LANDSLIDES CREEP- Gradual spreading of soil and

4th Quarter rocks downhill and triggered by change

___________________________________ in temperature.

LANDSLIDE- Geological phenomenon SLUMPS- Rapid landslides that involve a

that involves the movements of rocks, large mass of soils triggered by heavy
soil, and other debris down a slope or rainfall.
incline.
-Caused by the force of gravity. CONTROLLING LANDSLIDES
-Cause damage and posing a threat to ● Slope stabilization: Restraining
people and property. walls, terracing, and soil nailing to
improve slope stability.
FACTORS THAT CAUSED LANDSLIDES ● Reinforcing the slope through
● Slope (Rainfall) excavation and various engineering techniques
construction on elevation form. can help stabilize the soil and
● Composition of soil prevent landslides.
● Presence of water ● Terracing (Dual)- Practice of
● Gradual and sudden kankanawen or rice planting.
● Form erosion ● Drainage control: Increased soil
● Mass wasting event in which saturation and triggered
combination of gravity. landslides.
● Installing an effective drainage
TYPES OF LANDSLIDES system; surface drains,
subsurface drain, and french
ROCKFALLS- Individual rocks or small drains can direct water away from
boulders detach from a steep slope and vulnerable areas and help
falling debris triggered by weathering or maintain soil stability.
erosion.
SOLUTION: NET VEGETATION MANAGEMENT- Reducing
soil erosion and increasing slope
ROCKSLIDES- Involve larger masses of stability.
rocks that slide down a slope triggered -Planting and maintaining vegetation,
by earthquake or rainfall. such as trees, shrubs, and grass on
slopes and hillsides can help bind the
DEBRIS FLOW- Mixture of soil and other soil together with their roots, reducing
debris that flows on a slope like a river the risk of landslides.
triggered by a heavy rainfall or -Use of grass in the stability of roots to
snowmelt. harness the natural slopes of the land.

MUDFLOW- High density of water, higher SURFACE EROSION CONTROL-

portion of water and fine-grained Geotextiles, erosion control blankets,
sediments. and mulching can minimize surface
erosion caused by rainfall or runoff.
-Help maintain the integrity of the slope ● Surface protection (Canopy):
and reduce the likelihood of landslides. ● Reduce its impact on the ground.
Maintains soil erosion caused by
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION- It can heavy rainfall which weakens the
provide valuable information about soil soil. Act as a shield against
composition, stability, and potential winds.
hazard. ● Debris Retention: Intercept and
trap falling rocks debris, or soil
LAND USE PLANNING- Proper land use material, preventing them from
planning for preventing landslides in momentum and causing more
vulnerable areas. significant damage. Act as natural
-Identifying high-risk zones and barriers, absorbing and
implementing zone regulation. disappearing the energy of falling
materials.
EARLY WARNING SYSTEM-
Inclinometer, picometers, and ground TYPES OF TREES
based radar, can detect early signs of ● Native- grown in philippines
slope movements and provide timely ● Exotic
warnings. ● Invasive- harm/threat to
-Allow for evacuation and safety population
measures. ● Endemic
-Reducing the potential impact of
landslides. SLOPE STABILIZATION- Alter their
hydrological condition on slopes,
BENEFITS OF TREES regulating water infiltration and surface
● Root system: Help stabilize the runoff.
soil by binding it together.Create -By controlling water movement, they
a network of interconnected roots contribute to slope stabilization and
that act as natural anchors, reduce the likelihood of landslides.
holding the soil in place. The root
system increases soil cohesion, BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM
reducing the likelihood of slope HEALTH- Species that support a
failure landslides. complex web of interaction between
● Water absorption: Absorb water plants, microorganism,and wildlife.
from the soil through their roots, -Contribute to overall slope stability and
reducing the amount of excess resilience, reducing the susceptibility.
water that saturates the soil.
Excessive water content is one of HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD
the main triggers of landslides. -Events or phenomena that primarily
By regulating soil moisture level, cause the interaction of weather and
trees help maintain slope stability. water systems.
● Soil reinforcement: Enhance soil -These hazards are often characterized
strength and resistance to by the presence of water, such as rain,
erosion. wind, or snow-driven waves.
FLOODS- Most common and destructive losses, water security and environmental
hazard. degradation.
-Soil more quantity of clay: Absorption
will be less because porosity is small. THUNDERSTORM- Convective storms
-Occur when there is overflow of water associated with thunder lighting, heavy
on normally dry land. rain, and sometimes hail or tornadoes.
-Coastal and inland areas. -Sometimes they form on land.
-They cause flash floods, lightning,
NOTE: Caoayan is the widest strikes, and strong winds that may
susceptibility of flood in Vigan. damage structures and vegetation.

