Types of Protection for

Electrical Apparatus

Part of the Basic Explosion Protection

Compendium
Disclaimer
The content of this publication has been compiled by the editor with
due and thorough regard of the legal regulations valid at the date of
publication and of established technical measures. Nevertheless,
incomplete, inaccurate, or ambiguous assertions cannot be excluded
in the publication. The publication consists of several individual
brochures containing general fundamental information on explosion
protection. The content of the publication is not intended for and is
not suitable for assessing the hazard situation of a specific plant.
All regulations on explosion protection are established by German
law, including the German Protection at Work Act, and national and
international standards. Adherence to these regulations and the
German Protection at Work Act are fundamental obligations of the
plant designer, plant operator, and employer.
Explosion protection regulations are subject to legal guidelines and
can vary by country.
Furthermore, industrial plants can differ greatly from one another
in their design, materials used, and methods of operation. The
individual brochures of this compendium provide an overview of
topics relating to explosion protection. With this in mind, the technical
and organizational measures for explosion protection can only be
detailed generally and thus incompletely. In a given specific case,
each plant operator must determine the requirements and approach
based on an individual hazard assessment, and implement and
document these in a fashion verifiable in accordance with the
national regulations.
Reference is made to IEC/EN standards where appropriate. Many
other countries have similar national standards in force. Reference to
other national standards is made when necessary for
clarity or accuracy.
Make an inquiry--we'll be happy to help!

With regard to the supply of products, the current issue of the

following document is applicable: The General Terms of Delivery
for Products and Services of the Electrical Indus-try, published by
the Central Association of the Electrical Industry (Zentralverband
Elektrotechnik und Elektroindustrie (ZVEI) e.V.) in its most recent
version as well as the supplementary clause: ”Expanded reservation
of proprietorship.“
Table of Contents

Table of Contents
About This Basic Brochure.................................................................................... 6

Introduction............................................................................................................. 7

Hazardous Area Classification.............................................................................. 8

Hazardous Area Classification According to the Zone Model............................................ 8
Hazardous Area Classification According to the Division Model........................................ 9

Basic Principles of the Types of Protection........................................................ 11

Type of Protection Increased Safety “e“........................................................................... 13
Type of Protection Ex d - Flameproof Enclosure.............................................................. 16
Type of Protection Ex i - Intrinsic Safety........................................................................... 20
Type of Protection Ex p - Purge and Pressurization......................................................... 24
Type of Protection Ex m - Equipment Protection by Encapsulation.................................. 27
Type of Protection Ex o - Equipment Protection by Liquid Immersion.............................. 29
Type of Protection Ex q - Powder Filling........................................................................... 31
Type of Protection Ex n.................................................................................................... 33
Type of Protection Ex t - Equipment Dust Protection by Enclosure.................................. 35

References and Sources...................................................................................... 40

Basic Compendiums by Pepperl+Fuchs............................................................. 42

Index....................................................................................................................... 45

4
About This Basic Brochure

About This Basic Brochure

This brochure is part of the “Explosion Protection” compendium. The brochure offers
an overview of the possible types of protection that plant designers and owners can use
to protect various electrical apparatus in their plant from explosion hazards.
The brochure contains all the most important information on the subject of
types of protection in accordance with the series of standards IEC/EN 60079.

Your Reliable Partner

Pepperl+Fuchs is a leading developer and manufacturer of electronic sensors and

components for the worldwide automation market. Our process automation division is a
market leader in the intrinsic safety explosion protection sector. For more than 70 years,
our continuous innovations, high-quality products, and constant growth have made us
your reliable business partner in the process industry.

Lifelong Learning

Anyone who works in automation is constantly confronted with new technologies and
developments. With continuous education and lifelong learning, we can keep pace with
these developments. Our compendiums convey theoretical principles. Our training courses
show in detail the practical application of what we have learned from our experience. You
can find further information on our solutions, publications, and training on our website,
www.pepperl-fuchs.com.

6
 Introduction

Introduction
Causes of Explosion and Possible Precautions

Explosions always come about because 3 criteria are fulfilled simultaneously and
in the same location:

Combustible substance: gas, mist, vapor, or dust

Oxidizing agent: oxygen, normally from the air
Ignition energy: minimum ignition energy (e. g., through sparks or heating)

Ignition Triangle
Ignition Energy

Oxidizer Combustible

Figure 1.  The ignition triangle consists of 3 components

If a combustible substance mixes sufficiently with air such that a concentration within
the explosion limits is reached, we speak of a potentially explosive atmosphere or mixture.

Dust hazards also typically require suspension and containment to generate the needed
conditions for explosion. However, the dust material itself may be a combustible substance.

Evaluation of each application and the hazards present should be part of every
risk assessment.

7
Hazardous Area Classification

Hazardous Area Classification

Areas that can exhibit a potentially explosive atmosphere are particularly at risk. According
to the frequency and duration of occurrence of the atmosphere, such areas
are distinguished and categorized into zones.

Hazardous Area Classification According to the

Zone Model

The following zone definitions are derived from the 2015 German Ordinance on Hazardous
Substances, Annex I, 1.7 and are based on the Directive 1999/99/EG (ATEX 137).

Zone 0 Area in which a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere is constantly, persistently, or

frequently present as a mixture of air and combustible gases, vapors, or mists.

