STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING DESIGN BASED

ON CFRP
FEBRUARY 2017, DAVID VAZQUEZ CACHO
CORPORATE TECHNICAL DEPT. – SIKA SERVICES AG.
DESIGN OF CFRP REINFORCEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
COMPOSITES
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

~ 2700 years ago:

FIRST CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS
DEVELOPED BY MEANS OF ADOBE

1879 ~1970 ~1990 ~2012

Development of Development of Marketing of FRP- New generation
carbon fibres) structural based solutions for of FRP
adhesives structural guidelines
strengthening

1850 2020

~1980 ~2000
First researches Development of 2020
1930
concerning the use FRP codes and Implementation
Marketing of first
of composites for guidelines for of FRP in
composites
structural structural Eurocode 2
strengthening strengthening (structural
concrete code)
INTRODUCTION
THE ORIGINS OF THE CARBON FIBER
“I haven’t failed 999 times, I’ve found 999 ways not to make the electric light bulb.”

In 1879, Thomas Edison baked cotton threads or bamboo slivers at high temperatures
carbonizing them into an all-carbon fiber filament used in the first incandescent light bulb
to be heated by electricity.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SIKA FRP SYSTEMS
SIKADUR®30: LONG-TERM DURABILITY
1967: Sikadur®range developed as steel plate bonding for Structural Strengthening

1970 Long Term Test at EMPA

Sikadur® -30 (not finished yet)

Steel: long-term durability is critical as resulting of the risk of corrosion. From 90s, steel plates were
progressively substituted by CFRP systems.
SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE
CFRP RANGE DEVELOPMENT
1982: Tests of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Plates for Structural
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete

Cyclic Load Test

Climatic Test (heat+humidity)

>50 test beams
1989 PhD Thesis H.-P. Kaiser, EMPA, Switzerland
SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE
FIRST APPLICATION OF SIKA CFRP SYSTEMS
1991: First Application of Sika CFRP systems for Structural Strengthening of a bridge

Ibach Bridge, Zurich (Switzerland)

INTRODUCION
WHAT IS THE CFRP?

Human hair
(D=0,08mm)

CARBON FIBERS EPOXY RESIN

Carbon fiber
(D=0,007mm)

COMPOSITE = CFRP
FRP STRENGTH
FIBERS COMPARISON
ULTIMATE STRENGTH

5000 MPa

4000 MPa

3000 MPa
DESIGN
2000 MPa STRENGTH

1000 MPa
STEEL

Carbon Basalt Glass Aramid

 SIKA FRP PRODUCT RANGE
MAIN FRP STRENGTHENING MATERIALS
Prefabricated systems Manual application systems
Sika Carbodur® CFRP plates SikaWrap® fabrics
Sika CarboShear L- links SikaWrap® FX anchorages
Sika CarboDur® range for NSM applications SikaWrap® Grid FRP meshes
Sika CarboStress® post-tensioned CFRP system Sikadur® structural adhesives
Sikadur® structural adhesives

Prefabricated systems represent ≈80% of the current applications in Europe, as they are usually considered as a safer
system (lower safety factors and less restrictions regarding the unevenness of the concrete surface, ) and higher
efficiency during the installation process.
SIKA CARBODUR®
INSTALLATION PROCESS

Sikadur®-30
Priming
Putty
Structural adhesive
CarboDur® Laminate

Simple
Fast
Safe
SIKA CARBODUR®
PROJECT REFERENCES

EDF, France
SIKA CARBODUR®
LJUBLIANICA BRIDGE
SIKA CARBODUR®
REAL MADRID F.C.
 CFRP STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS
USUAL ARRANGEMENT
A complete
strengthening
comprises the shear
and flexural
reinforcement of the
member.

Bending
Carbon fiber laminates only work under tension. Hence, it´s necessary to determine the position of
the tensile stresses along the element.
The CFRP laminates are displayed longitudinally along the concrete´s surface.

Shear
External CFRP stirrups are displayed at the beam´s ends. The wrapping scheme can be either
complete (full wrapping) or partial (U-wrapping or lateral display).
CFRP STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS
AS A SIMPLIFICATION:
SIKA CARBODUR®
INSTALLATION PROCESS
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
POISSON´S EFFECT

Due to the Poisson´s effect, the concrete is

transversally expanded when compressed.
This expansion leads to the collapse of the
column, as concrete has a very limited capacity
for elongation.

Hence, if the transversal expansion is restricted,

the final strength increases…
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
POISSON´S EFFECT
In case of strictly compressive
loads alone (extremely unusual),
the confinement allows surprising
To avoid the lateral solutions:
expansion, its necessary to
ensure a confinement around
the element, by using a rigid
material with a high strength.
This material must keep the
geometry of the member
Gravel column?
when it tries to expand.

And water
column?
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
INFLUENCE OF THE COLUMN´S GEOMETRY
CIRCULAR SECTIONS

For a circular section, the confining pressure affects

the entire section.
Due to this, the efficiency of the strengthening
system is significantly high.

