Lect 05
Lect 05
546
Lecture ‐ 05
Transmission Lines
Spring 2022
Jose E. Schutt-Aine
Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Illinois
[email protected]
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 1
Maxwell’s Equations
B
E Faraday’s Law of Induction
t
D
H J Ampère’s Law
t
Constitutive Relations
B H D E
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 2
Why Transmission Line?
z
Wavelength :
propagation velocity
=
frequency
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 3
Why Transmission Line?
In Free Space
At 10 KHz : = 30 km
At 10 GHz : = 3 cm
Transmission line behavior is prevalent when the
structural dimensions of the circuits are comparable
to the wavelength.
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 4
Justification for Transmission Line
circuit
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 5
Justification for Transmission Line
circuit
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 6
Modeling Interconnections
Mid-range
Low Frequency Frequency High Frequency
LT
CT/2 Zo
CT/2
or
Short LT/2 LT/2
Transmission
Line
CT
Lumped
Reactive CKT
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 7
Single wire near ground
d
+
h
1 4h
for d << h, Zo = ln
2 d
2
C=
4h 4h
ln L= ln
d 2 d
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 8
Single wire between
grounded parallel planes
ground return
h/2
+ d
h/2
1 4h
Zo = ln
2 d
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 9
Wires in parallel near ground
+ + d
for d << D, h
Z O 69 / r log10 4h / d 1 2h / D
2
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 10
Balanced, near ground
+ d
for d << D, h
2D / d
Z O 276 / r log10
1 D / 2h
2
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 11
Open 2‐wire line in air
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 12
Parallel-plate Transmission Line
a
a
L= w
w
C= a
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 13
Types of Transmission Lines
r Air er
Coplanar line
Coaxial line Waveguide
er er er
Slot line
Microstrip Stripline
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 14
Coaxial Transmission Line
b
a
b
L = ln a
2
C = ln(b/a)
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 15
Coaxial Air Lines
b
a
Infinite Conductivity
/
Zo ln b / a
2
Finite Conductivity
/ 1/ a 1/ b
Zo ln b / a 1 1 j
2 4 f ln(b / a )
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 16
Coaxial Connector Standards
b
a
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 17
Microstrip
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 18
Microstrip
90
80 h = 21 mils
h = 14 mils
Zo (ohms)
h = 7 mils
70
60
50
40
30
0 1 2 3
W/h
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 19
Telegraphers’ Equations
L
I
V C
-
z
L: Inductance per unit length.
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 20
TL Solutions
L
I
V C
-
z
V 2V I 2V
j L j LjCV 2
LCV
z z z z z 2
I I2
V 2 I
j C j LjCI 2
CLI
z z z z z 2
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 21
TL Solutions
(Frequency Domain)
z
Zo
forward wave
backward wave
Forward Wave
Backward Wave
LC V ( z ) V e j z V e j z
L V j z V j z
Zo I ( z) e e
C Zo Zo
Forward Wave Backward Wave
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 22
TL Solutions
1
Propagation constant LC Propagation velocity v
LC
v
L Wavelength
Characteristic impedance Zo f
C
V V
I ( z, t ) cos t z cos t z
Zo Zo
Forward Wave Backward Wave
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 23
Reflection Coefficient
V (0) V V
ZR
V V V V V V
I (0) Zo
Zo Zo
Which gives V RV
Z R Zo
where R is the load reflection coefficient
Z R Zo
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 24
Reflection Coefficient
V ( z ) V e j z R e j z V ( z ) V e j z 1 R e 2 j z
V j z V e j z
I ( z) e R e j z I ( z) 1 R e 2 j z
Zo Zo
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 25
Generalized Impedance
V ( z) e j z R e j z
Z ( z) Z o j z j z
I ( z) e R e
Z R jZ o tan l Impedance
Z l Z o transformation
Z
o jZ R tan l equation
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 26
Generalized Impedance
- Short circuit ZR=0, line appears inductive for 0 < l < /2
Z (l ) jZ o tan l
- Open circuit ZR inf, line appears capacitive for 0 < l < /2
Zo
Z (l )
j tan l
- If l = /4, the line is a quarter-wave transformer
Z o2
Z (l )
ZR
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 27
Generalized Reflection Coefficient
Backward traveling wave at z Vb ( z )
( z )
Forward traveling wave at z V f ( z )
V e j z V 2 j z 2 j z
( z ) j z
e R e
V e V
Reflection coefficient
(l ) R e 2 j l
transformation equation
1 ( z ) Z ( z) Zo
Z ( z) Zo ( z )
1 ( z ) Z ( z) Zo
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 28
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
V ( z ) V e j z 1 R e 2 j z We follow the magnitude of the
voltage along the TL
V ( z ) V e j z 1 R e 2 j z V 1 R e 2 j z
Maximum and minimum
magnitudes given by
Vmax 1 R
Vmin 1 R
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 29
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
Define Voltage Standing Wave Ratio as:
Vmax 1 R
VSWR
Vmin 1 R
It is a measure of the interaction between
forward and backward waves
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 30
VSWR – Arbitrary Load
Shows variation of amplitude along line
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 31
VSWR – For Short Circuit Load
Voltage minimum is reached at load
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 32
VSWR – For Open Circuit Load
Voltage maximum is reached at load
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 33
VSWR – For Open Matched Load
No variation in amplitude along line
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 34
Application: Slotted‐Line Measurement
‐ Measure VSWR = Vmax/Vmin
‐ Measure location of first minimum
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 35
Application: Slotted‐Line Measurement
So, R R e 2 j dmin
1 R
and Z R Z o
1 R
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 36
Summary of TL Equations
Voltage Current
V j z
V ( z ) V e j z
1 R e 2 j z
I ( z) e 1 R e 2 j z
Zo
Z R jZ o tan l
Impedance Transformation Z l Z o
Z
o jZ R tan l
2 j l
Reflection Coefficient Transformation ( l ) R e
Reflection Coefficient – to Impedance Z ( z ) Z o 1 ( z )
1 ( z )
Z ( z) Zo
Impedance to Reflection Coefficient ( z )
Z ( z) Zo
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 37
Determining V+
V ( z ) V e j z 1 R e 2 j z
reflection coefficient
at the load V e j z
I ( z) 1 R e 2 j z
Z Zo Zo
R R
Z R Zo
At z = ‐l, VS Z S I (l ) V (l )
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 38
Determining V+
this leads to
ZS
VS V e j l
1 e
R
2 j l
Z R
V e j l
1 e 2 j l
o
or
j l j l Z S j l Z S j l
VS V e Re e R e
Zo Zo
j l Z S j l ZS
VS V e 1 R e 1
Z o Z o
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 39
Determining V+
ZS 1
Divide through by 1
Zo TS
V e j l S R e j l TSVS
1
ZS Zo Z S Zo
with TS 1 and S
Zo Z S Zo Z S Zo
TSVS e j l
From which V
1 S R e 2 j l
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 40
TL Example
Zs = 25 IR
+ +
o
V s= 1e j0 V
Is Zo =50 VR ZR = 75
- -
z
d
A signal generator having an internal resistance Zs = 25
and an open circuit phasor voltage Vs = 1ej0 volt is connected
to a 50‐ lossless transmission line as shown in the above
picture. The load impedance is ZR= 75 and the line length
is /4.
Find the magnitude and phase of the load current IR.
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 41
TL Example – Cont’
Zs = 25 IR
+ +
o
V s= 1e j0 V
Is Zo =50 VR ZR = 75
- -
z
d
TsVs e j l Zo 50
V Ts 2/3
1 R s e 2 j l Z s Z o 50 25
Z s Z o 25 50 Z R Z o 75 50
s 1/ 3 R 1/ 5
Z s Z o 25 50 Z R Z o 75 50
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 42
TL Example – Cont’
2
l e j l j
4 2
(2 / 3)(1)( j ) j2 / 3
V j5 / 7
1 (1/ 3)(1/ 5)(1) 1 1/15
V j 0.714285 V
I R j 0.014285 A
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 43
Geometric Series Expansion
Since S R e 2 j l 1
V+ can be expanded in a geometric series form
TSVS e j l
V V TS VS kS kR e 2 j kl e j l
1 S R e 2 j l k 0
TS VS kS kR1e
j l 2 k 1 j z
V ( z ) TS VS e k
S
k j l 2 k 1 j z
R e e
k 0 k 0
v
j z 2 k 1l j z 2 k 1l
V ( z ) TS VS kS kR e v
TS VS kS e k 1
R
v
k 0 k 0
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 44
TL Time‐Domain Solution
(2k 1)l z
v( z , t ) TS v t
k
S
k
R s
k 0 vo
(2k 1)l z
TS v t
k
S
k 1
R s
k 0 vo
at z=0
(2k 1)l
v(0, t ) TS v t k
S
k
R s
k 0 vo
(2k 1)l
TS v t k
S
k 1
R s
k 0 vo
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 45
TL Time‐Domain Solution
At z=‐l
(2k 1)l l
v(l , t ) TS v t
k
S
k
R s
k 0 vo
(2k 1)l l
TS v t
k
S
k 1
R s
k 0 vo
2kl
v(l , t ) TS v t
k
S
k
R s
k 0 vo
2(k 1)l
TS v t
k
S
k 1
R s
k 0 vo
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 46
TL ‐ Time‐Domain Reflectometer
For TDR, ZS = Zo S = 0, and retain only k=1
2l
v(l , t ) TS vs t TS R vs t
vo
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 47
Wave Shifting Method
v f 1 (t ) Forward traveling wave at port 1 (measured at near end of line)
v f 2 (t ) Forward traveling wave at port 2 (measured at far end of line)
vb1 (t ) Backward traveling wave at port 1 (measured at near end of line)
vb 2 (t ) Backward traveling wave at port 2 (measured at far end of line)
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 48
Wave Shifting Solution*
line length
delay=
velocity
Z1 Z o
v f 1 (t ) 1vb 2 (t ) TV 1
1 g 1 (t ) Z1 Z o
vb 2 (t ) 2 v f 1 (t ) T2Vg 2 (t ) Zo
T1
v f 2 (t ) v f 1 (t ) Z1 Z o
vb1 (t ) vb 2 (t ) Z2 Zo
2
Z2 Zo
v1 (t ) v f 1 (t ) vb1 (t ) Zo
v2 (t ) v f 2 (t ) vb 2 (t ) T2
Z2 Zo
*Schutt-Aine & Mittra, Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., pp. 529-536, vol. 36 March 1988.
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 49
Frequency Dependence of Lumped Circuit Models
0.3 10 9 tr
0.35
f
10d r f
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 50
Lumped Circuit or Transmission Line?
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 51
Frequency Dependence of Lumped Circuit Models
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 52