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Lect 05

This document summarizes a lecture on transmission lines. It introduces Maxwell's equations and discusses when transmission line behavior becomes important based on the wavelength and structural dimensions of circuits. It provides examples of characteristic impedance calculations for different types of transmission line configurations, including coaxial lines, microstrips, and parallel plates. The document also presents the telegrapher's equations that model transmission lines and their frequency domain solutions showing forward and backward traveling waves along the line.

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zhiqian wang
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views

Lect 05

This document summarizes a lecture on transmission lines. It introduces Maxwell's equations and discusses when transmission line behavior becomes important based on the wavelength and structural dimensions of circuits. It provides examples of characteristic impedance calculations for different types of transmission line configurations, including coaxial lines, microstrips, and parallel plates. The document also presents the telegrapher's equations that model transmission lines and their frequency domain solutions showing forward and backward traveling waves along the line.

Uploaded by

zhiqian wang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 

546
Lecture ‐ 05
Transmission Lines
Spring 2022

Jose E. Schutt-Aine
Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Illinois
[email protected]

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 1
Maxwell’s Equations
B
 E   Faraday’s Law of Induction
t

D
 H  J  Ampère’s Law
t

D   Gauss’ Law for electric field

B  0 Gauss’ Law for magnetic field

Constitutive Relations

B  H D  E

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 2
Why Transmission Line?


z

Wavelength : 

propagation velocity
=
frequency

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 3
Why Transmission Line?

In Free Space

At 10 KHz :  = 30 km

At 10 GHz :  = 3 cm

Transmission line behavior is prevalent when the 
structural dimensions of the circuits are comparable 
to the wavelength.

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 4
Justification for Transmission Line

Let d be the largest dimension of a circuit

circuit

If d << , a lumped model for the circuit can be used

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 5
Justification for Transmission Line

circuit

If d ≈ , or d >  then use transmission line model

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 6
Modeling Interconnections
Mid-range
Low Frequency Frequency High Frequency
LT

CT/2 Zo
CT/2

or
Short LT/2 LT/2
Transmission
Line
CT

Lumped
Reactive CKT

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 7
Single wire near ground
d

+
h

1   4h 
for d << h, Zo = ln  
2   d 

Zo = 120 cosh -1 (D/d)

2
C=
 4h   4h
ln   L= ln
 d  2 d

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 8
Single wire between
grounded parallel planes
ground return

h/2

+ d

h/2

1   4h 
Zo = ln 
2    d 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 9
Wires in parallel near ground

+ + d

for d << D, h

  
Z O  69 /  r log10  4h / d  1   2h / D 
2

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 10
Balanced, near ground

+ d

for d << D, h

 
  2D / d 

Z O  276 /  r  log10 


 1   D / 2h 
2


ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 11
Open 2‐wire line in air

Zo = 120 cosh -1 (D/d)

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 12
Parallel-plate Transmission Line

a 

a
L= w

w
C= a

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 13
Types of Transmission Lines

r Air er
Coplanar line
Coaxial line Waveguide

er er er
Slot line
Microstrip Stripline

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 14
Coaxial Transmission Line


b

a

TEM Mode of Propagation

b
L =  ln a

2
C = ln(b/a)

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 15
Coaxial Air Lines


b

a

Infinite Conductivity
 /
Zo  ln  b / a 
2

Finite Conductivity

 /  1/ a  1/ b  
Zo  ln  b / a  1  1  j 
2  4  f  ln(b / a ) 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 16
Coaxial Connector Standards

b

a

Connector Frequency Range


14 mm DC - 8.5 GHz
GPC-7 DC - 18 GHz
Type NDC - 18 GHz
3.5 mm DC - 33 GHz
2.92 mm DC - 40 GHz
2.4 mm DC - 50 GHz
1.85 mm DC - 65 GHz
1.0 mm DC - 110 GHz

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 17
Microstrip

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 18
Microstrip

Microstrip Characteristic Impedance


100

90

80 h = 21 mils
h = 14 mils
Zo (ohms)

h = 7 mils
70

60

50

40

30
0 1 2 3
W/h

dielectric constant : 4.3.

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 19
Telegraphers’ Equations
L
I

V C
-

z
L: Inductance per unit length.

C: Capacitance per unit length.


V I Assume V
 L   j LI
z t time-harmonic z
dependence
I V I
 C   jCV
z t V , I ~ e jt z

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 20
TL Solutions
L
I

V C
-

z

  V   2V I  2V
      j L   j LjCV   2
LCV
z  z  z z z 2

  I   I2
V 2 I
      j C   j LjCI   2
CLI
z  z  z z z 2

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 21
TL Solutions
(Frequency Domain)
z

Zo 

forward wave

backward wave

Forward Wave
 Backward  Wave

   LC V ( z )  V e  j z  V e  j z

L V  j z V  j z
Zo  I ( z)  e  e
C Zo Zo

    
Forward Wave Backward Wave

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 22
TL Solutions
1
Propagation constant    LC Propagation velocity v 
LC
v
L Wavelength 
Characteristic impedance Zo  f
C