SQUARE SECTIONS

For a square section, a parabolic arching action is

assumed for the concrete core where the confining
pressure is fully developed.
Unlike a circular section, part of the cross-section
remains unconfined.
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
INFLUENCE OF THE COLUMN´S GEOMETRY
RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

Due to the arching effect, a significant part of the cross-

section may remain unconfined.
In case of long shapes, the area corresponding to the
confined core may result very small (aspect ratio> 2:1)

ROUNDING OF CORNERS

The rounding of the corners alters the parabolic arching

effect, increasing the area corresponding to the
confined core.
This also reduces the risk of failure of the CFRP, as most
of the tensions are located in the edges of the RC
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
WRONG FRP ARRANGEMENTS
SIKAWRAP® FABRICS
WET APPLICATION
FRP DESIGN GUIDELINES
SIKAWRAP® & SIKA CARBODUR®
DESIGN GUIDELINES
LOCAL EUROPEAN GUIDELINES
Concrete Society TR55 (UK): Design guidance for
strengthening concrete structures using fibre composite
materials.

CUR-91 (Netherlands): Strengthening of reinforced

concrete structures with externally glued CFRP.

DAfStb Heft 591 (Germany): Strengthening of concrete

elements by means of extrenally bonded reinforcements.

SIA 166 (Switzerland): Externally bonded reinforcement.

CNR-DT 200 (Italy): Guide for the design and construction

of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening
existing structures.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES
OTHER COUNTRIES
CSA S806-12 (Canada): Design and construction of
building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers

ECP 208 (Egypt): Egyptian code of practice for the

use of fiber reinforced polymer ( FRP) in the
construction fields

Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE, Japan):

Recommendation for design and
construction of concrete structures using
continuous fiber reinforc ing materials

AS 5100.8:2016
Bridge design.Part 8: Rehabilitation and strengthening of
existing bridges

American Concrete Institute, ACI 440.2R. (USA): Guide for

the design and construction of externally bonded FRP
systems for strengthening concrete structures.
DESIGN GUIDELINES
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION (SIMPLIFICATION)

Eurocode-2 based guidelines: ACI 440.2R: Guide for the design and construction of
FIB Bulletin 14 (2001 !!!!) externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete
TR55 (2012) structures
GUIDELINES
FUTURE OF THE FRP DESIGN GUIDELINES

Current situation:

+ fib Bulletin 14, or + ACI440.2R

+ CUR-91 (Netherlands)
+TR55 (UK)
+CNR-DT 200 (Italy)

~ 2020: FRP design to be

integrated into EC2: no longer FRP
guidelines in Europe.
STRENGTHENING LIMITS
ACCORDING TO ACI 440.2R-08 GUIDELINE
 ACI 440.2R
ACI440.2R - STRENGTHENING LIMITS (1)
Independently of any other mechanical limitation, the ACI440.2R-08 provides clear
restrictions for the design :
SERVICEABILITY LIMITS

Reinforced Concrete Limits

The effective stress for the reinforcing steel under service loads will remain below 80% of
its yielding point.
𝑓𝑠,𝑠 ≤ 0.80 𝑓𝑦
The stress in the concrete under service loads is limited to 0.45 f´c
𝑓𝑐,𝑠 ≤ 0.45 𝑓´𝑐
Prestressed elements
The yielding of the prestressing steel must be avoided under service loads, hence the
following limits apply:
𝑓𝑝𝑠,𝑠 ≤ 0.82 𝑓𝑝𝑦
𝑓𝑝𝑠,𝑠 ≤ 0.74 𝑓𝑝𝑢
ACI 440.2R
ACI440.2R - STRENGTHENING LIMITS (2)
CREEP & FRP FATIGUE

To avoid creep-rupture of the FRP reinforcement under sustained stresses or failure due to
cyclic stresses and fatigue of the FRP reinforcement, the stress levels in the FRP
reinforcement under these stress conditions is limited to the following values:

CFRP: 0.55 ffu

GFRP: 0.20 ffu

The stress level in the FRP reinforcement can be computed using elastic analysis and an
applied moment due to all sustained loads (dead loads and the sustained portion of the live
load) plus the maximum moment induced in a fatigue loading cycle.
ACI 440.2R
ACI440.2R - STRENGTHENING LIMITS (3)
THE EXISTING MEMBER MUST EXHIBIT A MINIMUM STRENGTH
In the event that the FRP system is damaged, the structure will still be capable of resisting
a reasonable level of load without collapse. The existing strength of the structure should
be sufficient to resist a minimum level of load:

∅𝑅𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 1.1𝑆𝐷𝐿 + 0.75𝑆𝐿𝐿 𝑛𝑒𝑤

In cases where the design live load acting on the member to be strengthened has a high
likelihood of being present for a sustained period of time, the minimum level of load to
resist is:
∅𝑅𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 1.1𝑆𝐷𝐿 + 𝑆𝐿𝐿 𝑛𝑒𝑤

Under a fire situation, the existing, un-strengthened structure must support the
anticipated combination of loads as indicated by the local regulations (unless the FRP is
protected), tipically:
𝑅𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔,𝑡=0 ≥ 𝑆𝐷𝐿 + 𝑆𝐿𝐿 𝑛𝑒𝑤
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
ACI440.2R-08
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
DESIGN OF THE FRP STRENGTHENING (1)