Zone 1 Area in which a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere can occasionally form
as a mixture of air and combustible gases, vapors, or mists during normal operation.

Zone 2 Area in which a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere as a mixture of air and
combustible gases, vapors, or mists does not normally arise and, if so, only rarely and
for a short period of time.

Table 1.  For definitions of Zones 0 ... 2 see also IEC/EN 60079-10-1.

Zone 20 Area in which a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere in the form of combustible dust
contained in the air is present frequently or for long periods of time.

Zone 21 Area in which a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere can occasionally form during
normal operation in the form of combustible dust contained in the air.

Zone 22 Area in which a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere in the form combustible dust
contained in the air does not normally arise and, if so, only rarely and for a short
period of time.

Table 2.  For definitions of Zones 20 ... 22 see also IEC/EN 60079-10-2.

In the reissues of the standards series IEC/EN 60079, the designation “zone” is avoided
and “equipment protection level” (EPL) is introduced instead.

Example: “Zone 1” is now “an area of the equipment of level of protection Gb”.

8
 Hazardous Area Classification

Hazardous Area Classification According to the

Division Model

The following definitions are derived from the National Electric Code (NEC, NFPA 70
for the US) and the Canadian Electric Code (CEC, CSA C22.1 for Canada).

Division 1 Area in which explosive atmospheres are likely to be present continuously,

Division 2 Area in which explosive atmospheres are not likely to occur or, if they do
occur, only exist for a short time.

Table 3.  Definition of the North-American Divisions.

Class I Area in which flammable gas or vapors may be present.

Class II Area in which flammable dust may be found.

Class III Area in which flammable fibers or flyings may be found.

Table 4.  Definition of the North-American Classes.

Comparison of Zones and Divisions

Hazard Occurrence Zone Class/Division

Continuous gas hazard is normal 0 Class I, Division 1

Intermittent gas hazard is normal 1 Class I, Division 1

Gas hazard in abnormal condition 2 Class I, Division 2

Continuous dust hazard is normal 20 Class II, Division 1

Intermittent dust hazard is normal 21 Class II, Division 1

Dust hazard in abnormal condition 22 Class II, Division 2

Table 5.  Comparison of the IEC and the North American classification of explosion hazardous locations.

9
Hazardous Area Classification

Normal Operation

Normal operation is the state whereby plants are operated within their design parameters.
If in doubt, the stricter Zone/Division is to be selected. Layers, deposits, and accumulations
of combustible dust are to be considered like any other cause that can form a potentially
explosive atmosphere. The classification is to be documented in the documentation of
the hazard assessment (explosion protection document).

Permissible Equipment Categories According to IEC/EN 60079-14

Alongside the existing ATEX device categories, in the standard IEC/EN 60079-14
the “equipment protection level” (EPL) has been introduced in the device marking.
Equipment that is intended for use in hazardous areas must bear this marking.

The equipment protection level provides information as to which equipment may be used
in which zone of the hazardous area.

Assignment of Explosion Hazard Zone, Equipment Category,

Equipment Protection Level (EPL)

Equipment category
Zone (ATEX/IEC) EPL (IEC/EN)
(ATEX Directive)
0 1G Ga

1 2G, 1G Gb, Ga

2 3G, 2G, 1G Gc, Gb, Ga

Table 6.  Equipment of the category 1G (EPL Ga) may be used in all gas zones.

Equipment category
Zone (ATEX/IEC) EPL (IEC/EN)
(ATEX Directive)
20 1D Da

21 2D, 1D Db, Da

22 3D, 2D, 1D Dc, Db, Da

Table 7.  Equipment of the category 1D (EPL Da) may be used in all dust zones.

10
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Basic Principles of the Types

of Protection
Types of protection are explosion protection measures. Types of protection prevent
a device from becoming an ignition source or prevent the explosion from being propagated.

Hazard Posed by Electrical Apparatus

For electrical apparatus, the ignition hazard is predominantly due to sparks and heat
generation.

What protective measures are possible against the ignition of a surrounding potentially
explosive atmosphere? The following measures are fundamental:

Prevention of explosion propagation by encapsulation: This method enables

explosions under controlled conditions. To prevent the explosion from propagating to the
surrounding atmosphere, this method specifies exactly which areas to limit the effects of
the explosions to. The “flameproof enclosure” type of protection is based on this method.

Spatial separation between the ignition source and potentially explosive

atmosphere: This method maintains spatial separation between possible ignition
sources--electrical component and hot surfaces--and the potentially explosive mixture.
The “purge and pressurization,” “powder filling,” and “equipment protection
by encapsulation” types of protection are based on this method. For combustible dusts,
the type of protection “protection by enclosure” is used in addition to
“equipment protection by encapsulation.”

Prevention of an effective ignition source: This method prevents thermal effects

such as hot surfaces and electrical sparks altogether. This corresponds to the
type of protection “increased safety.” Alternatively, this method limits the electrical
energy of a spark--also under certain fault conditions--to a safe level. This corresponds
to the type of protection “intrinsic safety.”

