A

Seminar Report
On
“Global Warming”

By
Pavan Dhangude: 2121121844042
Harshal Chavan: 2121121844044

For the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
(Electronics & Computer Engineering)

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological, University

Lorene (M.S.)

Department of Electronics and computer engineering

Shreeyash College of Engineering & Technology, Chh.
Sambhajinagar,Maharashtra
2022 - 2023
 A
Dissertation Report
On

“Global Warming”

Submitted By
Pavan Dhangude: 2121121844042
Harshal Chavan: 2121121844044

For the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
(Electronics & Computer Engineering)

Guided By
Prof. A.D. Ghuge

Department of Electronics and computer engineering

Shreeyash College of Engineering & Technology, Chh.
Sambhajinagar,Maharashtra
2022 – 2023
 PROJECT WORK APPROVAL SHEET

This is certified to that Pavan Dhangude: 2121121844042 , Harshal Chavan : 2121121844044

has done the appropriate work related to “Global Warming” in fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Computer Engineering . The work is being
submitted to Shreeyash College of Engineering & Technology, Aurangabad, affiliated to the
Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lorene. (M.S., INDIA).

External Examiner : Prof.________________ _______________

Internal Examiner : Prof. S.P. Kharde _______________

Date :

Place : Shreeyash College of Engineering & Technology,

Chh. Sambhajinagar – 431 005, M.S., INDIA
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have completed and written the Seminar entitled “Global
Warming”. It has not previously submitted for the basis of the award of any degree or
diploma or similar title of this for any other examining body or university.

Place: Chh. Sambhajinagar Pavan Lahu Dhangude (2433) SE

(ECE)

Date:- Harshal Ashok Chavan (2435) SE

(ECE)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the Project work entitled “Global Warming” submitted by Pavan

Dhangude: 2121121844042 , Harshal Chavan: 2121121844044, is bonafide students of

Shreeyash College of Engineering & Technology, Aurangabad. The work completed under

my supervision and guidance in fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology

(Electronics and Computer Engineering), affiliated to Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological

University, Lonere. (M.S., INDIA).

Prof. A.D. Ghuge Prof. J.R. Mahajan Prof. S.P. Kharde

Guide HOD Project -Coordinator
Department of Electronics Department of Electronics Department of Electronics
and Computer Engineering and Computer Engineering and Computer Engineering

Dr. B.M.Patil
Principal
Shreeyash College of Engineering & Technology,
Chh. Sambhajinagar
 Acknowledgement

With a profound feeling of immense gratitude and affection, we would like to thank you
project guide prof. A.D. Ghuge, for his/her continuous support, motivation, enthusiasm and
guidance. His/her encouragement, supervision with constructive criticism and confidence
enabled us to complete this project. we also wish to extend our reverences to Dr. Jayant
Mahajan, Head of Electronics department, for motivating us to put our best efforts in this
project work.

We express our deep gratitude towards Dr.B.M Patil, Principal for constant motivation and
providing necessary infrastructure.

Finally, graceful thanks to family, friends, colleagues and everyone who has directly or
indirectly contributed to make this seminar a success.

Pavan Lahu Dhangude (2433)

Harshal Ashok Chavan (2435)

1
 Abstract
Climate is changing and it is continued by several human actions that increasing greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere as well as accelerates greenhouse. This paper reviews the reasons
that are responsible for climate change. Both terrestrial and aquatic environment are being
affected by this climate change. Aquatic environment is much more sensitive rather than
terrestrial environment because it has a limited ability to adapt to climate change. So this
paper also reviews the possible impacts of climate change on aquatic environment. Sea level
rising comes first. Average 3.3±0.4 mm/year Sea level rising is being occurred, by 2100 it
will be half meter that enhance the list of extinct species. For temperature rising evaporation
rate is being increased and shrinkage of freshwater aquatic environment is being accelerated.
About 44% of the world region have had shortage of water. For rising of temperature as well
as sea level normal functioning of ecosystem is being hampered and anomalies are being
showed in terms of food production, larval survivality and metabolism. High level of CO2
emission is decreasing ocean pH that is responsible for coral bleaching, kelp forest
destruction and changes in the species composition of all aquatic ecosystems that has been
already reported. Not only had this it also creates reduced habitat complexity that might lead
aquatic species to be endangered, threatened and/or extinct. Climate change are being
increased the prevalence of invasive species. Expansion of sea portion is responsible for salt
water intrusion that has an immense negative impacts in coastal ecosystems. In respect of
extreme climatic and other environmental changes are adversely affecting world edible
aquatic animal’s production from Open Ocean.

2
 INDEX

Sr.no.
Content Page no.