The calculation follows the standard mechanical principles (forces equilibrium and compatibility
of deformations in the section among the different materials), except for he following 2 aspects:

1) The section to calculate will exhibit an existing deformation prior to the strengthening, which
must be considered for the design. This event may affect significantly the serviceability limits
of the strengthened member.
2) Only 85% of the mechanical contribution of the CFRP will be taken into account (ACI440
criteria) 0,3%

Ff
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
DESIGN OF THE FRP STRENGTHENING (2)
The ultimate strength of the strengthened member will be defined by one of the following limitations:

 Concrete crushing under compression (0,3% deformation for ACI-based codes).

 FRP rupture (not expected for systems based on CFRP, but possible in case of using GFRP
laminates).
 Debonding of the FRP laminate from the substrate as a consequence of (*):

FRP separation induced by Debonding due to an

the presence of shear cracks insufficient anchorage length .
(*) Other debonding mechanisms are avoided in ACI440 guideline by assuming a very conservative effective deformation for the CFRP
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
TR55 (UK)
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
DESIGN OF THE FRP STRENGTHENING (2)
The ultimate strength of the strengthened member will be defined by one of the following limitations:

 Concrete crushing under compression (0,35% deformation for European codes).

 FRP rupture (not expected for systems based on CFRP, but possible in case of using GFRP
laminates).
 Debonding of the FRP laminate from the substrate as a consequence of :

FRP separation Debonding due Debonding due

induced by the to lap-shear to an
presence of forces along insufficient
shear cracks the span. anchorage
length.
END ANCHORAGE/DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
DETERMINATION OF ITS POSITION

ACI440(simply supported)
The critical section is point along the span
corresponding to the cracking moment of the
Mcr - Cracking moment
strengthened section.
Anchorage
length

TR55 (simply supported)

The critical section corresponds to the point where
the CFRP is no longer required.

Anchorage Original moment capacity

length
 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING-TR55
DEBONDING DUE TO LONGITUDINAL SHEAR STRESS

The longitudinal shear stress is evaluated between consecutive sections.

The main differences are:
a)The longitudinal shear strength of the concrete substrate is limited according to the location of the section:
𝒇
𝝉𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟒, 𝟓 𝒄𝒕𝒌 (TR55, yield zone of the span)
𝟏,𝟓
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌
𝝉𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟖 (TR55, elastic region between anchorage zone and yield zone)
𝟏,𝟓

b)The TR55 includes an additional longitudinal stress 𝝉𝒔𝒄 corresponding to the positions of flexural cracks.
𝑴𝒚
𝝉𝒔𝒄 = 𝟕, 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟏 − 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 𝝉𝒔𝒄+𝝉𝒃 ≤ 𝝉𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝑴𝑬𝒅 B A

Nf,B ΔNf Nf,A

τb
Original moment capacity

Steel yielding

1-Anchorage 2-Elastic region 3-Yield region τs c

 Subsequent FRP reinforcement

Resulting anchorage & total length

Verification of the lap-shear forces

along the external FRP reinforcement
with respect to the strength of the
concrete surface
FIRE SITUATION

T=0´
T=30´
T=60´
T=90´

THE ANTICIPATED BENDING THE DIFFERENT STRENGTHS THE RESULTING FIRE

MOMENT AND STRENGTH ALONG THE FIRE SITUATION ARE RESISTANCE IS PROVIDED
UNDER A FIRE SITUATION ARE CALCULATED (EUROCODE´S
DETERMINED. ISOTHERM 500 METHOD)
Fire resistance: =87.9´
(R60)
FIRE SITUATION

THE REDUCTION OF THE

STRENGTHS IN THE CRITICAL
SECTION IS PROVIDED

THE DIFFERENT ISOTHERM

T=30´ T=60´ T=90´ PROFILES ALONG THE FIRE
SITUATION ARE DETERMINED
(EUROCODE´S ISOTHERM
500 METHOD)
TR55 vs ACI440 (SIMPLIFICACION)
SECTIONS TO CALCULATE TR55 ACI440.2R-08
Initial loads (determination of deformations) 20 1
SLS, strengthened member 20 1
ULS, strengthened member 20 1
Shear crack debonding check 2 2
Admissible strengthening ratio check 20 1
Acting loads during hardening of adhesive - check 20 -
Fracture energy verification (end anchorage) 2 -
Fire resistance (0´) 20 1
Fire resistance (30´) 20 -
Fire resistance (60´) 20 -
Fire resistance (90´) 20 -
Fire resistance (120´) 20 -
Fire resistance (180´) 20 -
Fire resistance (240´) 20 -

Number of calculations 244 7

COLUMN CONFINEMENT
ACI440.2R-08
CONFINEMENT IN CASE AXIAL LOADING
STRESS LEVEL IN THE CFRP JACKET

CONFINING PRESSURE

NEW CONFINED CONCRETE STRENGTH AND

DEFORMATION

Compressive Stress

Axial deformation
 COLUMN CONFINEMENT
PERFORMANCE OF THE FRP CONFINEMENT
If the lateral expansion is constrained by means of a rigid material, the concrete will be
able to take additional axial loads.