11
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Explosion Protection through Protected Apparatus

“A constructive measure applied to apparatus,

in order to avoid the ignition
of a surrounding explosive atmosphere”

Prevent Separate explosive Prevent the propagation

ignition sources atmospheres and of an explosion
from becoming active ignition source

Encapsulation “m”
Oil immersion “o”
Intrinsic safety “i” Flameproof
Purge and pressurization “p”
enclosure “d”
Increased safety “e” Protection by enclosure “t”
Optical radiation “op” Restricted breathing “nR”

Powder filling “q”

Figure 2.  Type of Protection Ex e - Increased Safety

12
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex e - Increased Safety

This type of protection that applicable to zone-classified ares. It is applied to electrical

devices and includes additional measures with an increased degree of safety to prevent
the possibility for exceedingly high temperatures and the generation of sparks or arcs.
This applies for intended operation and under determined improper operating conditions,
depending on the zone of application.

Figure 3.  Ex e terminal box

13
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex e

The potential ignition sources are located in the enclosure, into which a potentially
explosive atmosphere can penetrate.

Type of Protection “Increased Safety”

Hazardous Area

Figure 4.  Schematic diagram of „increased safety“ (IEC 60079-7, EN 60079-7 and UL 60079-7)

An overdimensioning (e. g., an increased measure of the insulation) plus particular

measures for the mechanical strength of the enclosure and for the fixing of connection
cables (protection against self-loosening) and other constructional performance criteria
prevent sparks from being generated or the device from becoming exceedingly hot.
Additional possibilities include an increased degree of protection (IP) of the device
and overload protection through thermal monitoring.

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level for Ex e

In accordance with IEC/EN 60079-7:2015, the type of protection “e” is subdivided into
2 levels of protection: “eb” and “ec.”

The protection method “eb” is limited to terminals, terminal connections, motors,

and lights. The protection method “nA” was recently moved to this standard and renamed
“ec.” Therefore, “ec” allows additional items, such as more complex electronics,
that are not permitted under “eb.”

An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection. This EPL is based
on the likelihood of the device becoming an ignition source in a potentially explosive
atmosphere.

The EPLs available for this type of protection are Gb and Gc.

14
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Main Applications and Marking

Enclosure for control units with components that are separately U certified.

Connection enclosure of Ex de control panels

Terminal boxes
Measuring instruments
Transformers
Motors
Hand lights and cap lights
Zone 2 devices that were previously handled under non-sparking “nA”

Product Marking Containing Ex “e”

Typical examples of Ex “e” markings

II 2 G Ex eb IIC T4 Gb

II 3 G Ex ec IIC T4 Gc

15
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex d - Flameproof Enclosure

This type of protection is used where parts that can ignite a potentially explosive
atmosphere are arranged in a special enclosure. This enclosure withstands the pressure
that can be produced by an internal explosion and prevents the explosion from spreading
to a potentially explosive atmosphere that surrounds the enclosure.

Under the “Ex d” protection method, Class/Division applications have “explosion-proof”

enclosures while zone applications have “flameproof” enclosures. In both cases,
the safety principle is basically the same.

Figure 5.  Ex d enclosure solution

16
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex d

The potential ignition sources are located in an enclosure into which a potentially
explosive atmosphere can penetrate.

An interior explosion does not result in the destruction of the enclosure, meaning
it can withstand the maximum explosion pressure of the permitted gases. The pressure
is relieved by means of a flameproof joint. These enclosures typically require third-
party verification from a certification agency or a “notified body,” e. g., the Physikalisch
Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, National Metrology Institute of Germany).
This organization determines the suitability of the enclosure and the applications
in which it can be used.

Type of Protection “Flameproof Enclosure”

Hazardous Area

Joint

Width of
flameproof joint

Figure 6.  Schematic diagram of a flameproof enclosure (IEC 60079-1, EN 60079-1, FM 3615, UL 2279.P1, EN 13463-3)

The user is responsible for suitable cable entries and sealing plugs. In accordance
with IEC/EN 60079-14, a cable entry is possible in 3 ways:

Proper seals from the Ex d enclosure leading into a terminal compartment

of increased safety.

Direct cable entry with Ex d cable glands or seals

A conduit installation and, depending on the permitted length of the conduit,
additional seals

In accordance with NEC and CEC for Class/Division classification, a cable entry
is possible in 2 ways:

Direct cable entry with flameproof cable glands or seals

A conduit and, depending on the permitted length of the conduit, additional seals

17
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

A modification of the flameproof enclosure and the content is permitted only if this
is intended and described in the instruction manual. The user is not permitted to perform
any modification or overhaul of the flameproof joint whatsoever.

Motors in the inverter operation: There are 2 possibilities here:

1. Motor and electrical drive inverter are examined as a unit and the results are considered
during the type examination of the motor.

2. The outside temperature of the enclosure surrounding the motor and electrical drive
inverter is monitored effectively and protected with a protective switch.

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level for Ex d

The type of protection “d” is, in accordance with IEC/EN 60079-1:2014, subdivided
into 3 levels of protection: “da,” “db,” and “dc.”

An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection. This EPL is based
on the likelihood of the device becoming an ignition source in a potentially explosive
atmosphere. Equipment of the type of protection “d” is protected by the level of protection
“da” (EPL “Ga”) or “db” (EPL “Gb”), or “dc” (EPL “Gc”).

One way of achieving the level of protection “da” is to combine 2 independent

types of protection with level of protection “db.”

