Machine Design

Tutorials
Spring/Summer 2020
July 2nd - Week 9
DGD 8
Problem 1
A ¾”-16 UNF series SAE grade 5 bolt is inserted into a 13” long, ¾” ID
tube and its end is secured with a nut. The assembly is tightened by
turning the nut snug and adding one-third of a turn—this clamps the tube
down between washer faces of bolt and nut. The tube OD is the washer-
3
face diameter 𝑑𝑤 = 1.5𝑑 = 1.5 = 1.125 in OD.
4

a) What are the spring rates of the bolt and the tube, if the
tube is made of steel? What is the joint constant C?
b) When the 1/3 turn-of-nut is applied, what is the initial
tension 𝐹𝑖 in the bolt?
c) What is the bolt tension at opening (separation of the
tube and washer) if additional tension is applied to the
bolt external to the joint?
a) What are the spring rates of the bolt and the tube, if the tube is made of steel?
What is the joint constant C?

Bolt area:
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋(3/4)2
𝐴𝑑 = = = 0.442 𝑖𝑛2 (because mostly unthreaded)
4 4
Tube area:
𝜋(1.1252 − 0.752 )
𝐴𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 = = 0.522 𝑖𝑛2
4

Bolt spring constant:

𝐴𝑑 𝐸 0.442 ∗ 30 × 106
(eq. 10.14) 𝑘𝑏 = = = 1.02 × 106 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛
𝐿 13 𝑨𝑵𝑺.
Tube spring constant:
𝐴𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝐸 0.552 ∗ 30 × 106
(eq. 10.14) 𝑘𝑚 = = = 1.27 × 106 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛
𝐿 13 𝑨𝑵𝑺.
Joint constant:
𝑘𝑏 1.02
𝐶= = = 0.445 (eq. 10.13 and page 17 from class notes)
𝑘𝑏 + 𝑘𝑚 1.02 + 1.27 𝑨𝑵𝑺.
b) When the 1/3 turn-of-nut is applied, what is the initial tension 𝐹𝑖 in the bolt?

Threads per inch for a ¾ in UNF bolt is 16 (Table 10.1 and also stated in question)

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 1/3

𝛿𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 0.02083 𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 16

Bolt deflection:
𝑃 𝐿𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑃 (13 − 0.02083)
𝛿𝑏 = −7
= = 9.7882 × 10 𝑃 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑑 𝐸 0.442 ∗ 30 × 106
Tube deflection:
𝑃𝐿 𝑃 (13) Basic eqn. for axial
𝛿𝑚 = = 6
= 7.8502 × 10−7 𝑃 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝐸 0.552 ∗ 30 × 10 deflection:
𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
Total deflection: 𝐴𝐸

𝛿𝑏 + 𝛿𝑚 = 𝛿𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒→ 9.7882 × 10−7 𝑃 + 7.8502 × 10−7 𝑃 = 0.02083 𝑖𝑛

Initial tension / Preload:

0.02083
𝐹𝑖 = 𝑃 = = 11 809 𝑙𝑏𝑓
9.7882 × 10−7 + 7.8502 × 10−7 𝑨𝑵𝑺.
c) What bolt tension needs to be applied in order to open the assembly, causing the
nut to separate from the tube?

We will call this bolt tension 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 .

When the nut and tube separate, the tube is no longer deformed, therefore, 𝛿𝑏 + 𝛿𝑚 = 𝛿𝑛𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛
9.7882 × 10−7 𝑃 + 7.8502 × 10−7 𝑃 = 0.02083 𝑖𝑛

9.7882 × 10−7 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 0.02083

0.02083 Adapted from

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = = 21 281 𝑙𝑏𝑓 Fig. 10.24 in J&M txtbk
9.7882 × 10−7 𝑨𝑵𝑺.
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛

As a check, one can use 𝐹𝑖 = 1 − 𝐶 𝑃𝑜 because 𝐹𝑚 = 0 at opening (class notes, page 17)
𝐹𝑖 11 810
𝑃𝑜 = = = 21 281 𝑙𝑏𝑓
1−𝐶 1 − 0.445
Problem 2
From your experience with the previous problem, generalize your solution to
develop a turn-of-nut equation:
𝜽 𝒌𝒃 + 𝒌𝒎
𝑵𝒕 = = 𝑭𝒊 𝑵
𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝒌𝒃 𝒌𝒎

𝑁𝑡 : turn of the nut from snug tight | 𝑘𝑏 , 𝑘𝑚 : spring rates of the bolt and member, respectively

𝑁: number of threads per inch (1/p) where p is pitch | 𝜃: turn of nut in degrees | 𝐹𝑖 : initial preload

…use this equation to find the relation between torque-wrench setting T and
turn-of-nut 𝑁𝑡 .

“Snug tight” is when all the components of a connection have been pulled into firm contact by the bolts in the
joint, and the bolts have been tightened sufficiently to prevent removal of the nuts without a wrench. Properly
done, the result is competitive with torque wrenching
When the nut is free to turn, the displacement of the nut along the bolt is:

𝛿 = (𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ)(# 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠)
Refer to section 10.9 in J&M
txtbk and Lecture Notes on
𝑡 1 Non-Permanent Joints for Eqs.
𝛿 = 𝑝𝑡 = 𝑝=
𝑁 𝑁 used in problem

Letting 𝑁𝑡 represent the turn of the nut from snug-tight:

𝜃 𝑁𝑡
𝑁𝑡 = and 𝛿=
360° 𝑁

The displacement of the nut along the bolt is also equal to the algebraic sum of the bolt
displacement and member (tube) displacement:
𝑁𝑡 𝑁𝑡 F𝑖 𝐹𝑖
𝛿= = 𝛿𝑏 + 𝛿𝑚 Also → 𝛿= = +
𝑁 𝑁 𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑚

Solving for 𝑁𝑡 :
𝜃 𝑘𝑏 + 𝑘𝑚
𝑁𝑡 = = 𝐹𝑖 𝑁
360° 𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑚
Verification of the result:

What turn-of-nut will induce 𝐹𝑖 = 11 809 𝑙𝑏𝑓?

𝑘𝑏 + 𝑘𝑚 1.02 × 106 + 1.27 × 106 1

𝑁𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖 𝑁 = 11 809 ∗ 16 = 0.334 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 (𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑠)
𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑚 1.02 × 106 + 1.27 × 106 3

The relationship between turn-of-nut method and torque wrench method is as follows:
𝜃 𝑘𝑏 + 𝑘𝑚 𝑇
Turn-of-nut: 𝑁𝑡 = = 𝐹𝑖 𝑁 Torque wrench: 𝐹𝑖 = (eq. 10.12)
360° 𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑚 0.2𝑑

Plugging in 𝐹𝑖 , 𝜃 𝑘𝑏 + 𝑘𝑚 T
𝑁𝑡 = °= N
360 𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑚 0.2𝑑
𝑨𝑵𝑺.
Problem 3
Using the Modified Goodman fatigue criterion and a fatigue-design
𝟏
factor of 1.0, determine the external repeating load P , that a𝟏
𝟒

SAE grade 2 coarse thread bolt can take compared with that for a
fine thread bolt. The joint constants are C = 0.30 for coarse and
C = 0.32 for fine-thread bolts
 Recall: Modified Goodman Criterion
& associating values from problem statement…

Find!
stress will be in terms of P
𝝈𝒂 𝝈𝒎 𝟏
+ =
𝑺𝒏 𝑺𝒖 𝒏 𝑛 = 1.0

Using Table 8.1 and Fig. 10.34 in J&M Using Table 10.4 in J&M
For SAE Grade 2 steel: For SAE Grade 2, diameter 1 ¼ in.

Endurance Limit: 𝑆𝑛 = 0.5𝑆𝑢 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐺 𝐶𝑆 Eq From figure 10.34, Ultimate Tensile Strength: 𝑆𝑢 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑆𝑛 = 0.5 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 1 0.9 1 = 27 𝑘𝑠𝑖

From Table From Table 8.1 (0.4” From Table 10.6

8.1 (axial) < ∅ <2” and axial) see note ‘a’
 External load Portion of Load taken by Bolt:
_________________ _______________

Varies between → 0 and P So… Varies between→ 𝑭𝒊 and 𝑪𝑷 + 𝑭𝒊

…..(stated in question) (see pg 17 in Non-Permanent joints lecture

notes…. 𝑭𝒆 = P in this question)

Mean Cyclic Load on Bolt (𝑭𝒎 )

𝐹𝑖 + (𝐶𝑃 + 𝐹𝑖 ) 2𝐹𝑖 + 𝐶𝑃 𝟏
𝐹𝑚 = = → 𝑭𝒎 = 𝑭𝒊 + 𝑪𝑷
2 2 𝟐

Alternating Cyclic Load on Bolt (𝑭𝒂 )

(𝐶𝑃 + 𝐹𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝑖 𝐶𝑃 𝟏
𝐹𝑎 = = → 𝑭𝒂 = 𝑪𝑷
2 2 𝟐
Coarse Thread Bolt
Determine the pre-load, 𝐹𝑖 (using Eq. 10.11 in J&M txtbk)
1
From Table 10.1 in J&M txtbk, for 1 UNC
4
𝐹𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑝 (UNC: Unified National Coarse)
Tensile Stress Area:

𝑨𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟗 𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝐹𝑖 = 0.75(0.969 𝑖𝑛2 )(33 𝑘𝑠𝑖)
From Table 10.4 in J&M txtbk, for SAE
1
Grade 2 Steel with 1 “ diameter
4
𝑭𝒊 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑 Proof Strength:
𝑺𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

*using 𝐾𝑖 =0.75 due to dynamic loading

(see pg 432 section 10.7 J&M txtbk)
Coarse Thread Bolt
Determine mean and alternating stress:

Mean Stress Alternating Stress

_____________________________ ___________________________

1 1
𝐹𝑚 𝐶𝑃 + 2𝐹𝑖 𝐹𝑎 𝐶𝑃
2 2
𝜎𝑚 = 𝐾𝑓 → 𝜎𝑚 = 𝐾𝑓 𝜎𝑎 = 𝐾𝑓 → 𝜎𝑎 = 𝐾𝑓
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡

Assuming rolled threads and using Tbl. 10.6 in J&M, Assuming rolled threads and using Tbl. 10.6 in J&M,
𝑲𝒇 =2.2 𝑲𝒇 =2.2

1 0.3𝑃 + 2 24 𝑘𝑖𝑝 1 0.3 𝑃

𝜎𝑚 = 2.2 𝜎𝑎 = (2.2)
2 0.969 𝑖𝑛2 2 0.969 𝑖𝑛2

𝝈𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝑷 𝒌𝒔𝒊 + 𝟓𝟒. 𝟓 𝒌𝒔𝒊 𝝈𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝑷 𝒌𝒔𝒊

Coarse Thread Bolt
Plug everything into Modified Goodman Eq. and solve for P

𝑆𝑛 = 27 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑚 = 0.340𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖 + 54.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝝈𝒂 𝝈𝒎 𝟏
+ = 𝑆𝑢 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑎 = 0.340𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑺𝒏 𝑺𝒖 𝒏
𝑛 = 1.0

0.340𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (0.340𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖 + 54.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖)

+ =1
27 𝑘𝑠𝑖 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑷 = 𝟓 𝒌𝒊𝒑
𝑨𝑵𝑺.
Fine Thread Bolt
Determine the pre-load, 𝐹𝑖 (using Eq. 10.11 in J&M txtbk)
1
From Table 10.1 in J&M txtbk, for 1 UNC
4
𝐹𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖 𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑝 (UNF: Unified National Fine)
Tensile Stress Area:

𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝐹𝑖 = 0.75(1.073 𝑖𝑛2 )(33 𝑘𝑠𝑖)
From Table 10.4 in J&M txtbk, for SAE
1
Grade 2 Steel with 1 “ diameter
4
𝑭𝒊 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑 Proof Strength:
𝑺𝒑 = 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

*using 𝐾𝑖 =0.75 due to dynamic loading

(see pg 432 section 10.7 J&M txtbk)
Fine Thread Bolt
Determine mean and alternating stress:

Mean Stress Alternating Stress

_____________________________ ___________________________

1 1
𝐹𝑚 𝐶𝑃 + 2𝐹𝑖 𝐹𝑎 𝐶𝑃
2 2
𝜎𝑚 = 𝐾𝑓 → 𝜎𝑚 = 𝐾𝑓 𝜎𝑎 = 𝐾𝑓 → 𝜎𝑎 = 𝐾𝑓
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡

Assuming rolled threads and using Tbl. 10.6 in J&M, Assuming rolled threads and using Tbl. 10.6 in J&M,
𝑲𝒇 =2.2 𝑲𝒇 =2.2

1 0.3𝑃 + 2 26.6 𝑘𝑖𝑝 1 0.3 𝑃

𝜎𝑚 = 2
2.2 𝜎𝑎 = 2
(2.2)
2 1.073 𝑖𝑛 2 1.073 𝑖𝑛

𝝈𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝑷 𝒌𝒔𝒊 + 𝟓𝟒. 𝟓 𝒌𝒔𝒊 𝝈𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝑷 𝒌𝒔𝒊

Fine Thread Bolt
Plug everything into Modified Goodman Eq. and solve for P

𝑆𝑛 = 27 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑚 = 0.328𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖 + 54.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝝈𝒂 𝝈𝒎 𝟏
+ = 𝑆𝑢 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝜎𝑎 = 0.328𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑺𝒏 𝑺𝒖 𝒏
𝑛 = 1.0

Percent
0.328𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (0.328𝑃 𝑘𝑠𝑖 + 54.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖) Improvement:
+ =1
27 𝑘𝑠𝑖 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 5.2 − 5.0
× 100% = 4%
5.0
𝑷 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝒌𝒊𝒑 *Fine thread bolt can carry
𝑨𝑵𝑺. 4% higher load than coarse
thread bolt
See you next
week!