CAUSES OF FLOODS STORM SURGES- Abnormal rises sea

● Intense rainfall: Heavy or level generated by storms, particularly
prolonged rainfall can exceed the tropical cyclones. Result in coastal
absorption capacity of the soil, flooding, erosion, and the destruction of
cawing the surface runoff and the coastal infrastructure.
accumulation of water in low-lying -Produce strong winds that push the
areas. water to shore which lead to flooding.
● Snow melt: Rapid melting of -It is very dangerous to the coastal
snow, during warm weather or region.
due to rain or snow can cause an -Rotation of the earth causes the winds
influx of water that overflows river to move toward the right in the northern
systems. hemisphere and toward the left in the
● Dam or levee failure: Control southern hemisphere– A phenomenon
infrastructure can result in the known as coriolis effect.
rapid releases of large volumes of
water, causing downstream river. NOTE
Storm could be at up to 15ft
TYPES OF FLOODS Normal: 2ft
● Riverine Maximum high tide: 17ft
● Coastal
● Flash (Sudden) TORNADO- Rapidly rotating columns of
● Fluvia Human-Induce air that are in contact with both the
surface of the earth and cumulonimbus
TROPICAL CYCLONES their path.
-Hurricane, typhoons, or cyclopes
-These are intense low-pressure system
characterized by strong winds and heavy
rainfall. Part A-shows the role of oxygen to the
formation of fire. As the fire is being
DROUGHT- Prolonged periods of enclosed in the jar, the oxygen is being
significantly below average precipitation used up. Once the fire is enclosed, all
resulting in water shortage and dry the oxygen turns into carbon dioxide and
conditions. They cause agriculture eventually, fire won’t be produced.
Part B- shows the role of heat. Once the that requires a different approach for
candle is soaked in water, it will not be fire-fighters
able to produce enough heat to sustain a
fire. If the candle is dry, then it could FIRE- naturally occurs when elements
reach enough heat to sustain a fire. are present and combined in the right
mixture, meaning the fire is actually an
event, rather than a thing. A fire can be
Part C -shows the role of fuel. Fire needs prevented or extinguished by removing
fuel to form. For the candle, the wick any one of the elements in the fire
serves as the fuel. The wax is not triangle. Example, covering a fire with
capable of burning and is just there to the fire blanket removes the oxygen part
support the fire. of the triangle and extinguishes fire.

FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD

FIRE TRIANGLE-For many years, the

concept of fire was symbolized by the
Triangle of Combustion and represented
fuel, heat, and oxygen.

The triangle illustrates the three

elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, FUEL- is any kind of combustible
and oxygen. The fire was extinguished material including paper, oils, woods,
by removing any one of the elements in gasses, fabrics, liquids, plastics and
the fire triangle. rubber. The fuel for a fire is usually
characterized by moisture content, size
Chain reaction is a sequence of and shape and quantity and this will
reactions where a reactive product or by- determine how easily the fuel will burn
product causes additional reactions to and at what temperature.
take place. – snowball effect
HEAT-In addition to fuel source, heat
must be present in order for ignition to
take place. All flammable materials give
off vapors which undergo combustion,
when heat is present.
-Heat is also responsible for the spread
and maintenance of fire as it removes
An alternative to the fire triangle model the moisture from nearby fuel warming
adds another element to the fire, which the surrounding area and preheating fuel
is a chemical reaction. Fires involving in its path enabling it to travel and
metals such as titanium, lithium, and develop with greater ease.
magnesium have a chemical reaction
OXYGEN-Aside from fuel and heat, fire Oxidation- a chemical reaction that takes
also needs oxygen to keep burning. It place when a substance comes into
acts as an oxidizing agent in the contact with oxygen or another oxidizing
chemical reaction. This means that when substance.
the fuel burns, it reacts with the oxygen
to release heat and combustion. Rust color and brown color in a cut
apple. Apple contains the enzyme
FIRE TETRAHEDRON-A tetrahedron can polyphenol oxidase (PPO) when it comes
be described as a pyramid which is a in contact with oxygen and turns
solid having four plane faces. Essentially colorless compounds into a brown
all four elements must be present for fire pigment called melanin.
to occur, fuel, heat, oxygen, and a
chemical chain reaction. Removal of any Iron is converted into iron oxide-reddish,
one of these essential elements will flaky appearance that becomes
result in the fire being extinguished. progressively worse over time. Gas
evolution-chem reaction in which the
The symbol, although simplistic, is a end product is a gas such as oxygen or
good analogy, how to theoretically carbon dioxide. Fire emits
extinguish a fire, by creating a barrier electromagnetic radiation that travels in
using foam for instance and preventing invisible waves through space. Flame-
oxygen from getting to the fire. By visible (light-emitting) part of a fire-
applying water, you can lower the incandescent –to glow white.
temperature below the ignition
temperature or in a flammable liquid fire
by removing or diverting the fuel. Finally
interfering with the chemical chain
reaction by mopping up the free radicals
in the chemical reaction using, BCF
(BromoChorodiFluoromethane)-portable
and other halon (Bromotrifluoromethane)
fixed installation extinguishers, it also
creates an inert gas barrier. However,
this type of extinguisher is being phased
out and in the future other extinguishing
agents may be found using this
principle.

FIRE-is a process involving rapid

oxidation at elevated temperatures Hydrocarbon-any class of organic
accompanied by the evolution of heated chemicals made up of only the elements
gaseous products of combustion, and carbon © and hydrogen (H).
the emission of visible and invisible Hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to
radiation create carbon dioxide, water, and heat
TWO MODES OF COMBUSTION Class D fires – are fires involving Metals.
PROCESS Class F fires – are fires involving
Cooking oils.
·The flaming
·The non-flaming, smoldering or glowing STAGES OF FIRE
embers. Fire extinguisher
P-pull
FORMS OF FLAMING COMBUSTION A-aim
S-squeez
1.Premixed flames where the fuel and S-sweep
oxygen are mixed prior to ignition. For
example, the flame on a Bunsen burner, Smoking or lighting cigarettes is still the
gas stove, or propane torch. leading cause of fire.
Followed by:
2.Diffusion flames, more common, where ● Electrical ignition by arcing
the fuel and oxygen are initially separate ● Electrical ignition by loose
but burn in the region where they mix, connection
like a burning of a pool of flammable ● Pyrotechnics explosions
liquid or the burning of a log.

CLASSES OF FIRES
Class A fires – are fires involving organic
solids like paper, wood, Esc.
Class B fires – are fires involving
flammable Liquids.
Class C fires – are fires involving
flammable Gasses.