential 1-form given by
Individual Model
In order to maximize the growth of fish ( ) and ∑ ( )
production in the fishing sector in the moment of
the covid-19 and the Russia – Ukraine war, we will  A positive answer of question 2 is given by
apply the individual model as we have different (Ekeland and Nirenberg, (2002)).
species of fish and different fishing vessel are
In this research, we first show where all these
attract in the fishing sector.
questions are coming from and second we study
The field of consumer theory has been studied by question 3 initiated by (Ekeland and Djitte , 2006).
many and thorough explanations have been done to In recent works they give necessary and sufficient
show the rationality behind the decision making of conditions for a given vector field to be
the consumer. A consumer will always want to decomposed in the following form:
maximize his utility in making a choice set,
( ) ( ) ( ) 1.2
(Jonathan Levin and Paul Milgrom, (2004)). From
consumer perspective, consumer’s choice sets are Where λ is positive, is convex. The functions λ
assumed to be defined by certain prices and the and satisfy an additional condition of the form:
consumer’s income or wealth. We defined the
( ( ) ( ))
consumer problem as:

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Where is given.
∑
By the individual model, we assume in a market
situation in which N goods are available. A bundle
of goods is denoted by a vector x= ( …, And give a satisfaction ( ) to the consumer.
), where is the quantity of goods The Therefore, the consumer chooses the best
consumer is characterized by a preference relation consumption (bundle of goods) by solving the
and a budget . It is known at each following optimization problem:
preference relation is associated with a concave
function U so that, the consumer prefers the bundle ( )
of goods ( …, ) to the bundle ( ){ 1.3
goods ( , … ) if and only if
( ) ( ) Such function is called the utility This is the individual consumer model.
function of consumer. We also assume that the
The coherence reasons let us make some
market price is given by a vector ( ,
assumptions on that guarantee existence and
… ), where is the unit price of the goods .
uniqueness of the solution of problem ( )
 A bundle of goods x= ( …, ) will
cost:
In what follows, we assume that:

1.4{

As a consequence of the fact that the utility function is increasing, the budget constraint is saturated. That
is at the optimal solution. Therefore, problem ( ) takes the following form:
( )
( ){ (1.5)

where the budget is normalized to 1.

Under the hypothesis 1.4, for every market price, the problem ( ) has a unique solution ( ) from
lagrangian theorem, there exist a unique scalar ( ) such that
( ( )) ( ) where ( ) and ( ) (1.6)
This is a standard characterization in convex analysis. The scalar ( ) is called the lagrange multiplier
associated to the solution ( ). Both ( ) and ( ) are functions of . The map ( ) is called the
individual demand function. Using the implicit function theorem, we have the following properties of the
demand function.
Proposition 1: Under hypothesis (1.1), the demand function
Proof.
Let the solution and the langragian multiplier associated to Then from langrange theorem
we have
( ) (1.7)
(1.8)
Let be the map from defined by:
( ) ( ( ) ) (1.9)
Then, ( ) ( ) and if denote the Jacobian matrix of with respect to the variables and
then:
( )
( ) * +. (1.10)

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Let and such that:
( )
* +( ) ( ), (1.11)

Then we have:
( ) (1.12)
(1.13)
From (1.3) and (1.13), is in the orthogonal subspace to ( ) Multiplying (1.12) by , we obtain:
( )
Using hypothesis (1.4) and (1.13), it follows that and This proves that the matrix ( )
is invertible. Using the implicit function theorem, there exist an open neighbourhood of an open
neighbourhood of ( ) in and a unique function ( ) from to satisfying:

(1.14)
( ( ) ( ) ) Since the function ( ) and ( ) satisfy (1.10) on it follows
from the uniqueness that ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) for all Therefore, the functions ( )
and ( ) of class in a neighbourhood of
The following definition will be useful.
Definition:
The slutsky matrix associated to the demand function denoted by is given by ( )
which
∑ (1.15)

The following theorem gives a characterization of a demand function from economy.

Theorem
Let be a vector field satisfying the walras law: ( ) for all
Then is a demand function if and only if the slutsky matrix associated to the demand function satisfies



Model analysis
Considering the type of model we are working on, it is easy to use python to run and get solution curves
with an empirical data. The population of the fish increases as the number of fishing vessels decreases and
the population decreases as the fishing vessels increases. The growth rate ( ), has been manipulated by the
influx of the fishermen.
In recent times, covid -19 has blown the amount of fish catch as it is demonstrated in the models of the
individual species of fish. The regression line in each of the model explain the correlation of the amount of
fish catch and the year to achieve the optimal point and a regulator in the fishing sector.
After the collection of the several year’s data from the department of fisheries, all the species available are
named and the amount catch for each year. The trend has shown that, the adventure of technology ( ) help
sophisticated vessel can trace places where fish are in abundance, as it is understood that fish migrate and
die due to high exploitation and unforeseen circumstances.
It will be obvious to maximize utility with a budget constrain as it is demonstrated in the individual model.
( )
( ){

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By each of the species, individual can obtain the amount of fish that they want from the market with their
budget line. The models below shows some of the individual species.
Fig1:

Fig. 1 show the logistic form ( ) where for the first time of fishing
Fig.2

Fig.2 shows the rate it always gives a negative increment.

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Fig.3

Fig.3 this is where technology is taking in a linear form. That is technology ( ) thus
Which shows that the amount of fish catch moves exponentially.

Fig.4

With technology has move exponentially to increase the amount of fish catch.

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Fig.5

As we understood that, there are different, species catch at the same time. Technology has made it easily to
catch fish but it resulted to the downing of the amount of fish.
Fig.5

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Fig.6

A solution curve, effect of Technology on Fishing

The directional field has shown that the effect of technology reduces the amount of fish available which has
a great impact on the individual utility.
Discussion and Conclusion repercussions, particularly if the resource in issue is
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) crucial to the consumption society's economy.
assessment of fisheries reveals that the share of fish The analysis of the species of the fishes shows a
biomass within biologically sustainable levels has trend of fish catch in the Gambia for ten years. It
exhibited a downward trend, declining from 90% in generate the statistical analysis of the sample
1974, 68.8% in 2013 to 64.4% in 2019; see Status species taken. There are many fishes in the river of
of FAO (2022). In order to ensure sustainability, the the Gambia. But each can show that an optimal
resource must be used efficiently and effectively. point by using the best-fit line. If we are to consider
This necessitates the utilization of the resource “for others” as we demonstrated to mitigate the gap
using appropriate and efficient technology. of scarcity of fish in our various market, we have to
The discrete optimal control concept has only been implement policies that would guide to the optimal
stressed to show how easily technology contributes point.
to the depletion of our natural resources. In order to
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