Forward Wave Backward Wave


   
V ( z , t )  V cos t   z   V cos t   z 

V V
I ( z, t )  cos t   z   cos t   z 
Zo Zo
 
Forward Wave Backward Wave

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 23
Reflection Coefficient

At z=0, we have V(0)=ZRI(0)


But from the TL equations:

V (0)  V  V
ZR
V V V  V   V  V
I (0)   Zo
Zo Zo
Which gives V   RV
Z R  Zo
where  R  is the load reflection coefficient
Z R  Zo

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 24
Reflection Coefficient

- If ZR = Zo, R=0, no reflection, the line is matched

- If ZR = 0, short circuit at the load, R=-1

- If ZR inf, open circuit at the load, R=+1

V and I can be written in terms of R

V ( z )  V e  j z   R e  j z  V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z 

V  j z V e  j z
I ( z)  e   R e  j z  I ( z)  1   R e 2 j z 
Zo Zo

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 25
Generalized Impedance

V ( z)  e  j z   R e  j z 
Z ( z)   Z o   j z  j z 
I ( z)  e   R e 

 Z R  jZ o tan  l  Impedance 
Z  l   Z o   transformation 
Z
 o  jZ R tan  l  equation

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 26
Generalized Impedance

- Short circuit ZR=0, line appears inductive for 0 < l < /2
Z (l )  jZ o tan  l

- Open circuit ZR  inf, line appears capacitive for 0 < l < /2
Zo
Z (l ) 
j tan  l
- If l = /4, the line is a quarter-wave transformer
Z o2
Z (l ) 
ZR
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 27
Generalized Reflection Coefficient
Backward traveling wave at z Vb ( z )
( z )  
Forward traveling wave at z V f ( z )

V e  j z V 2 j z 2 j  z
( z )   j z
 e   R e
V e V

Reflection coefficient
(l )   R e 2 j l
transformation equation

1  ( z ) Z ( z)  Zo
Z ( z)  Zo ( z ) 
1  ( z ) Z ( z)  Zo

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 28
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z  We follow the magnitude of the
voltage along the TL

V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z  V 1   R e 2 j z
Maximum and minimum
magnitudes given by
Vmax  1   R 

Vmin  1   R 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 29
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

Define Voltage Standing Wave Ratio as:

Vmax 1   R
VSWR  
Vmin 1   R

It is a measure of the interaction between 
forward and backward waves

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 30
VSWR – Arbitrary Load

Shows variation of amplitude along line

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 31
VSWR – For Short Circuit Load

Voltage minimum is reached at load
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 32
VSWR – For Open Circuit Load

Voltage maximum is reached at load
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 33
VSWR – For Open Matched Load

No variation in amplitude along line
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 34
Application: Slotted‐Line Measurement

‐ Measure VSWR = Vmax/Vmin
‐ Measure location of first minimum

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 35
Application: Slotted‐Line Measurement

At minimum, ( z )  pure real    R

Therefore, (d min )   R e 2 j dmin    R

So,   R    R e 2 j dmin

VSWR  1  VSWR  1  2 j dmin


Since   R  then  R    e
VSWR  1  VSWR  1 

 1 R 
and Z R  Z o  
 1   R 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 36
Summary of TL Equations
Voltage Current
V  j z
V ( z )  V e  j z
1   R e 2 j  z
 I ( z)  e 1   R e 2 j z 
Zo
 Z R  jZ o tan  l 
Impedance Transformation  Z  l   Z o  
Z
 o  jZ R tan  l 
2 j  l
Reflection Coefficient Transformation   ( l )   R e

Reflection Coefficient – to Impedance  Z ( z )  Z o 1  ( z )
1  ( z )

Z ( z)  Zo
Impedance to Reflection Coefficient  ( z ) 
Z ( z)  Zo

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 37
Determining V+

For lossless TL, V and I are given by

V ( z )  V e  j z 1   R e 2 j z 
reflection coefficient
at the load V e  j z
I ( z)  1   R e 2 j z 
Z  Zo Zo
R  R
Z R  Zo
At z = ‐l, VS  Z S I (l )  V (l )
ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 38
Determining V+

this leads to
ZS
VS  V e  j l
1   e
R
2 j  l
 Z   R 
 V e  j l
1   e 2 j  l

o
or
  j l  j l Z S  j l Z S  j l 
VS  V  e  Re  e  R e 
 Zo Zo 
  j l  Z S   j l  ZS  
VS  V  e 1     R e 1  
  Z o   Z o 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 39
Determining V+
 ZS  1
Divide through by  1  
 Zo  TS

V  e  j l   S  R e  j l   TSVS

1
 ZS  Zo Z S  Zo
with TS  1    and S 
 Zo  Z S  Zo Z S  Zo

TSVS e  j l
From which V 
1   S  R e 2 j l

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 40
TL Example

Zs = 25  IR
+ +
o
V s= 1e j0 V
Is Zo =50  VR ZR = 75 
- -
z
d

A signal generator having an internal resistance Zs = 25 
and an open circuit phasor voltage Vs = 1ej0 volt is connected 
to a 50‐ lossless transmission line as shown in the above 
picture.  The load impedance is ZR= 75  and the line length 
is /4.