This can be represented graphically as follows:

Original concrete. Peak Stress corresponds to 0,2% deformation, ultimate strain

0,3%-0.35% (ACI/European codes).
Compressive Stress

Confined concrete. The enhanced peak stress remains at 0.2% deformation. The
ductility is significantly increased

Heavily confined concrete. Performance at 0.2% deformation is enhanced. However,

the concrete is still capable to assume additional load. Ultimate load is higher than
peak load.

0,2% 0,3% - Axial deformation

0,35%

Hence, the performance of the confined concrete depends on the confinement force
exerted by the CFRP jacket:
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
BASIS OF THE CALCULATION

TR55 ACI 440.2R-08

The confinement pressure is the main parameter to evaluate the resulting strengths of the
confined column.
The confinement pressure exerted by a circular column is calculated as: 𝑓𝑙 = 2 𝑡𝑓 𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 𝐸𝑓 /𝐷,
where D corresponds to the diameter of the column.
However, the key parameter is the admissible deformation of the CFRP jacket under this
conditions, 𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 , which is limited in case of axial loads as:

𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 = 0,47 𝜀𝑓𝑢 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 = 0,40 𝜀𝑓𝑢
𝜀𝑓,𝑟𝑢𝑝 = 0,52 𝜀𝑓𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
STRENGTH OF THE CONFINED CONCRETE
The strength of the confined concrete is mainly derived from the confinement pressure exerted by the
CFRP jacket. TR55 additionally takes into account the CFRP stiffness for the calculation.
TR55 ACI 440.2R-08

Teng et al. model (2009) Teng et al. model (2003)

Maximum strength of the confined concrete for circular Maximum strength of the confined concrete for
columns is defined as follows: circular columns is defined as follows:

𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑢 = 1 + 5,25 𝜌𝑘 − 0,01 𝜌𝜀 ∙ 𝑓𝑐0 𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓𝑐0 + 0,95 ∙ 3,3 ∙ 𝑓𝑙

where 𝜌𝑘 is the stiffness ratio and 𝜌𝑘 is the strain ratio. where 𝑓𝑙 is the maximum confinement pressure
exerted by the CFRP jacket.
Maximum axial deformation of the confined concrete is
determined as follows: Maximum axial deformation of the confined concrete is
determined as follows:
𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 1,75 + 6,5𝜌𝑘0,8 𝜌𝜀1,45 𝑘 𝑏𝑓𝑙 𝜀𝑓𝑢 0,45
𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0,002(1,50 + 12 0,55 ∙ )
𝑓𝑐0 0,002
TR 55 considers the effects of confinement stiffness
ACI 440 only takes into account the confinement ratio
and the jacket strain capacity to be separately (best
(good accuracy)
accuracy)
 AXIAL + BENDING

0.3%-0.35% 0.3%-0.35% 0.3%-0.35%

e.g. 500 kN e.g. 40 kNm ? ? ?

 INTERACTION DIAGRAM

COMBINATION OF LOADS
AXIAL
(AXIAL + BENDING) NOT
LOADING
SUPPORTED BY THE MEMBER COLUMN STRENGTH UNDER
AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
MOMENTS PROVIDED IN A
e.g. 500 kN
CERTAIN DIRECTION

COMBINATION OF LOADS
(AXIAL + BENDING)
SUPPORTED BY THE MEMBER

e.g. 40 kNm BENDING MOMENT

INTERACTION VOLUME

e.g. 40 kNm e.g. 47 kNm e.g. 69 kNm

INTERACTION VOLUME

FULL REPRESENTATION OF THE COLUMN STRENGTH UNDER ALL THE POSSIBLE

COMBINATIONS OF AXIAL LOADS AND BENDING MOMENTS
COLUMN CONFINEMENT
TR55 (UK)
 TR55: AXIAL+BENDING
C
HETEROGENEOUS STRESS LEVEL ALONG THE
JACKET

LAP SHEAR FORCES AROUND THE MEMBER

EFFECTIVE DEFORMATION OF THE FRP JACKET

LIMITED BY THE LAP SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE
CONCRETE SUBSTRATE.
T
Compressive Stress

FOR A CERTAIN FRP JACKET, THE RESULTING

CONCRETE STRENGTH WILL BE DIFFERENT FOR
EVERY SINGLE COMBINATION OF BENDING
MOMENTS AND AXIAL FORCES

Axial deformation
 FRP CALCULATION SOFTWARE
fc=22 MPa

e.g. Point # 1
Admissible deformation for the FRP jacket: “x” e.g. Confined concrete strength: 35 MPa
Confining pressure: “X” Ultimate axial deformation: 0,6%

fc=22 MPa
e.g. Point # 2
Admissible deformation for the FRP jacket: “y”
Confining pressure: “Y”
e.g. Confined concrete strength: 29 MPa
Ultimate axial deformation: 0,8%

e.g. Point # 3
Admissible deformation for the FRP jacket: “z”
Confining pressure: “Z”
fc=22 MPa

The calculation of A SINGLE interaction volume for a certain confined column e.g. Confined concrete strength: 26 MPa
must consider hundreds of different concretes types due to the different Ultimate axial deformation: 1%
admissible deformation of the FRP jacket and the resulting confinement
pressures !!
FFRP CALCULATION SOFTWARE-FIRE SITUATION
ANTICIPATED AXIAL LOAD&BENDING
MOMENT UNDER A FIRE SITUATION IS
DETERMINED.