The level of protection “da” can only be used for catalytic sensors and portable sensors
for combustible gases. Alongside other conditions, the free internal volume must not
exceed 5 cm3.

The type of protection “explosion-proof” for Class/Division classifications is covered

by several standards, including UL 1203, CSA 22.2 No. 30, and CSA 22.2 No. 25 for
enclosures. UL 2225 and CSA 22.2 No. 174 cover cable glands. Enclosures
and connection fittings are designated with the permitted Class and Division.

18
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Main Applications and Marking

Switching devices and control panels

Control units, e. g., as control interface for sensors
Motor protective switches and protective switches for lines
Transformers
Motors
Light fittings

Product Marking Containing Ex “d”

Typical examples of Ex “d” markings

II 1 G Ex da IIC T4 Ga

II 2 G Ex db IIC T4 Gb

II 3 G Ex dc IIC T4 Gc

19
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex i - Intrinsic Safety

Type of protection that is based on limiting the electrical energy to a defined value.
This value lies below the limit value, which can trigger an ignition by spark generation
or thermal effect. These parameters apply within the devices and for all connecting cables
and lines that are exposed to a potentially explosive atmosphere.

Figure 7.  Valve status request with an Ex i sensor

20
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex i

In intrinsically safe circuits, currents and voltages are safely limited, as well as power
and thermal considerations are taken into account.

Further, the energy storage is limited safely, e. g., coils and capacitors.
This also takes into account distributed reactance values of cables and lines.

Typical configuration includes the following two elements:

An associated apparatus (or “barrier”) that provides energy limitation into
the explosion hazardous area

An apparatus (or “device”) that is designed with certain limitations to comply
with the type of protection

Type of Protection “Intrinsic Safety”

Hazardous
Area

Io L R

C U
S Uo

Figure 8.  Schematic diagram of an intrinsically safe circuit(IEC 60079-1, EN 60079-1, and UL 60079-1)

The user undertakes the verification of intrinsic safety and documents this verification
in the plant documentation. In accordance with IEC/EN 60079-14:2013 (sections 4.2 and
16.2.4), NEC Article 504, or CEC Section 18, the verification is required as part of the plant
documentation, which must be available in the plant. In Germany, this must take place in
accordance with §6(9) of the German Hazardous Substances Ordinance in the explosion
protection document. Most commonly, this is done as part of or appendix of the apparatus
list.

Intrinsically safe circuits must be protected from any kind of coupling. To achieve this,
minimum distances are observed on the terminals, for example 50 mm from intrinsically
safe terminals to non-intrinsically safe terminals.

Cables and lines must be marked and protected.

21
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level for Ex i

The type of protection intrinsic safety “i” is subdivided into 3 levels of protection: “ia,” “ib,”
and “ic.”

An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection. This EPL is based
on the likelihood of the device becoming an ignition source in a potentially explosive
atmosphere.

Equipment protec- Equipment category Degree of safety

tion level (EPL) Gas
ia 1G Safe if 2 independent errors occur.
ib 2G Safe if 1 error occurs.
ic 3G Safe in normal operation.
[ia Ga] Associated apparatus Installation outside of the hazardous area.
Supply possible for field devices in the
Zones 0, 1, or 2.

Table 8.  Levels of protection for the type of protection “Intrinsic Safety (Ex i)” in gas hazardous areas

Equipment protec- Equipment category Degree of safety

tion level (EPL) Dust
ia 1D Safe if 2 independent errors occur.
ib 2D Safe if 1 error occurs.

ic 3D Safe in normal operation.

[ib Db] Associated apparatus Installation outside of the hazardous area.
Supply possible for field devices in the
Zones 21 or 22 in this case.
[ia Da] Associated apparatus Supply permitted for field devices in
Zone 20.

Table 9.  Levels of protection for the type of protection “Intrinsic Safety (Ex i)” in dust hazardous areas

22
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Main Applications and Marking

Measurement and control engineering

Sensors and actuators
Fieldbus technology
Instrumentation

Product Marking Containing Ex “i”

Typical examples of Ex “i” markings

II 1 G Ex ia IIC T6 Ga

II (1) G [Ex ia Ga] IIC

23
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex p - Purge and

Pressurization

Protection technology safeguarding against a surrounding atmosphere penetrating into an

enclosure through the use of a protective gas under overpressure.

Figure 9.  Control unit for a pressurization system

24
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex p

The potential ignition sources are located in a robust enclosure under a low overpressure:
25 Pa ... 50 Pa, or 0.25 mbar ... 0.5 mbar. If air is used as a protective gas, this air must be
drawn from the non-hazardous area.

Type of Protection “Purge and Pressurization”

Hazardous Area

DP

Figure 10.  Schematic diagram of a pressurizing system (IEC 60079-2, EN 60079-2, FM 3620 and NFPA 496)

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level for Ex p

The type of protection purge and pressurization “p” is subdivided into 3 levels of protection:
“px,” “py,” and “pz.” An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection.
This EPL is based on the likelihood of the device becoming an ignition source in a
potentially explosive atmosphere.

