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(L3.1) - Hypothesis Testing - Null and Alternative Hypotheses

The document discusses hypothesis testing, which is used to determine if a treatment has an effect on a population. It defines the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis (H0) is the initial claim that there is no difference or effect. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is the contrary, showing there is a significant difference. Several examples are provided of stating the null and alternative hypotheses in words and symbols for given statements.

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Alexa Cristobal
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30 views

(L3.1) - Hypothesis Testing - Null and Alternative Hypotheses

The document discusses hypothesis testing, which is used to determine if a treatment has an effect on a population. It defines the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis (H0) is the initial claim that there is no difference or effect. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is the contrary, showing there is a significant difference. Several examples are provided of stating the null and alternative hypotheses in words and symbols for given statements.

Uploaded by

Alexa Cristobal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• The general goal of a hypothesis test is to rule

out chance (sampling error) as a plausible


explanation for the results from a research
study.

• Hypothesis testing is a technique to help


determine whether a specific treatment has
an effect on the individuals in a population.
1. Does the height of Grade 11 students differ
from 66 inches?

2. Is the proportion of G10 male student’s


height significantly higher than the G10
female students?
❖ NULL HYPOTHESIS
• It is denoted by 𝐻0 .
• It is the initial claim.
• It shows no significant difference, no changes,
nothing happened, no relationship between two
parameters.
• The independent variable has no effect on the
dependent variable.
• 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐
❖ ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• It is denoted by 𝐻𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝐻1 .
• It is the contrary to the null hypothesis.
• It shows that there is significant difference, an
effect, change, relationship between a parameter and
specific value.
• The independent variable has an effect on the
dependent variable.
• 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁𝟏 ≠ 𝝁𝟐 , 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁𝟏 > 𝝁𝟐 , 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁𝟏 < 𝝁𝟐 .
REMEMBER THIS!
NULL HYPOTHESIS, 𝑯𝟎 .

= Equal to , the same as, not changed from, is

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS, 𝑯𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝑯𝟏 .

≠ Not equal, different from, changed from, not the same as

> Greater than, above, higher than, longer than, bigger than, increased,
at least

< Less than, below, lower than, smaller than, shorter than, decreased or
reduced from, at most
State the null and alternative
hypotheses for each statement.

Example 1: The average age of bus drivers


in Metro Manila 38.8 years.

𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 38.8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 38.8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
State the null and alternative
s hypotheses for each statement.

Example 2: The average number of calories of a


low-calorie meal is 300.

𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 300 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 38.8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠


State the null and alternative hypotheses
for each statement.
The school record claims that the mean score in Math of
the incoming Grade 11 students is 81. The teacher wishes to find out if
the claim is true. She test is there is significant difference between the
batch mean score and the mean score in her class.
NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES IN NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES IN
WORDS SYMBOL

𝑯𝟎 : The mean score of the incoming Grade 11


students is 81. 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟏

𝑯𝒂 : The mean score of the incoming Grade 11


students is not 81. 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟖𝟏
State the null and alternative hypotheses
for each statement.
A social worker wants to test (at a=0.05) whether the
average body mass index (BMI) of the pupils under feeding program is
different from 18.2 kg.
NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES IN NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES IN
WORDS SYMBOL

𝑯𝟎 : The average BMI of the pupils under


feeding program is not different from 18.2 kg. 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐 𝒌𝒈

𝑯𝒂 : The average BMI of the pupils under


feeding program is different from 18.2 kg. 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐 𝒌𝒈
State the null and alternative hypotheses
for each statement.
A DTI representative wants to test at 99% confidence
level whether the average content of Soda X is less than 330 ml as
indicated in the label.
NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES IN NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES IN
WORDS SYMBOL

𝑯𝟎 : The average content of soda X is greater


than or equal to 330 ml. 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒍

𝑯𝒂 : The average content of soda X is less than


330 ml. 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 < 𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒍

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