THE DIFFERENT INTERACTION DIAGRAMS

ALONG THE FIRE SITUATION ARE
CALCULATED (EUROCODE´S ISOTHERM
500 METHOD)

T=0´
T=30´
T=60´ THE RESULTING FIRE RESISTANCE IS
T=90´ PROVIDED
T=120
Fire resistance: >90´(R90)
TR55 vs ACI440 (SIMPLIFICACION)
SECTIONS TO CALCULATE AXIAL+BENDING AXIAL LOAD
(TR55) (ACI440.2R-08)
SLS, strengthened member (*) 200 1
ULS, strengthened member (*) 200 1
Failure due to lap-shear debonding mechanism (*) 200 -
Maximum strengthening ratio 1 1
Fire resistance (0´) (*) 200 1
Fire resistance (30´) (*) 200 -
Fire resistance (60´) (*) 200 -
Fire resistance (90´) (*) 200 -
Fire resistance (120´) (*) 200 -
Fire resistance (180´) (*) 200 -
Fire resistance (240´) (*) 200 -

Sections to calculate (approx.) 2001 4

Concrete types to consider in the calculation 201 2

SHEAR STRENGTHENING
ACI440.2R-08
SHEAR STRENGTHENING
INTRODUCTION
Unlike the design of flexural strengthening, where standard mechanical criteria govern de
calculations, the complexity of the shear mechanisms forced the development of design
methods from experimental researches.

Independently from the calculation procedure used, the shear strength of the member is
determined as the sum of the strengths provided by the concrete, steel and CFRP
separately.
SHEAR STRENGTHENING
INTRODUCTION

However, certain criteria is common among the different

design methods:

 The CFRP is dimensioning following similar procedures

than those used for the calculation of internal steel
stirrups.

 The CFRP can be displayed following 3 different

configurations:
- Full wrapping, providing the best performance.
- “U” wrapping of the beam.
- Bonded on both sides of the beam. This scheme
provides the worst performance.

 The key parameter in the calculation concerns the

maximum effective deformation for the CFRP.
SHEAR STRENGTHENING
DESIGN DEFORMATION OF THE CFRP

TR55 FIB14 ACI 440.2R-08

The maximum CFRP strain for the design should be taken as the minimum of:
𝜀𝑓𝑑 Fully wrapped members: Fully wrapped members:

2
 0,4%
2
3
0.30  0,75 𝜀𝑓𝑢
0,8 𝑓𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘  ∙ 0,17 ∙ 𝜀𝑓𝑢  0,4%
 0,5 √( ) 1,35 0,001 ∙ 𝐸𝑓 ∙𝜌𝑓
𝐸𝑓𝑑 ∙ 𝑡𝑓  0,44%
U / Side wrapping:
 𝑘𝑣 𝜀𝑓𝑢
U / Side wrapping:  0,4%
2 0.56
3
0,8 𝑓𝑐𝑚 (𝑘𝑣 is a bond-reduction coefficient
 ∙ 0,65 ∙ 10 −3
1,30 0,001 ∙ 𝐸𝑓 ∙𝜌𝑓 related to the concrete strength,
 0,44% type of wrapping scheme and
stiffness of the laminate)

The different methods lead to similar results:

~0,2%-0,3% for U / lateral wrapping ~0,3-0,4% for fully wrapped members
SHEAR STRENGTHENING
CFRP CONTRIBUTION TO SHEAR STRENGTH
FIB14

𝑡𝑓 𝑏𝑓
0,9 𝜀𝑓 𝐸𝑓 2 𝑏 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑏𝑓 𝑠𝑓 𝑓

TR55
𝑛𝑠
(2 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 )/𝑠𝑓 (𝑑𝑓 − 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽) 𝐸𝑓𝑑 𝜀𝑓 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽)
3 𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥
ns =0 (fully wrapped), 1 (U-Wrapped) or 2 (lateral display)

ACI 440.2R-08

0,75 ∙ 0,85 2 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝜀𝑓 𝐸𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑑𝑓 /𝑠𝑓 (U/lateral wrapping)

0,75 ∙ 0,95 2 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝜀𝑓 𝐸𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑑𝑓 /𝑠𝑓 (full wrapping)

FIB and ACI implement additional reduction factors

TR55 and ACI take into account the effective depth of the CFRP and its reduction as consequance of the
anchorage length.
Fib14 procedure may result unsafe in the case of T-beams with low available height for the CFRP, as it considers
the effective depth of the member (d) instead of using the static depth of the CFRP (df), and additionally the
anchorage length is not taken into account !!!!
 SHEAR STRENGTHENING
STRENGTHENING LIMITS

