MATHEMATICS 10

LESSON 26: Introduction

4th Quarter Week 1
to Trigonometry

General Content
Trigonometry is one of the important branches in the history of
mathematics that deals with the study of the relationship between the
sides and angles of a right-angled triangle. This concept is given by the
Greek mathematician Hipparchus. In this article, we are going to learn
the basics of trigonometry such as trigonometry functions, ratios, trigonometry table,
formulas and many solved examples.

Trigonometry (Functions, Table, Formulas & Examples) (byjus.com)

In Depth Discussion
Trigonometry is one of the most important branches in mathematics
that finds huge application in diverse fields. The branch called
“Trigonometry” basically deals with the study of the relationship
between the sides and angles of the right-angle triangle. Hence, it helps to find the
missing or unknown angles or sides of a right triangle using the trigonometric formulas,
functions, or trigonometric identities. In trigonometry, the angles can be either
measured in degrees or radians. Some of the most used trigonometric angles for
calculations are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.
Trigonometry is further classified into two sub-branches. The two different types of
trigonometry are:
• Plane Trigonometry
• Spherical Trigonometry

In this lesson, let us discuss the six important trigonometric functions, ratios,
trigonometry table, formulas and identities which helps to find the missing angles or
sides of a right triangle.

Trigonometry Ratios-Sine, Cosine, Tangent

The trigonometric ratios of a triangle are also called the trigonometric functions. Sine,
cosine, and tangent are 3 important trigonometric functions and are abbreviated as sin,
cos and tan. Let us see how these ratios or functions are, evaluated in case of a right-
angled triangle.
Consider a right-angled triangle, where the longest side is called the hypotenuse, and the
sides opposite to the hypotenuse are referred to as the adjacent and opposite sides.

Six Important Trigonometric Functions

The six important trigonometric functions (trigonometric ratios) are calculated using
the below formulas and considering the above figure. It is necessary to get knowledge
about the sides of the right triangle because it defines the set of important trigonometric
functions.
 MATHEMATICS 10
LESSON 27: Application
4th Quarter Week 2
of Trigonometric Ratio

General Content
The trigonometry angles which are commonly used in trigonometry
problems are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. The trigonometric ratios such as
sine, cosine and tangent of these angles are easy to memorize. We will
also show the table where all the ratios and their respective angle’s
values are mentioned. To find these angles we must draw a right-angled triangle, in
which one of the acute angles will be the corresponding trigonometry angle. These
angles will be defined with respect to the ratio associated with it.

Trigonometry (Functions, Table, Formulas & Examples) (byjus.com)

In Depth Discussion
Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon "triangle" + metron "measure")
Trigonometry helps us find angles and distances, and is used a lot in
science, engineering, video games,
and more! The triangle of most interest is the right-
angled triangle. The right angle is shown by the little
box in the corner.
Another angle is often labeled θ, and the three sides are then called:
• Adjacent: adjacent (next to) the angle θ
• Opposite: opposite the angle θ
• and the longest side is the Hypotenuse

The six trigonometric ratios are sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan), cotangent
(cot), cosecant (cosec), and secant (sec). In geometry, trigonometry is a branch of
mathematics that deals with the sides and angles of a right-angled triangle. Therefore,
trig ratios are evaluated with respect to sides and angles.
The trigonometry ratios for a specific angle ‘θ’ is given below:

How to Find Trigonometric Ratios?

Consider a right-angled triangle, right-angled at B.

With respect to ∠C, the ratios of trigonometry are

given as:

❖ sine: Sine of an angle is defined as the ratio of

the side opposite(perpendicular side) to that angle
to the hypotenuse.
❖ cosine: Cosine of an angle is defined as the
ratio of the side adjacent to that angle to the
hypotenuse.
❖ tangent: Tangent of an angle is defined as the ratio of the side opposite to that
angle to the side adjacent to that angle.
❖ cosecant: Cosecant is a multiplicative inverse of sine.
❖ secant: Secant is a multiplicative inverse of cosine.
❖ cotangent: Cotangent is the multiplicative inverse of the tangent.
❖ The above ratios are abbreviated as sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec and tan respectively in the order
they are described. So, for Δ ABC, the ratios are defined as:

➢ sin C = (Side opposite to ∠C)/(Hypotenuse) = AB/AC

➢ cos C = (Side adjacent to ∠C)/(Hypotenuse) = BC/AC
➢ tan C = (Side opposite to ∠C)/(Side adjacent to ∠C) = AB/BC = sin ∠C/cos ∠C
➢ cosec C= 1/sin C = (Hypotenuse)/ (Side Opposite to ∠C) = AC/AB
➢ sec C = 1/cos C = (Hypotenuse)/ (Side Opposite to ∠C) = AC/BC
➢ cot C = 1/tan C = (Side adjacent to ∠C)/(Side opposite to ∠C)= BC/AB

In right Δ ABC, if ∠A and ∠C are assumed as 30° and 60°, then there can be
infinite right triangles with those specifications, but all the ratios written above for ∠C in
all of those triangles will be same. So, all the ratios for any of the acute angles (either
∠A or ∠C) will be the same for every right triangle. This means that the ratios are
independent of lengths of sides of the triangle.
Trigonometric Ratios Table

The trigonometric ratios for some specific angles such as 0 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 ° and 90°
are given below, which are commonly used in mathematical calculations.

Trigonometry Applications

Trigonometry is one of the most important branches of mathematics. Some of the

applications of trigonometry are:

➢ Measuring the heights of towers or big mountains

➢ Determining the distance of the shore from the sea
➢ Finding the distance between two celestial bodies
➢ Determining the power output of solar cell panels at different inclinations
➢ Representing different physical quantities such as mechanical waves,
electromagnetic waves, etc.

It is evident from the above examples that trigonometry has its involvement in a
major part of our day-to-day life and much more. In most of the applications listed above,
something was being measured and that is what trigonometry is all about.