Find the magnitude and phase of the load current IR.

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 41
TL Example – Cont’

Zs = 25  IR
+ +
o
V s= 1e j0 V
Is Zo =50  VR ZR = 75 
- -
z
d

TsVs e  j l Zo 50
V  Ts    2/3
1   R  s e 2 j l Z s  Z o 50  25

Z s  Z o 25  50 Z R  Z o 75  50
s    1/ 3 R    1/ 5
Z s  Z o 25  50 Z R  Z o 75  50

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 42
TL Example – Cont’

2  
l    e  j l   j
 4 2

(2 / 3)(1)( j )  j2 / 3
V     j5 / 7
1  (1/ 3)(1/ 5)(1) 1  1/15

V   j 0.714285 V

V 0.714285 0.714285  0.8


IR   R
1     j 1  0.2    j
Zo 50 50

I R   j 0.014285 A

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 43
Geometric Series Expansion
Since  S  R e 2 j l  1

V+ can be expanded in a geometric series form
TSVS e  j l 
V  V  TS VS  kS  kR e 2 j kl e  j l
1   S  R e 2 j l k 0

 
TS VS  kS  kR1e
 j  l  2 k 1  j  z
V ( z )  TS VS   e k
S
k  j  l  2 k 1  j  z
R e e
k 0 k 0


v
   
 j  z  2 k 1l   j  z  2 k 1l 
V ( z )  TS VS  kS  kR e v
 TS VS  kS  e k 1
R
v

k 0 k 0

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 44
TL Time‐Domain Solution


 (2k  1)l  z 
v( z , t )  TS    v  t 
k
S
k
R s 
k 0  vo 

 (2k  1)l  z 
 TS    v  t 
k
S
k 1
R s
k 0  vo 
at z=0

 (2k  1)l 
v(0, t )  TS    v  t  k
S 
k
R s
k 0  vo 

 (2k  1)l 
 TS    v  t  k
S 
k 1
R s
k 0  vo 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 45
TL Time‐Domain Solution
At z=‐l

 (2k  1)l  l 
v(l , t )  TS    v  t 
k
S
k
R s 
k 0  vo 

 (2k  1)l  l 
 TS    v  t 
k
S
k 1
R s 
k 0  vo 


 2kl 
v(l , t )  TS    v  t 
k
S
k
R s 
k 0  vo 


 2(k  1)l 
 TS    v  t 
k
S
k 1
R  s
k 0  vo 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 46
TL ‐ Time‐Domain Reflectometer

For TDR, ZS = Zo S = 0, and retain only k=1
 2l 
v(l , t )  TS vs  t   TS  R vs  t  
 vo 

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 47
Wave  Shifting  Method

v f 1 (t ) Forward traveling wave at port 1 (measured at near end of line)

v f 2 (t ) Forward traveling wave at port 2 (measured at far end of line)

vb1 (t ) Backward traveling wave at port 1 (measured at near end of line)

vb 2 (t ) Backward traveling wave at port 2 (measured at far end of line)

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 48
Wave  Shifting  Solution*

line length
  delay=
velocity

Z1  Z o
v f 1 (t )  1vb 2 (t   )  TV 1 
1 g 1 (t ) Z1  Z o
vb 2 (t )   2 v f 1 (t   )  T2Vg 2 (t ) Zo
T1 
v f 2 (t )  v f 1 (t   ) Z1  Z o
vb1 (t )  vb 2 (t   ) Z2  Zo
2 
Z2  Zo
v1 (t )  v f 1 (t )  vb1 (t ) Zo
v2 (t )  v f 2 (t )  vb 2 (t ) T2 
Z2  Zo
*Schutt-Aine & Mittra, Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., pp. 529-536, vol. 36 March 1988.

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 49
Frequency Dependence of Lumped Circuit Models

– At higher frequencies, a lumped circuit model is no longer


accurate for interconnects and one must use a distributed
model

– Transition frequency depends on the dimensions and relative


magnitude of the interconnect parameters.

0.3 10 9 tr 
0.35
f
10d  r f

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 50
Lumped Circuit or Transmission Line?

• Determine frequency or bandwidth of signal


– RF/Microwave: f= operating frequency
– Digital: f=0.35/tr

• Determine the propagation velocity and wavelength


– Material medium v=c/(r)1/2
– Obtain wavelength =v/f

• Compare wavelenth with feature size


– If >> d, use lumped circuit: Ltot= L* length, Ctot= C* length
– If  10d or <10d, use transmission-line model

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 51
Frequency Dependence of Lumped Circuit Models

Level Dimension Frequency Edge rate


PCB line 10 in > 55 MHz < 7ns
Package 1 in > 400 MHz < 0.9 ns
VLSI int* 100 um > 8 GHz < 50 ps

* Using RC criterion for distributed effect

ECE 546 – Jose Schutt‐Aine 52

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