Independently of any other mechanical limitation, the ACI330.2R-08 indicates certain

restrictions for the design :
MAXIMUM CONTRIBUTION OF THE FRP

The sum of the shear strengths provided by the shear reinforcement should be limited
based on the criteria given for steel alone in ACI 318:

𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑓 ≤ 0.66 𝑓´𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
SHEAR STRENGTHENING
TR55 (UK)
SHEAR STRENGTHENING

Independently from the calculation procedure used, the shear strength of the member is
determined as the sum of the strengths provided by the steel and CFRP separately.
Concrete does not contribute to shear strengths in European concrete codes.
SHEAR STRENGTHENING
CFRP CONFIGURATIONS

Additionally, 2 more FRP schemes are possible

 Shear strengthening with NSM profiles (included in

TR55).
Due to the design approach, this alternative is not
efficient in case of beams with small height.

 Shear strengthening with CarboShear L links (EMPA

report adapted to TR55 approach).
Due to the TR55 limitations concerning the
maximum spacing between consecutive CFRP
profiles, this option may lead to oversized results.
CARBOSHEAR®
PATENTED PRINCIPLE
CARBOSHEAR®
FIRE SITUATION
REACTION TO FIRE AND FIRE RESISTANCE
FIRE SITUATION
INTRODUCTION
2 parameters are related to the fire scenario. Their limits are defined by the local regulations
(national/regional/city regulations) in each country.

1-Reaction to fire is the measurement of how a material or system will contribute to the
fire development and spread, as well as the emission of smoke/flaming droplets.
According to their use, certain quantity and/or type of materials cannot be used for
walls/floor/ceiling rendering.

Concrete and steel do not contribute to the fire development, and do not generate smoke.
In case of an adequate kind of polymer used as saturator/adhesive, the reaction to fire of
the strengthening system is moderate.

Fire reaction tests (ITB) of multi-layer CFRP Sika systems > Euroclass B
FIRE SITUATION
INTRODUCTION

2-Fire resistance of the structural member: The load bearing capacity of the member can
be ensured for a specific period of time (30 to 240 minutes).

The fire resistance is expected to provide time to the building occupants for emergency
evacuation before the structure collapses.

Hence, the requested time to resist is commonly proportional to the quantity of people to
evacuate and the distance to the exit.

The fire protection for a structural member is therefore not directly oriented to the
PROTECTION of the structure (e.g. the structure can collapse or be seriously damaged in
case of fire, even when protected).

In many cases, outdoor structures (e.g. bridges) may not need a satisfy a certain fire
resistance as the evacuation is feasible in a few minutes.
 Requested fire resistance
240
´
Skyscraper

DISTANCE TO EXIT
Building

30´
BUILDING´S USE Detached House

Hospital Commercial Educational Administrative Residential

NEED FOR CFRP STRENGTHENING
ALTERNATIVES
OPTION A1
REQUESTED FIRE RESISTANCE (30´-240´) CAN BE FULFILLED WITH
CFRP IS NOT NO ADDITIONAL MEASURE OR PROTECTION.
NECESSARY UNDER A
FIRE SCENARIO OPTION A2
PROTECTION IS NECESSARY FOR THE REINFORCED CONCRETE
SECTION TO MEET A CERTAIN FIRE RESISTANCE.
> 90% OF THE REAL CASES

OPTION B
CFRP IS NECESSARY
UNDER A FIRE PROTECTION IS NECESSARY FOR THE CFRP AND THE REINFORCED
SCENARIO CONCRETE SECTION TO MEET A CERTAIN FIRE RESISTANCE.
< 10% OF THE REAL CASES

THE NEED FOR PROTECTION AND THE RESULTING FIRE RESISTANCE MUST BE OBTAINED BY MEANS OF
A CALCULATION FOLLOWING THE EUROCODE PROCEDURES.
STEP 1: NEED FOR CFRP
IN CASE OF FIRE?
NEED FOR CFRP STRENGTHENING
PERSISTENT AND TRANSIENT SITUATION
The design of a structure is focused in ensuring the necessary strength under the expected
loads. For safety reasons, the different codes take into account additional safety
coefficients.

Under those circumstances, an appropriate strengthening method must be displayed, so

that the structural safety gap required the local regulation is achieved.

PERSISTENT AND TRANSIENT Eurocode 2 / ACI approach

SITUATIONS
The expected loads are increased by means of safety factors :
Design loads  x1.5 or x1.6 for imposed loads (Eurocode/ACI)
 x1.35 or x1.2 for permanent loads (Eurocode/ACI)

The real strengths are reduced by means of safety factors

Ultimate Strengths
 yc= 1.5 for concrete, ys= 1.15 for steel (EC2 reduction factors)
 φ factors (0.65-0.9), ACI-based models
NEED FOR CFRP STRENGTHENING
FIRE SITUATION
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions -
Actions on structures exposed to fire.)
DETERMINATION OF Fire loads taken as the quasi-permanent combination of Service
THE ANTICIPATED Loads or as a reduced ratio (70% as usual) of the design loads.
DESIGN LOADS
UNDER A FIRE ACI 318/ ACI 216 / ACI 440
SCENARIO
Fire loads taken as the Service Loads
No safety factors are considered in a fire scenario