Equipment protection Equipment category Degree of safety

level (EPL) gas/dust
px 2G, 2D Installation of the device in Zone 1 or
Zone 21: no explosion hazard in interior.
Use of standard devices safe.
py 3G, 3D Installation of the device in Zone 1 or
Zone 21: interior of the device Zone 2 or
Zone 22. Use of devices from Zone 2 or
Zone 22 and EPL Gc or Dc safe.
pz 3G, 3D Installation of the device in Zone 2 or
Zone 22: no explosion hazard in interior.
Use of standard devices safe.

Table 10.  Levels of protection for the type of protection “Purge and Pressurization (Ex p)” in gas or dust hazardous areas

If the overpressure fails, an alarm signal is necessary.

25
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

For type of protection Ex pxb in Zone 1 or Zone 21 with internal devices that do not fulfill
the EPL Gc or Dc, the unprotected device in the interior of the enclosure must also be shut
down.

For Zone 1 and Zone 2 applications, the enclosure must be purged prior to power being
applied. The purge cycle depends on several factors. Typically, a purge cycle is made up of
4 volume exchanges for applications that follow NFPA 496 for Class/Division applications
or 5 volume exchanges for applications that are based on IEC 60079-2 series standard.
Depending on the application, the number of required volume exchanges may be higher or
lower.

Main Applications and Marking

Switchcabinets
Large motors
Measuring instruments and analysis equipment

Product Marking Containing Ex “p”

Typical examples of Ex “p” markings

II 2 G Ex pxb IIB T4 Gb

II 3 G Ex pzc IIC T4 Gc

II 2 D Ex pxb IIIC T80 ˚C Db

26
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex m - Equipment Protection

by Encapsulation

Type of protection that encapsulates parts, capable of igniting a potentially explosive gas
atmosphere through the generation of sparks or heating, in a casting compound. This
means that the surrounding potentially explosive atmosphere cannot be ignited under
conditions of operation or installation.

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex m

The equipment protection by encapsulation “m” method prevents the potentially explosive
atmosphere from penetrating into an enclosure with potential ignition sources.

Type of Protection “Equipment Protection by Encapsulation”

Hazardous Area

Compound

Figure 11.  Schematic diagram of equipment protection by encapsulation (IEC 60079-18, EN 60079-18 and UL 60079-18)

The enclosure has sufficient mechanical strength and is chemically resistant to the
materials in the vicinity of which it is to be used.

The filling material must not come away from the enclosure wall during permitted
temperature fluctuations.

The user is responsible for following the manufacturer's instruction manual to install, bring
into service, and operate the apparatus.

27
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level for Ex m

The type of protection “m” is, in accordance with IEC/EN 60079-18:2014, subdivided into
3 levels of protection: “ma,” “mb,” and “mc.”

An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection. This EPL is based
on the likelihood of the device becoming an ignition source in a potentially explosive
atmosphere.

Equipment of the type of protection “m” is protected by the level of protection “ma”
(EPL “Ga” or “Da”) or “mb” (EPL “Gb” or “Db”) or “mc” (EPL “Gc” or “Dc”).

Main Applications and Marking

Display devices
Sensors
Switching devices for low power
Control units

Product Marking Containing Ex “m”

Typical examples of Ex “m“ markings

II 1 G Ex ma IIC T4 Ga

II 2 G Ex mb IIC T4 Gb

II 2 D Ex mb IIIC T90 ˚C Db

II 3 D Ex mc IIIC T90 ˚C Dc

28
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex o - Equipment Protection

by Liquid Immersion

Type of protection used for protecting electrical equipment or components by immersing

them in a protective liquid. Consequently, a potentially explosive gas atmosphere above the
liquid level or external to the enclosure cannot be ignited.

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex o

The potential ignition sources are located in the enclosure. The potentially explosive
atmosphere is kept away from the ignition source.

Type of Protection “Equipment Protection by Liquid Immersion”

Hazardous Area

Oil

Figure 12.  Schematic diagram of equipment protection by liquid immersion (IEC 60079-6, EN 60079-6 and UL 60079-6)

The fill level of the protective liquid must be monitored. The mounting position must also
ensure that the ignition sources are permanently located beneath the liquid level.

The user himself is responsible for following the manufacturer's instruction manual to
install, bring into service, and operate the apparatus.

29
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level for Ex o

The type of protection “o” is, in accordance with IEC/EN 60079-6:2015, subdivided into
2 levels of protection: “ob” and “oc.”

An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection. This EPL is based
on the likelihood of the device becoming an ignition source in a potentially explosive
atmosphere.

Equipment of the type of protection “o” is protected by the level of protection “ob”
(EPL “Gb” or “Db”) or “oc” (EPL “Gc” or “Dc”).

Main Applications and Marking

Transformers
Starting resistors
Switching devices

Product Marking Containing Ex “o”

Typical examples of Ex “o“ markings

II 2 G Ex ob IIB T4 Gb

II 3 G Ex oc IIC T4 Gc

30
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex q - Powder Filling

Type of protection where fixed installed parts that are able to ignite a potentially explosive
gasatmosphere are completely surrounded by filling material. This prevents the ignition of a
surrounding potentially explosive atmosphere.

Figure 13.  Powder-filled operator workstation

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex q

By using very fine-grain silicia beads, the free enclosure space is filled up and the
likelihood for penetration of the potentially explosive atmosphere is greatly reduced.
Should ignition occur in the remaining space, the thermal capacity of the filling material
extinguishes the emergent flame.

31
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection “Powder Filling”

Hazardous Area

Powder

Figure 14.  Schematic diagram of „powder filling“ (IEC 60079-5, EN 60079-5 and UL 60079-5)

The user himself is responsible for following the manufacturer's instruction manual
to install, bring into service, and operate the apparatus.

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level for Ex q

An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection. This EPL is based
on the likelihood of the device becoming an ignition source in a potentially explosive
atmosphere.

In accordance with IEC/EN 60079-5:2015, the equipment of the type of protection “q”
is protected by the level of protection “qb” (EPL “Gb” or “Db”).

Main Applications and Marking

Operating devices and display devices

Transformers
Electronic ballasts

Product Marking Containing Ex “q”

Typical examples of Ex “q” markings

II 2 G Ex qb IIB T4 Gb

32
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex n

Type of protection accompanied by a set of mostly constructive measures, ensuring that

electrical equipment cannot ignite a surrounding potentially explosive atmosphere during
intended operation and under determined improper conditions.

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex n

The type of protection “non-incendive” or “non-sparking” features different possibilities

to safely construct apparatus. This prevents the apparatus from igniting a surrounding
potentially explosive gas atmosphere during normal operation.

Non-Sparking Installation “ec” (Previously “nA”)

Since 2016, the type of protection non-sparking installation “nA” has been named “ec” in
accordance with IEC/EN 60079–7:2015.

A device with this type of protection is constructed to minimize the risk of occurrence of
arcs or sparks that present an ignition hazard during normal operation.

Restricted-Breathing Enclosure “nR”

An enclosure that limits penetration by gas, vapor, or mist.

Type of Protection “n” (Non-Incendive)

Hazardous Area

nA nR

Figure 15.  Schematic diagram of the type of protection „n“ (non-incendive)(IEC 60079-15, EN 60079-15, and UL 60079-15)

33
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Enclosed-Break Device “dc” (Previously “nC”)

Since 2016, the type of protection enclosed-break device “nC,” in accordance with
IEC/EN 60079-1:2014, has been named “dc.”

A device with this type of protection contains electrical contacts that are made and broken
and without damage withstands an internal explosion of any ingressing flammable gas or
vapor and without transferring the internal explosion to a surrounding potentially explosive
atmosphere.

In accordance with IEC/EN 60079-5:2015, the equipment of the type of protection “q”
is protected by the level of protection “qb” (EPL “Gb” or “Db”).

Main Applications and Marking

Motors
Light fittings
Switching devices
All other types of electrical apparatus for Zone 2

Product Marking Containing Ex “n”

Typical examples of Ex “n” markings

II 3 G Ex nR IIB T4 Gc

34
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex t - Equipment Dust

Protection by Enclosure

The type of protection “t,” previously “tD,” in accordance with IEC/EN 61241-1, is a special
type of protection for dust hazardous areas. In order to fulfill this type of protection, the
electrical apparatus is installed in an enclosure with protection against dust entry and
precautions for limiting the surface temperature.

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex t

Devices with this type of protection have a special enclosure that prevents the entry
of dust. The enclosure must also be engineered in a way that a maximum surface
temperature can never be exceeded.

Devices with this type of protection can be used as apparatus for the device categories
1D (Zone 20), 2D (Zone 21), and 3D (Zone 22).

Type of Protection “Equipment Dust Protection by Enclosure”

Hazardous Area

Dust

Figure 16.  Schematic diagram of equipment dust protection by enclosure (IEC 60079-31, EN 60079-31 and UL 60079-31)

Level of Protection and Equipment Protection Level (EPL) for Ex t

The type of protection “t” is, in accordance with IEC/EN 60079-31:2016, subdivided into
3 levels of protection: “ta,” “tb,” and “tc.”

An equipment protection level is assigned to every level of protection. This EPL is based
on the likelihood of the equipment becoming an ignition source in a potentially explosive
atmosphere.

Equipment of the type of protection “t” is protected by the level of protection “ta” (EPL “Da”)
or “tb” (EPL “Db”) or “tc” (EPL “Dc”).

35
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

For equipment of the type of protection “ta,” the maximum permitted short circuit current
of the current source must be cited in the identification. For the level of protection “ta,” the
enclosure must undergo a thermal examination where an at least 200 mm thick dust layer
is deposited all over the surface.

The devices must be protected against dust entry and meet the following requirements.

Level of protection IIIC IIIB IIIA

ta IP6X IP6X IP6X
tb IP6X IP6X IP5X
tc IP6X IP5X IP5X

Table 11.  Type of protection “t”: Level of protection according to equipment group

Main Applications and Marking

Forall electrical apparatus in dust hazardous areas

Lightfittings
Sensors
Actuators

Product Marking Containing Ex “t”

Typical example of Ex “t” marking

II 2D Ex tb IIIC T80 ˚C Gb

36
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Type of Protection Ex op

Type of protection in accordance with IEC/EN 60079-28:2015 for the protection of

equipment and transmission systems that operate with optical radiation.

Functional Principle of the Type of Protection Ex op

Type of protection applied to an optical device in order to prevent optical radiation from
igniting a potentially explosive surrounding atmosphere. This is achieved in accordance
with IEC/EN 60079-28:2015 through the following protection concepts:

Inherently Safe Optical Radiation “op is”

Visible or infrared radiation that cannot, under normal circumstances or under determined
fault conditions, produce sufficient energy to ignite a potentially explosive atmosphere.

The concept is akin to that of intrinsic safety, providing energy limitation in the system
to safe values, and enables the exchange of components during operation. If the limited
values do not suffice for the application, other options must be implemented.

In accordance with IEC/EN 60079-28:2015, table 1, this protection concept is suitable

for EPL Gc and Dc. When considering and avoiding errors, Gb, Db, Ga, and Da are also
possible.

Protected Optical Radiation “op pr”

Visible or infrared radiation constructed and encapsulated normally or with mechanical

protection in an optical fiber or another transmitting medium. No radiation should leak from
this encapsulation.

To prevent radiation leaking from its encapsulation, fiber optic cables must be set out in
an appropriately robust fashion or a manner that makes them safe from destruction. In this
construction, no simple exchange is possible during operation. If optical components must
be exchanged frequently, alternative options must be considered.

In accordance with IEC/EN 60079-28:2015, table 1, this protection concept is suitable for
EPL Gc and Dc. With additional mechanical protection, Gb and Db are also possible.

37
Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Optical Systems with Locking “op sh”

System for encapsulating visible or infrared radiation that is encapsulated in fiber optic
cables or other transmitting mediums. If the protection guaranteed by the encapsulation
fails and the radiation is released, this is locked and the radiation is shut down. This way,
the unprotected ray strength is reduced to safe values in a defined time and the radiation
can even be shut down entirely.

In accordance with IEC/EN 60079-28:2015, table 1, this protection concept is suitable

for EPL Gc and Dc. When operating a protected fiber optic cable “op pr,” Gb, Db is also
possible. EPL Ga or Da is possible when using a protected fiber optic cable “op pr” that
fulfills the EPL Gb or Db.

Type of Protection “Equipment Using Optical Radiation”

Hazardous Area

Figure 17.  Schematic diagram for the protection of equipment using optical radiation (IEC 60079-28, EN 60079-28
and ISA 60079-28)

38
 Basic Principles of the Types of Protection

Main Applications and Marking

This type of protection ist typically used with the following components for connecting
sensors and sensing elements that also serve to transfer data in general:

Light fittings
Laser
LEDs
Fiber optic cable

Product Marking Containing Ex “op”

Typical examples of Ex “op” marking

II 1G Ex op is IIB T4 Ga

II 2G Ex op pr IIC T4 Gb

II 3D Ex op sh IIC T90 ˚C Dc

39
References and Sources

References and Sources

EN 1127-1:2011: Explosive atmospheres--Explosion prevention and protection--Part 1:
Basic concepts and methodology

Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health:

Ordinance on safety and health protection when using work equipment. (Germany)

Gefahrstoffverordnung (GefStoffV):
Ordinance on Hazardous Substances. Germany, 2010

IEC 60079-0 Explosive atmospheres--Part 0:

Equipment- General requirements

IEC 60079-1 Explosive atmospheres--Part 1:

Equipment protection by flameproof enclosures “d”

IEC 60079-2 Explosive atmospheres--Part 2:

Equipment protection by purge and pressurization

IEC 60079-5 Explosive atmospheres--Part 5:

Equipment protection by powder filling “q”

IEC 60079-6 Explosive atmospheres--Part 6:

Equipment protection by oil immersion “o”

IEC 60079-7 Explosive atmospheres--Part 7:

Equipment protection by increased safety “e”

DIN EN 60079-10-1 Explosive atmospheres--Part 10-1:

Classification of areas--Explosive gas atmospheres

DIN EN 60079-10-2 Explosive atmospheres--Part 10-2:

Classification of areas--Explosive dust atmospheres

IEC 60079-11 Explosive atmospheres--Part 11:

Equipment protection by intrinsic safety “i”

IEC/EN 60079-14 Explosive atmospheres--Part 14:

Electrical installations design, selection and erection

IEC 60079-15 Explosive atmospheres--Part 15:

Equipment protection by type of protection “n”

IEC 60079-18 Explosive atmospheres--Part 18:

Equipment protection by encapsulation “m”

40
 References and Sources

IEC 60079-28 Explosive atmospheres--Part 28:

Protection of equipment and transmission systems using optical radiation “op”

IEC 60079-31 Explosive atmospheres--Part 31:

Equipment dust explosion protection by enclosure “t”

Directive 1999/92/EC
of the European Parliament and Council of December 16, 1999 regarding minimum
provisions to improve health protection and safety of employees who may be endangered
by potentially explosive atmospheres (Fifteenth Individual Directive for the Purpose of
Article 16, Para. 1 of Directive 89/391/EEG)

41
Basic Compendiums by Pepperl+Fuchs

Basic Compendiums by
Pepperl+Fuchs
Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Physical-technical principles--Terminology definitions, explosions,
examples, prerequisites, combustible substances and characteristic values, ignition
sources.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Types of protection for electrical apparatus-Types of protection for gas
hazardous areas, functional principle, identification, specifics for use.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Testing and maintenance--Testing and maintenance in accordance

with IEC/EN 60079-17.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Type of protection intrinsic safety--Verification of intrinsic safety

particularly in fieldbus applications.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Dust explosion protection--Types of protection for dust hazardous

areas, specifics of combustible dust, functional principle, identification, specifics for use.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Installation in hazardous areas--DIN EN 60079-14: Electrical

installations in potentially hazardous atmospheres: design, selection, and erection.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Rules and directives worldwide-- Legal regulations of regions and
countries for market access of explosion-protected equipment.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Repair of explosion-protected apparatus--Repair in accordance with

IEC/EN 60079-19.

Pepperl+Fuchs, ed., Nonelectric explosion protection: Specifics of nonelectric equipment,

ignition hazard assessment, types of protection, identification.

42
Index

Index
A
ATEX zone classification������������������������������������ 8 IEC/EN 60079‑28 optical radiation�������������������� 35
IEC/EN 60079‑31 equipment dust
C protection by enclosure������������������������������������� 31
causes for explosion������������������������������������������ 7 ignition energy��������������������������������������������������� 7
combustible substance�������������������������������������� 7 ignition hazards, protective measures��������������� 10
ignition hazard through electrical apparatus������ 10
D ignition triangle��������������������������������������������������� 7
device category�������������������������������������������������� 9 increased safety������������������������������������������������ 13
increased safety, “e”������������������������������������������ 12
E inherently safe optical radiation, “op is”������������� 33
electrical apparatus, ignition hazards���������������� 10 intrinsic safety��������������������������������������������������� 19
encapsulation���������������������������������������������������� 23
encapsulation, “m”�������������������������������������������� 23 L
enclosed-break device, “dc”������������������������������ 30 liquid immersion������������������������������������������������ 25
enclosed-break device, “nC”����������������������������� 30 liquid Immersion, “o”������������������������������������������ 25
EPL����������������������������������������������������������������� 8, 9
equipment dust protection by enclosure������������ 31 N
equipment dust protection by enclosure, “t”������ 31 NFPA 496 purge and pressurization������������������ 21
equipment protection level������������������������������ 8, 9 non-incendive, “n”��������������������������������������������� 29
explosion protection, secondary������������������������ 11 non-sparking installation, “nA”��������������������������� 29
explosion triangle����������������������������������������������� 7 non-sparking, “n”����������������������������������������������� 29
normal operation������������������������������������������������ 9
F
flameproof enclosure���������������������������������������� 16 O
FM 3615 flameproof enclosure�������������������������� 16 optical radiation������������������������������������������������� 35
FM 3620 purge and pressurization�������������������� 22 optical radiation, “op”���������������������������������������� 33
optical systems with locking “op sh”������������������ 34
H oxidizing agent��������������������������������������������������� 7
hazardous area, definition���������������������������������� 8
P
I powder filling����������������������������������������������������� 28
IEC/EN 60079‑1 flameproof enclosure�������������� 16 powder filling, “q”����������������������������������������������� 27
IEC/EN 60079‑1 intrinsic safety������������������������� 19 protected optical radiation, “op pr”��������������������� 33
IEC/EN 60079‑2 purge and pressurization�������� 22 protective measures, ignition hazards��������������� 10
IEC/EN 60079‑5 powder filling�������������������������� 28 purge and pressurization����������������������������������� 21
IEC/EN 60079‑6 liquid immersion��������������������� 25 purge and pressurization, “p”���������������������������� 21
IEC/EN 60079‑7 increased safety���������������������� 13
IEC/EN 60079-10-1�������������������������������������������� 8 R
IEC/EN 60079-10-2�������������������������������������������� 8 restricted-breathing enclosure, “nR”������������������ 29
IEC/EN 60079‑15 type of protection “n”
(non-incendive)������������������������������������������������� 30 S
IEC/EN 60079‑18 encapsulation������������������������ 23 secondary explosion protection������������������������� 11

46
 Index

T
type of protection encapsulation “m”����������������� 23
type of protection enclosed-break device “dc”��� 30
type of protection enclosed-break device “nC”�� 30
type of protection equipment dust
protection by enclosure “t”�������������������������������� 31
type of protection increased safety “e”�������������� 12
type of protection inherently safe optical
radiation, “op is”������������������������������������������������ 33
type of protection liquid immersion “o”��������������� 25
type of protection n (non-incendive)������������������ 29
type of protection non-incendive “n”������������������ 29
type of protection non-sparking
installation “ec”�������������������������������������������������� 29
type of protection non-sparking
installation “nA”������������������������������������������������� 29
type of protection non-sparking “n”�������������������� 29
type of protection optical radiation “op”������������� 33
type of protection optical systems
with locking, “op sh”������������������������������������������ 34
type of protection powder filling “q”�������������������� 27
type of protection protected optical
radiation, “op pr”������������������������������������������������ 33
type of protection purge and
pressurization “p”���������������������������������������������� 21
type of protection restricted-breathing
enclosure “nR”�������������������������������������������������� 29
types of protection��������������������������������������������� 11

U
UL 2279.P1 flameproof enclosure��������������������� 16
UL 60079‑1 intrinsic safety�������������������������������� 19
UL 60079‑5 powder filling���������������������������������� 28
UL 60079‑6 liquid immersion���������������������������� 25
UL 60079‑7 increased safety����������������������������� 13
UL 60079‑15 type of protection “n”
(non-incendive)������������������������������������������������� 30
UL 60079‑18 encapsulation������������������������������� 23

Z
zone classification, IEC (ATEX)�������������������������� 8

47
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