1 Acknowledgement
I

2 Abstract
II

3 Contents
III

4 List of Tables
IV

5 List of Figures
V

6 Introduction
1-2

7 Materials and Methods

3

8 Review of Findings and Discussion

4-20

9 Conclusion
21

10 References
22-24

3
 List of Tables

Table no. Title Page no.

Greenhouse gases with their main source, green house factor

1 and relative abundance 7

Sources and estimates of global emissions of atmospheric

2 aerosols 8

Cumulative evaporation rate in delta

3 10

Water shortages area all over the world

4 11

The abundance of red swamp crayfish (Procambrus clarkii) in

5 the Nile River 17

Potential impact of sea level rise on Bangladesh (predicted)

6 19

Increasing salinity in river water

7 19

A list of declined species in the Sundarbans

8 20

4
 List of Figures

Fig. no. Title Page no.

1 Schematic diagram of greenhouse effect. 4

2 Main greenhouse gasses. 5

3 Key greenhouse gases (GHG) concentrations in the 5

atmosphere over the last 2,000 years

4 Emission of Greenhouse gases by human action 7

5 Model that account both natural and human factors to 9

explain global warming

6 (A) Extent of terrestrial glaciers and ice sheets. (B) Change 9

in mean sea level.
Effects of climate change on biological processes in the
7 ocean. (A to D) Experimental results demonstrating the 12
effect of temperature on different food web properties
(A) Relationship between temperature and abundance of
8 small phytoplankton and (B) total phytoplankton biomass 13
from largescale field sampling of the North Atlantic
Average global sea surface temperature.
9 14
(A)Relationship between water temperature and planktonic
10 larval duration from published experimental laboratory 15
studies of 72 species. (B) The predicted effects of
temperature on larval survival.
11 Global sea surface PH change over 2000 years
15
A) Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef. (B) Kelp
12 forest California, USA 18

Sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion. (A) saltwater-

13 freshwater interface (B) Shifts landward under a scenario 20
of sea-level rise
Contribution of Aquaculture production and capture
14 production of global fish production since 1950 to 2014.

5
 Chapter I

Introduction
Normally, the environment is in fine natural equilibrium. Natural equilibrium is maintained
is there is no climate change. Climate simply refers a long term average weather condition of
a region that is measured by evaluating the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, air
pressure, wind, precipitation, evaporation and other environmental variables of that
particular region over long periods of time. Any change in any component of the
environment makes it imbalance. Imbalance of environment is happening through instances
of heavy disturbances of climate that is known climate change and it has an impact on world
environment. Simply climate change refers to a change in average weather conditions or the
variation of weather within the context of longer-term average conditions. Very frequently
the term "climate change" is used to refer anthropogenic climate change that is also known
as global warming. Anthropogenic climate change is direct result of human activity which is
increasing in an uncontrolled manner that opposed to changes in climate that may have
resulted as part of Earth's natural processes. In this sense, especially in the context of
environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic
global warming. Over the last 100 years, it was observed that the earth is getting warmer and
warmer which is unlike previous 8000 years when the temperatures have been relatively
constant.
Average global surface temperatures are projected to increase by 1.5 to 5.8°C by 2100
(Houghton, 1996). The present temperature is 0.3 - 0.6 °C warmer than it was 100 years
before
(Melillo, 2014). There are lots of reasons that’s why climate is changing day by day. There
are a number of greenhouse gases (GHG) that is responsible for global warming. Carbon
dioxide, one of the most prevalent greenhouse gases found in the atmosphere, has two major
anthropogenic (human-caused) sources: the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land
use (Van den Bossche, 2017).
Scientists around the world now agree that the reasons of climatic changes occurring
internationally are the result of human activity. Although responsibility for the origins of
climate change primarily with the industrialized nations, the costs of climate change will be
borne most directly by the poor. The effect of climate change is beggar description. Each
and every component of environment is affected by climate change. Both terrestrial and

6
aquatic environment are being affected by climate change in an indescribable manner. The
aquatic environment can be defined as interacting system of resources such as water and
biota and all of the communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their
environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The world has a variety of lotic (moving water) and
lentic (stagnant water) aquatic environments which are a major source of food to millions of
millions people all across the planet. Aquatic environment is much more sensitive rather
than terrestrial environment because it has a limited ability to adapt to climate change. All
three ecosystems of aquatic environment that are critical components of the global
environment are now facing a crucial moment. Being an essential contributor of biodiversity
and ecological productivity, aquatic environment provides a variety of services for human
populations. It provides water for drinking and irrigation, recreational opportunities, and
habitat for economically important fisheries and so on (Scavia et al., 2002). Aquatic
environment has been increasingly threatened, directly and indirectly by the impacts of
climate change that can cause loss of aquatic biodiversity as well as area of it.
So it is high time to determine the degree of impacts of climate change on aquatic
environment, of all form of its ecosystem. Not only this but also it should be identified what
species are affected most and the variation of impacts on different aquatic ecosystem.
Existence of life in this planet exclusively rely on its environment. If that environment is not
congenial, then the existence of life will be collapsed. More over aquatic environment is so
much important not only for water but also different animals and plants that it possesses.
The most significant attributes of this environmental degradation is that it affects all
mankind without regard to any particular country, region, creeds or race. The entire world is
a stakeholder and this raises issues on who should do what to combat environmental
degradation.

Objectives
After completing this article, readers will be able:
 To highlight the causes of climate change
 To review the impacts of climate change on aquatic environment

7
 Chapter II

Materials and Methods

This seminar paper is completely a review paper and completely depends on the secondary
data. Different published reports of different journals mainly supported in providing data in
this paper. This paper is completely a review paper. Therefore, no specific method has been
followed in preparing this paper. It has been prepared by browsing internet, studying
comprehensively various articles published in different journals, books, proceedings,
dissertation available in the libraries of BSMRAU and personal communication. The author
would like to express her deepest sense of gratitude to her major professor and course
instructors for their efficient and scholastic guidance, precious suggestions to write this
manuscript from its embryonic stage. All the information collected from the secondary
sources have been compiled systematically and chronologically to enrich this paper.

8
 Chapter III

Review of Findings and Discussion

3.1 Causes of climate change
There are several reasons of climate change. But most of the studies have showed that
greenhouse gasses, aerosols and changing of land use by human are considered main reasons
of climate change.

3.1.1 Greenhouse gasses and greenhouse effect

Simply greenhouse gas refers a gas which is usually found in the atmosphere that absorbs
and releases sunny energy within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental
cause of the greenhouse effect (Searchinger et al., 2008). The key greenhouse gases found in
Earth's atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. When sunlight
reaches Earth’s surface, it can whichever be reflected back into space or absorbed by Earth.
Once absorbed, the planet reliefs some of the energy back into the air as heat (also titled
infrared radiation). Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH4)
absorb energy, slowing the loss of heat to space. In this system GHGs plays a role of blanket
and making the
Earth warmer than it would be. This phenomenon is commonly known as the “greenhouse
effect” (Searchinger et al., 2008) (Fig. 1).

9
Fig.1. Schematic diagram of greenhouse effect.
(Source: Searchinger et al., 2008)

3.1.1.1 The main greenhouse gases

The most important GHGs directly emitted by humans are carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and several others. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas
that is contributing (62%) to recent climate change. Methane is produced through both
natural and human actions and it is second highest. Human activities now release over 30
billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013). Methane
is ampler in
Earth’s atmosphere now than at any time in at least the past 800,000 years. Nitrous oxide is
another important gas that contribute 12% of total greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide (CO 2),
methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) comprises 92% of total greenhouse gasses (Melillo,
2014) (Fig. 2).

8%
12% Carbon Dioxide
Methane
18% 62% Nitrous Oxide
Others

Fig. 2. Main greenhouse gasses.

(Source: Melillo,
2014) Carbon dioxide (CO2) in nature has increased by more than 40% since pre-industrial
times, from approximately 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in the 18th century to
over 400 ppmv in present. The current CO 2, CH4 and N2O level are higher than it has been in
at least 2,000 years. The graph presented below shows the increase in key greenhouse gases
(GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere over the last 2,000 years. (Masson-Delmotte et al.,
2013) (Fig. 3.).

10
Fig. 3. Key greenhouse gases (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere over the last 2,000
years.
(Source: Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013)
Because of human actions, concentrations of CH4 amplified sharply during most of the 20th
century and are now more than two-and-a-half time’s pre-industrial levels. In recent
decades, the rate of increase has slowed noticeably (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013).
Concentrations of N2O have risen approximately 20% since the jolt of the Industrial
Revolution, with a relatively rapid increase toward the end of the 20th century (Masson-
Delmotte et al., 2013). Overall, N2O concentrations have increased more rapidly during the
past century than at any time in the past 22,000 years (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013).
3.1.1.2 Other greenhouse gases
Water vapor is one of the abundant greenhouse gas and also the most important in terms of
its contribution to the natural greenhouse effect, in spite of having a short atmospheric
lifetime. Some human actions can influence local water vapor levels. However, on a
worldwide scale, the concentration of water vapor is controlled by temperature, which
impacts overall rates of evaporation and precipitation (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013).
Tropospheric ozone (O3), which also has a little atmospheric lifetime, is a strong greenhouse
gas. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), collected called F-gases are
frequently used in coolants, foaming mediators, fire extinguishers, diluters, insecticides, and
aerosol propellants.

3.1.1.3 Sources of greenhouse gases and their effectivity

There are some greenhouse gases that are naturally occurring in atmosphere. On the other
hand, some are produced by human action. Certainly occurring greenhouse gases comprise
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor (table. 1). Concentrations of

11
greenhouse gases are measured by the balance between sources (emissions of the gas from
human activities and natural systems) and sinks (the removal of the gas from the atmosphere
by conversion to a different chemical compound. Though Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has
high effectivity but of its abundance is lowest (0.00001). Value of CO 2 is standard and for its
abundance it is main. Greenhouse factor of methane and nitrous oxide are higher than
carbon dioxide. Some influential but not very abundant greenhouse gases that are not
naturally occurring include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6), which are created in a miscellany of industrial procedures.

Table.1 Greenhouse gases with their main source, green house factor and relative abundance
Gas Main source Green House factor Relative
Abundance
Carbon dioxide Combustion of fossil fuel 1 0.036
(CO2)

Methane 30 0.0017
Anerobic decay of organic
(CH4)
matter
Nitrous oxide Artificial fertilizers 160 0.0003
(N2O)

Chlorofluorocarbons 200000 0.00001

(CFCs) Refrigerants and solvents

0.1 0.10
Water vapor (H2O) Evaporation of oceans and
lakes

(Source: Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013)

Definite human activities, however, add to the intensities of most of these naturally
occurring gases. (Melillo, 2014) (Fig.4). Carbon dioxide is released to the air when fossil
fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, and wood and wood products are scorched.
Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Nitrous
oxide is produced during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as through combustion
of solid waste and fossil fuels.

12
 Electricity and Heat

10% Agriculture and

25% Forestry
21% Buildings

Transportation
24%
14%
Industry
6%
Other energy

Fig. 4. Emission of Greenhouse gases by human action.

(Source: Melillo, 2014)

3.1.2 Aerosols
Generally, aerosols are less well-known than greenhouse gases. Aerosols are dust particles
which are released into atmosphere in large quantities fossil fuels and when wood are
burned. Some of those have a cooling effect on the climate, others have a warming effect.
They are responsible for warming and heat retaining (Rahel and Olden, 2008). Given the
immense capacity of oceans to absorb heat, it will take a long time to strike a new balance.
Both natural and anthropogenic sources are responsible for atmospheric aerosols emission.
But natural sources produce much higher than anthropogenic sources (table.2).

Table 2. Sources and estimates of global emissions of atmospheric aerosols

Source Amount [106 metric tons/yr.]

Range Best Estimate

Natural
Soil dust 1000 - 3000 1500
Sea salt 1000 - 10000 1300
Botanical debris 26 - 80 50
Volcanic dust 4 - 10000 30
Forest fires 3 - 150 20
Gas-to-particle conversion 100 - 260 180
Photochemical 40 - 200 60
Total for natural sources 2200 - 24000 3100
Anthropogenic
Direct emissions 50 - 160 120

13
 Gas-to-particle conversion 260 - 460 330
Photochemical 5 - 25 10
Total for anthropogenic sources 320 - 640 460

(Source: Rahel and Olden,

2008) 3.1.3 Changing of land use by human
Land-use change, e.g., the clearing of forests for agricultural use can affect the concentration
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by altering carbon flows out of the atmosphere into
carbon sinks (Plaut and Canziani, 2007) (Fig. 5). Accounting for land-use change can be
understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources
minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks (Banuri et al., 1996).
Increasingly intensive agriculture where a great amount of fertilizers used that can be the
great source methane and nitrous oxide. Not only this but also livestock farming is also
increased. Cows and sheep produce large amounts of methane when they digest their food.
There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions (Plaut and
Canziani, 2007).

Fig. 5. Model that account both natural and human factors to explain global warming.
(Source: Plaut and Canziani, 2007)

3.2 Impacts on aquatic environment

Most of the studies have showed that sea level rise, shrinkage of aquatic environment,
imbalance ecosystem function, thermal effects, abnormal ocean pH, reduced habitat
complexity, invasive species supremacy, saltwater intrusion and decreasing open water
production of aquatic environment is the ultimate result of climate change.

3.2.1 Sea level rise

Sea level is possible to rise for thermal expansion of marine water and faster melting of
glaciers, average 3.3±0.4 mm/year and by about half a meter by 2100 (Carlson A.E. et al.,
2008). This thermal expansion of the sea as well as increased meltwater and liquidated ice

14
from terrestrial glaciers and ice block have increased ocean water volume and hence sea
level (Rahmstorf et al., 2007) (Fig. 6, A and B).

Fig. 6. (A) Extent of terrestrial glaciers and ice sheets. (B) Change in mean sea level.
(Source: Rahmstorf et al.,
2007) Warmer oceans also drive more intense storm systems (Knutson et al., 2010) and
other changes to the hydrological cycle. General circulation models also predict that oxygen
concentrations in the upper layers of the ocean are likely to decrease as a consequence of
increasing stratification this is supported by recent observations. Some of the most striking
impacts of global climate change have appeared in polar oceans, where temperatures and
acidities are changing at more than twice the global average (Bindoff et al., 2007). A
considerable number of aquatic species will be threatened with the continuous increase in
sea level to a degree that some of them will be listed under the category of threatened or
extinct species by the end of this century (Galbraith et al.,2002).Among the species that are
vulnerable to such drastic effects, migratory fishes (mullet and eels), other aquatic species
(turtles), coral reefs (red sea corals), some aquatic crustaceans and large number of aquatic
birds (flamingo, aquatic warbler, pelicans and swan goose) (Newson et al., 2009). The
threats are mainly due to destruction of spawning areas and nesting grounds for the above
mentioned species (Galbraith et al., 2002; Newson et al., 2009).

3.2.2 Increased evaporation and shrinkage of aquatic environment

Increasing earth’s temperature initiates subsequent episodes of water evaporation. This
critical problem is due to the unregulated climate change human interference in the god
gifted nature. At present, as much as 6 % of Earth's river runoff is evaporated as a
consequence of climate change (Hicks et al., 2016) and it is increasing day by day. Last 35
years’ average increment is 430 mm (table. 3).
Table. 3 Cumulative evaporation rate in delta
Time period Evaporation rate (mm)

15
 1980-1985 60
1985-1990 70
1990-1995 87
1995-2000 105
2000-2005 200
2005-2010 310
2010-1015 490

(Source: Hicks et al., 2016)

In vast areas around the globe, heavy rainfall may become heavier while semi-dry areas may
receive less rainfall. There will be more common and more intense floods or droughts,
especially in sub-tropical areas, which are liable to such events (Pew Research Center
survey, 2016). Most of the scientists have started to link more intense droughts or shortage
of water in water bodies to climate change. This is the result of more greenhouse gas is
released into the air, causing air temperatures to increase, more moisture evaporates from
land and lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water. So shrinkage of aquatic environment is
occurring in a particular time of the year and it is highest in Africa and Latin America (table.
4)
Table .4 Water shortages area all over the world
Region Water shortages or Severe Weather (flood or
drought intense storm) (%)
(%)
Asia pacific 41 34
Latin America 59 21
U.S.A 50 16
Africa 59 18
Middle East 38 24
Europe 35 27
Global 44 25

(Source: Pew Research Center survey, 2016).

This isn’t surprising given that much of the western US along with parts of Asia pacific,
Latin America, Africa, Middle East, and Europe and around the world has battled
devastating droughts in recent years (Pew Research Center survey, 2016). Severe weather

16
such as floods and storms have the highest concern, with a global median of 25 percent,
severe weather at 14 percent and rising sea levels at 6 percent.
3.2.3 Effects on ecosystem function
Climate change may result in sea level rise; water temperature increase; and deviations from
present patterns of precipitation, wind, and water circulation (Scavia, et al., 2002). Estuaries
may experience loss of breeding areas, disturbance of marine waters and associated
organisms, changes in circulation models that affect maintenance of some native species,
increased hypoxia and storm magnitude. Moderate increases in temperature increase
metabolic rates, which ultimately determine life history traits, population growth, and
ecosystem processes (O’Connor M. I. et al., 2007). In this regard, organisms tend to adapt to
local environmental temperatures, with optimal physiological responses matching
temperatures that are close to the environmental average. Organisms are able to acclimatize
to arrange of temperatures around these optimal values (Hochachka and Somero, 2002).
Beyond this range, however, acclimatization fails, mortality risk increases, fitness is
reduced, and populations decline or are driven to local extinction (Hochachka and Somero,
2002). Variation in temperature canal so have impacts on key biological processes. For
example, the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton communities throughout the
world are being decreased with increased temperature but microbe’s loads are being
increased (Hochachka and Somero, 2002). The annual primary production of the world’s
oceans has decreased by at least 6% since the early 1980s, with nearly 70% of this decline
occurring at higher latitudes (Gregg et al., 2001) and with large relative decreases occurring
within Pacific and Indian ocean (Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010) (Fig. 7.A to D).

17
Fig. 7. Effects of climate change on biological processes in the ocean. (A to D)
Experimental results demonstrating the effect of temperature on different food web
properties. Solid symbols indicate nutrient addition; open symbols indicate ambient (low)
nutrient concentration; dashed horizontal lines denote initial conditions; error bars denote
SE; Black lines indicate changes Regression lines.
(Source: Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010)

The anomalous conditions which that left a clear fingerprint on global ocean phytoplankton
productivity and chlorophyll standing stocks (Behrenfeld et al., 2006). Respiration is also
more sensitive than photosynthesis to changes in temperature (López-Urrutia et al., 2006)
resulting in the caloric demands of consumers being potentially more strongly influenced by
increased temperature when compared to the temperature response of primary production.
Higher temperature has increased Picophytoplankton but reduced phytoplankton production.
(Fig. 8. A to B).

18
 A B

Fig. 8. (A) Relationship between temperature and abundance of small phytoplankton and (B)
total phytoplankton biomass from large-scale field sampling of the North Atlantic. (NW=
North West; NE= North East).
(Source: Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010)

Animal metabolism is temperature-dependent (Hochachka and Somero, 2002), and

consequently ecological processes such as predator-prey interactions are likely to be altered
as warming occurs (Sanford E., 1999). These findings have implications for the ability of
pelagic systems to capture and store carbon dioxide, with the potential for these critical
ocean processes to decline as temperature increases (López-Urrutia et al., 2006). Warming
has also been found to decrease the size of individual phytoplankton (Moran et al., 2010),
further altering the functioning and biogeochemistry of shallow pelagic ecosystems and, in
particular, reducing their potential for carbon sequestration. Changes to ocean conditions
also have direct influences on the life history characteristics of marine organisms as varied
as invertebrates and sea birds. Reduced developmental times may also result in phenological
mismatches between developing larval organisms and the availability of suitable food
(Durant et al., 2007), similar to phenological mismatches reported for terrestrial systems
(Walther et al., 2002). When combined with changing patterns of primary productivity and
metabolic rate, these fundamental influences have the potential to substantially modify
ocean food web dynamics, from coastal to open-ocean ecosystems.

3.2.4 Thermal effects

The average air temperature near the earth’s surface over the past century shows a lot of
variability due to influences such as volcanic eruptions, variations in the heat from the sun

19
and other natural phenomenal changes involving earth, seas, and air (Houghton, et al 1995).
One major cause behind the ascending rise of world’s temperature is the increased emissions
of carbon dioxide gas. If carbon dioxide concentration increases during the 21st century to
more than double of its pre-industrial value, then estimates show that global average
temperature will rise by about 2.5ºC and. For this year after year global sea surface
temperature is increasing (Van den Bossche, 2017) (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9. Average global sea surface temperature.

(Source: Van den Bossche, 2017)

An important consequence of this thermal effect is the sex ratios change among animals.For
example, many reptiles are reliant on temperature sex determination (Janzen et al., 1994) as
are some birds (Göth and Booth, 2005) and fish. Temperatures of 29.2°C produce a 1:1 sex
ratio in sea turtle populations; including the green turtle, hawksbill turtle, leatherback turtle,
loggerhead turtle and the olive ridley turtle. Higher temperatures will lead to the
feminization of populations (Hawkes et al., 2007) which will affect breeding success and
ultimately will result in extinction of certain species. Temperature fluctuations during early
fish development are another detrimental factor that may induce different prototypes of
deformities including skeletal deformities. Primitive construction and remote location of fish
hatcheries might expose the early developmental stages of fish to the sharp fluctuations in
temperature and inappropriate hatching enclosure hydrodynamics. Such adverse climatic
changes might disrupt vital developmental processes during early morphogenesis and might
give rise to different types of deformities. The developmental rates of poikilotherms, where
body temperatures vary with the environment, increase exponentially with temperature
(O’Connor et al., 2007), with important consequences for a range of ecological attributes

20
including larval dispersal, larval duration, local adaptation, and speciation (O’Connor et al.,
2007) (Fig. 10, A to B).

A B

Fig. 10. (A) Relationship between water temperature and planktonic larval duration from
published experimental laboratory studies of 72 species. (B) The predicted effects of
temperature on larval survival. (Black lines represent the population-averaged responses;
brown lines represent species specific trajectories).

(Source: O’Connor et al.,

2007) 3.2.5 Gaseous emission and ocean pH
CO2 is the primary molecule influencing the pH of oceans. Since the 1800’s, oceans have
absorbed 1/3 of anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Sabine et al., 2014) and the average oceanic
pH has dropped by 0.10 units, equivalent to a 30% decrease. If unmitigated, oceanic pH is
likely to decrease by a further 0.4 units by 2100. Increases in atmospheric CO 2 are currently
more rapid than at any point in the last 650,000 years (Sabine et al., 2014) (Fig. 11).

Fig. 11. Global sea surface PH change over 2000 years.

(Source: Sabine et al., 2014)

21
Decreasing pH will have impacts on the whole oceanic system, with high latitude cold water
oceans affected earlier and more harshly than warm water oceans. The fact that increased
CO2 affects species differentially means that it is likely to drive substantial changes in the
species composition and dynamics of all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Koch et al.,
1996). Farming, livestock husbandry and the combustion of fossil fuels cause excess sulfur
dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides to be released to the surrounding environment, where
they are transformed into nitric acid and sulfuric acid. When nitrogen and sulfur compounds
from the atmosphere are mixed into coastal waters, the change in water chemistry is as much
as 10 to 50 percent of the total changes caused by acidification from carbon dioxide
(Vitousek et al., 1997). Such new chemical mix changes the chemistry of seawater, with the
increase in acidic compounds lowering the pH of the water while reducing the capacity of
the upper ocean to store carbon. Further, the uprising increase in nitrogenous deposition into
natural water systems can increase the dominance of non-native species (Burke and Grime,
2007).
3.2.6 Reduced habitat complexity
Among the clearest and profound influences of climate change on the world’s oceans are its
impacts on habitat-forming species such as corals, seagrass, mangroves, saltmarsh grasses
and oysters. For example, mass coral bleaching, mortality and kelp forest destruction is the
result of increasing temperatures, is already reducing the richness and density of coral reef
fishes and other organisms. Coral ecosystems as well as kelp forests are declining because of
warming ocean temperatures and driving a major contraction in the distribution of species
(HoeghGuldberg et al., 2007) (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12. (A) Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef. (B) Kelp forest California, USA.
(Source: Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007)

22
Effects on kelp forests and mangrove habitats differ with site; areas with sharp coastal
inclines or coastal human structure that limit landward migration are most at risk.
Mangroves and kelp forest in many areas can adapt to sea level rise by landward migration,
but these shifts threaten other coastal habitats such as saltmarsh, which have other important
biogeochemical and ecological roles. The loss of sea ice is driving additional changes by
reductions in food webs that are dependent on sea-ice algae which may describe the recent
75 ± 21% per decade decrease in krill (Atkinson et al., 2004).

3.2.7 Invasive species supremacy

In the past 3 decades, the continuous global surge in temperatures has positively favored the
establishment, growth and supremacy of nonnative (invasive species) in its new environment
(Wizen, 2008). A perfect example of such product on environmental impact of global
climate changes is the freshwater red swamp crayfish (Procambrus clarkii) that is an
invasive species and was unintentionally released into the Egyptian natural aquatic
environment. Such invasive species have drastically dominated the vast majority of Nile
River tributaries in Egypt with the induction of extreme environmental, economic, and/or
human health harm (Fishar 2006). The abundance of red swamp crayfish (Procambrus
clarkii) in Nile River are being increased at alarming rate since 1995 (table.5).
Table. 5 The abundance of red swamp crayfish (Procambrus clarkii) in the Nile River

Year Red swamp crayfish (tones) Native species (tones)

1995 32564 320560
1996 35067 285056
1997 39005 277089
1998 44046 260000
1999 52046 250707
2000 67765 234000
2001 69958 210245
2002 76005 188765
2003 83893 154569
2004 90430 145647
2005 110075 145637
2006 140060 125243

(Source: Wizen et al., 2008)

The degree of spread, environmental and economic damage is obviously related to the
degree of local Egyptian and continental River Nile water chemistry changes (increased
nitrogen deposition, eutrophication, increased acidification (carbonate, sulfate, and nitrates),

23
and dissolved oxygen decline with continuous rise of water temperatures. In fact, only a
small percentage of non-native species become invasive and cause ecological and/or
economic damage. Available data indicate that invasive species can threaten the very
existence of native species in the invaded environments (Wizen, 2008). Invasive species are
a major cause of extinctions worldwide (25 percent of fish extinctions, 42 percent of reptile
extinctions and 22 percent of bird extinctions).
3.2.8 Saltwater intrusion
Saltwater intrusion means a process by which sea water infiltrates coastal groundwater
systems and mixing with the local freshwater. Groundwater is stored in the pores and
fractures of rock beneath the surface, and the rock formations containing groundwater are
referred to as aquifers (Barlow 2003). Sea level rise is likely to lead to increased risk of
intrusion and well contamination (Figure 13).

A B

Fig. 13. Sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion. (A) saltwater-freshwater interface (B) Shifts
landward under a scenario of sea-level rise.
(Source: Wada et al., 2010)

Bangladesh is a model country of salinity intrusion for the rising of sea level. It is estimated
that 25,000 km2 area of Bangladesh will go under water if sea level rise 1 m (table.6)

Table.6. Potential impact of sea level rise on Bangladesh (predicted)

Time period Sea level rise (m) Salt intruded area
2020 0.10 2% of land = 2500 km2

24
 2050 0.25 4% of land = 5000 km2
2100 1 17.5% of land =25,000 km2

(Source: Mac Kirby et al.,

2014) A study was carried out on Gorai river of Bangladesh. Usually the water is not usable
for domestic purposes if salinity is higher than 1 ppt, though it is still favorable for crop and
livestock agriculture unless salinity exceeds 2 ppt. Some freshwater aquaculture is still
possible when the salinity is below 4 ppt. The southern and western part of the study region
salinity is higher than 4 ppt at dry season which has intrigued brackish water shrimp farming
in Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat districts (Mac Kirby et al., 2014). Increasing of salinity in
river water (table. 7). It has a great negative impact on freshwater aquatic environment.
Because only high salt tolerant fish will survive there. Normal fish production will be
hampered. Table. 7 Increasing salinity in river water
2012 2030(%of increase) 2050(%of increase)

Salinity level (ppt) Area km2 Area km2 Area km2

>1 16720 17484 (5) 19075 (14)

>2 14831 15481 (4) 16806 (7)

>5 11272 11938 (6) 12062 (7)

(Source: Mac Kirby et al., 2014)

As the potential climate change will change the physiographic condition of the Sundarbans
(habitat for plants and animals, nursery ground for fisheries and wildlife) will be greatly
affected. A report by UNESCO (2007), "Case Studies on Climate Change and World
Heritage" has stated that an anthropogenic 45-centimetre (18 in) rise in sea level (likely by
the end of the 21st century, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
could lead to the destruction of 75 percent of the Sundarbans mangroves.
A number of aquatic species are being considered to decline in the Sundarbans mangrove
forest (table 8).
Table.8 A list of declined species in the Sundarbans
Species Rate of deline
Northern river terrapins
Butter fish
Electric ray Low
King crabs
Finless porpoises

25
 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins
Ganges River dolphins
Irrawady dolphins High
Estuarine crocodile Sea
snakes

(Source: Ministry of Environment and Forests: Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2010)

3.2.9 Decreasing of open water production
Extreme weather events have severe consequences for aquatic environment. Studies have
found that human activities have contributed to an increase in concentrations of atmospheric
greenhouse gases contributing to intensification of heavy rainfall events in some area or no
rainfall of some area at all. The increasing trend of extreme weather has great negative
impact on breeding and gonadal development of fish species (Melillo, 2014). Not only this
but also water depth and pH being fluctuated for extreme temperature. So fish production
from open water bodies called capture fisheries is decreasing day by day. For fulfill the
demand culture fisheries is taking that place in 1950 all fish comes from wild. From 1975
capture fisheries are decreasing and culture fisheries is increasing worldwide (Fig.14).

Fig.14. Contribution of Aquaculture production and capture production of global fish

production since 1950 to 2014.
(Source: Melillo, J. M., 2014)

26
 Chapter IV

Conclusion
 There are several reasons that why climate has been changed and this is continued.
There are several greenhouse gases that are basically responsible for climate
change resulted and “Greenhouse Effect”. Manipulation of environment by human
activities leading to establish several adverse climatic condition and alteration of
different physical and biological cycle that is necessary for equilibrium of the
environment. Aerosols and changing land use in addition with greenhouse gases
are making this situation more severe.

 Climate change is predicted to have a wide range of impacts on aquatic animal

populations and those who depend on them. Driving of so many aquatic species to
be under the category of endangered, threatened or extinct species. Sea level rise
with the subsequent coastal erosions is one major influential factor in the damage
of breeding habitats of so many migratory aquatic species including fishes,
shellfishes and birds. Increased ocean acidification is a detrimental factor for the
predicted decline of large number of shellfishes due to the intense decalcifying
effect of increased carbonic acid effects on calcium deposition in shell carrying
animals. Another critical impact of global warming is the growing change in sex
ratios among marine mammals, fishes, amphibians and aquatic birds and increase
biological invaders. Environmental impacts on the production of aquatic food are
diverse, complex and interactive. In respect to the possibility that climatic and
other environmental changes could adversely affect world edible aquatic animal’s
production, there is a clear need to apply the precautionary principles such as
taking presumptive action to minimize the future course of devastating
environmentally damaging global climatic changes.

27
 Chapter V

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