DETERMINATION OF Characteristic strengths for concrete and steel to be used

THE ANTICIPATED (Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules -
Structural fire design, section 2.3.)
DESIGN STRENGTHS
UNDER A FIRE
Nominal strength of the member to be used
SCENARIO
ACI 318 / ACI 216 / ACI 440
No reduction factors are considered in a fire scenario
DESIGN STRENGTHS
EXAMPLE (BASED ON EUROCODE 1&2):

DESIGN SITUATION
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH DESIGN STRENGTH
CONCRETE 25 MPa 25/1.50 = 16.6 MPa
STEEL 500 MPa 500/1.15 = 434 MPa

FIRE SITUATION
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH DESIGN STRENGTH
CONCRETE 25 MPa 25/1 = 25 MPa
STEEL 500 MPa 500/1 = 500 MPa
NORMAL VS. FIRE SITUATION
EXAMPLE:
Load (bending moment)
70 kNm
Strength=64 kNm
NORMAL DESIGN SITUATION
(NO CFRP)

Design loads exceed the design strength : CFRP is necessary !!

Load (bending moment)

55 kNm
FIRE SITUATION, SAME SLAB Strength=78 kNm
AND LOAD CONDITIONS

CFRP Strengthening? Why?

STEP 2 (FRP NOT NECESSARY IN CASE OF FIRE)
DETERMINATION OF THE FIRE RATING OF THE SECTION AND PROTECTION OF THE
R.C. MEMBER
 STRENGTHS DEVELOPMENT IN CASE OF FIRE
CONCRETE
The expected temperatures in a RC member can be evaluated by the simplified temperatures profiles
existing in the Eurocode 2: Part 1-2 or ACI 216

Example 1: at 30mm depth:

≈ 760ºC after 240 minutes

≈ 500ºC after 90 minutes

Example 2: expected temperature profile at 400ºC:

≈ 77mm depth after 240 minutes

≈ 16mm depth after 30 minutes

Depth (mm)
STRENGTHS DEVELOPMENT IN CASE OF FIRE
CONCRETE
The design strength is initially increased, as a consequence of the absence of safety factors.
From this moment, the strength will decrease according to the temperature.

≈ 95% at 200ºC

≈ 80% at 400ºC

≈ 50% at 600ºC
STRENGTHS DEVELOPMENT IN CASE OF FIRE
STEEL
The design strength is initially increased, as a consequence of the absence of safety factors.
From this moment, the strength will decrease according to the temperature.

≈ 87% at 300ºC

≈ 60% at 500ºC
CALCULATION PROCESS
TEMPERATURE PROFILES
60’ 90’

C5 C4

C12 C10

C18 C14

C22 C20

C25 C23

C25
 SIMPLIFIED METHOD
500ºC ISOTHERM METHOD

60’

>500ºC

90’
PROTECTIVE MORTAR FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES
IN CASE OF FIRE

Equivalent concrete thickness

(SikaCrete 215F protective mortar)

28 mm Additional Steel Steel strength Concrete

Vermiculite equivalent temperature (Mpa) thickness
protective concrete cover (ºC) Exceeding
mortar (mm) 500ºC
30 54 30 500 0
60 64 80 500 0
90 72 90 500 0
120 80 110 490 0
180 90 180 470 0
240 94 250 450 0
 LOADS AND STRENGTHS DEVELOPMENT

Strength
(protected
kNm member)

Strength
(unprotected
member)

Strength

Load

0´ 30´ 60´ 90´ 120´ 180´ 240´

STEP 3 (FRP NECESSARY IN CASE OF FIRE)
DETERMINATION OF THE FIRE PROTECTION
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE

The temperature resistance for the CFRP materials is

significantly high in certain cases.

However, the structural adhesives used for the

adhesion/saturation usually exhibit low Tg (glass
transition temperature), so they are the main target
for the fire protection.

SikaDur 30LP: Tg=50ºC (23ºC curing temp.)

Tg=110ºC (120ºC curing temp.)
PhD Thesis 2009
Ernst-Lucas Klamer,
TU Eindhoven
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
SIKADUR® 30 ADHESIVE, 3-POINT BENDING TEST.

 No significant decrease in failure load up to 90°C (Tg + 30°C) for normal

strength concrete
 Short term test
SIKACRETE® 213F PROTECTION MORTAR

Cement-based pre-bagged, dry mix fire protection mortar for wet sprayed application
SIKACRETE® 213 PROTECTION MORTAR
50MM SIKACRETE®-213F
100.0

40mm

80.0

60mm
Temperature C

60.0

FRP-Concrete A

FRP-Concrete B
40.0
FRP-Insulation A

FRP-Insulation B
20.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time in minutes

50mm SikaCrete-213F: 80ºC after 60 minutes

DESIGN OF STRENGTHENING SOLUTIONS
BASED ON NSM
OCTOBER 2016, DAVID VAZQUEZ CACHO
SIKA SERVICES AG/ CORPORATE TECHNICAL DEPT.
 STRENGTHENING SOLUTIONS BASED ON NSM

Externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) Near Surface Mounted (NSM)

FRP plates or fabrics are bonded on the FRP profiles (plates / rods) are displayed
surface of the reinforced concrete into slots. The depth and spacing are
member. regulated in the corresponding FRP
guideline.
STRENGTHENING SOLUTIONS BASED ON NSM
SIKA NSM RANGE

CARBODUR S NSM CARBODUR BC RODS SIKAWRAP FX-50C

CFRP plates CFRP rods Carbon fibre string
E=170 GPa E=148 GPa E=230 GPa (dry fibre)

S1.030 (10 mm x 3.0 mm) BC6 (6 mm diameter) Dry fibre values:

S1.525 (1.5 mm x 2.5 mm) BC8 (8 mm diameter) 50 gr/m (28 mm2)
S2.025 (20 mm x 2.5 mm) BC10 (10 mm diameter) Laminated properties
BC12 (12 mm diameter) ~ 10 mm diam (78.5 mm2)
E=80 GPA
WHY TO USE NSM INSTEAD OF BONDED SOLUTIONS?
(FROM A DESIGNER´S POINT OF VIEW):

 The design of externally bonded solutions is fully regulated in the existing FRP
guidelines… but the NSM solutions too.
 NSM simply performs better under some of the most critical aspects of the design,
such as:

a) Lap shear forces in the concrete substrate are reduced

b) Enhanced anchorage capacity in NSM-based solutions

… this allows the use of larger deformations in the NSM profiles with respect to the
equivalent bonded alternatives.

Let´s explain those 2 topics….

1ST TOPIC: LAP SHEAR FORCES ARE REDUCED.
 CarboDur S CarboDur BC Rod SikaWrap FX 50-C CarboDur NSM

CFRP profile net area with respect to the width of the substrate in contact with it.

~1.3mm2 / mm ~1.10 mm2 / mm ~1.74 mm2 / mm ~0.79 mm2 / mm

Force corresponding to 1 mm substrate width (for 1% CFRP deformation):

~2 210 N / mm ~1 628 N / mm ~1 395 N / mm ~1 343 N / mm

HOW STRESSED GETS THE CONCRETE SURFACE?
…FOR A GIVEN DEFORMATION OF THE CFRP PROFILE.

~25% less. ~40% less.

CarboDur S
BC Rod
SikaWrap FX 50-C
CarboDur NSM

Stress (design deformation) in

Lap shear stress in the concrete
the NSM profile can be increased
surface is ~ 25% to ~ 40% smaller by ~ 25% to ~ 40% in comparison
in case of NSM.
to EBR.
Example: calculation according to the American FRP guideline (ACI 440.2R-08), 25MPa
concrete, indoor installation:

CARBODUR S (EBR)

25MPa
εfd = 0.41 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓% design deformation
170 000 MPa x 1.2mm

CARBODUR S (NSM)
εfd = 0.7 CE ε∗fu = 0.7 x 0.95 x 1.8% = 𝟏. 𝟐% design deformation

260% the deformation of the bonded CarboDur plate !!!

2ND TOPIC: ANCHORAGE CAPACITY
A) PERFORMANCE OF THE ANCHORAGE

Force
Max. anchorage force.
EBR

CFRP Slip

Force

NSM

CFRP Slip
B) ANCHORAGE LENGTH
Externally bonded
(CarboDur plate)

Force

Max. anchorage force

Anchorage
length
Max. anchorage length
Max. anchorage force

?
Max. anchorage length
NSM

Force

Force increases according to

the anchorage length

Anchorage
length

Max. anchorage length ???

AS RESULTING OF ALL THE PREVIOUS INFORMATION…

Designers can use ~25% to 45% Designers can use ~40% to 65%
of the bonded plate strength as of the NSM profile´s strength as
“design value” “design value”
However, this increased performance may lead to new failure mechanisms to be taken
into account in the design…
RUPTURE OF THE CFRP
Quite unexpected in the case of carbon fibre profiles. However, the rupture of
the CFRP profile may exceptionally occur (unlike Externally Bonded solutions).
ADHESIVE SPLITTING
Extremely unusual in case of high-performance adhesives (e.g. Sikadur systems).
CONCRETE COVER SEPARATION
May happen in those members with significant number of steel reinforcement
bars.
CONCRETE SPLITTING
In case of high-performance adhesives and low-strength concrete.
..OTHER IMPORTANT TOPICS
DISTRIBUTION AND SPACING
..OTHER IMPORTANT TOPICS
BUCKLING
In the case of externally bonded laminates,
its buckling can be easily expected under
moderate compressions.

However, NSM profiles can act under those

circumstances. This is specially necessary
under a seismic scenario, where small
compressions may appear as a
consequence of the lateral accelerations
(left/right).

Neither EBR nor NSM can be designed as a

contribution to compressive forces. This is:
it´s not possible to replace any steel bar
working under compression with an NSM
profile.
ALTERNATIVE NSM SYSTEMS
FLEXIBLE NSM

SikaWrap FX-50C, carbon fiber cord

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION