Scribd
Upload
34 views

Physics

This document appears to be a physics investigatory project submitted by a student named Manish Patel on the topic of total internal reflection. It includes an introduction on total internal reflection, definitions of key terms like critical angle, applications like mirages and uses of diamonds, and how total internal reflection enables optical fibers. It concludes with an acknowledgements section thanking various teachers, a bibliography, and is signed by the teacher, principal, and an external examiner certifying the completion of the project.

Uploaded by

Manish Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Physics

This document appears to be a physics investigatory project submitted by a student named Manish Patel on the topic of total internal reflection. It includes an introduction on total internal reflection, definitions of key terms like critical angle, applications like mirages and uses of diamonds, and how total internal reflection enables optical fibers. It concludes with an acknowledgements section thanking various teachers, a bibliography, and is signed by the teacher, principal, and an external examiner certifying the completion of the project.

Uploaded by

Manish Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

ARCHIES HIGHER

SECONDARY SCHOOL
600, Ghurwakhera, Sanigawan, Kanpur

SESSION 2023-24
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC : TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:


Name: Manish Patel Mr. Sujeet Kumar Dwivedi
Class: XII (PGT Physics)
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MANISH PATEL


,a student of class XII, ARCHIES
HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL has
successfully completed the project
titled TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
during the academic year 2023-2024
towards partial fulfilment of physics
practical examination conducted by
CBSE.

Teacher Signature Principal Signature

External Examiner Signature


ACKNOLEGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have been best owned upon me their
blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I
am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with Physics project.

Primarily I would thank God for being able to


complete this project with succeed. Then I would
like to thank principal ma'am ‘Mrs. Manisha Soni’
and my physics teacher ‘Mr. Sujeet Dwivedi’
whose valuable guidance has helped me patch
this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and instructions has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the
project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends


who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of this project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my


classmates who have helped me a lot.
INDEX

•INTRODUCTION
•TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
•CONDITIONS FOR TOTAL
INTENAL REFLECTION
•RELATION BETWEEN REFRACTIVE
INDEX AND CRITICAL ANGLE
•APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL
INTENAL REFLECTION
•USES IN DAILY LIFE
•BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Whenever a ray of incident light travels from one medium to
another, its path is changed i.e. it gets refracted.
If the ray travels from denser medium to rarer medium, it
suffers deviation away from the normal at the point of
incidence. As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of
refraction also keeps on increasing. At a certain angle of
incidence, called the critical angle, the refracted ray grazes
along the surface of separation i.e. angle of refraction becomes
just go. If the angle of incidence is further increased, no
refraction takes place. Instead such a ray gets reflection inside
the medium itself. This phenomenon is called total internal
reflection.
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Total internal reflection is the phenomenon of reflection of light
which occurs when a ray of light traveling in a denser medium
is incident at the interfere of the two media at an angle greater
than the critical angle for that pair of media.
Consider a surface xyseparates the rarer medium a from the
denser medium b. A ray of light OA from the object O in denser
medium incident normally on the surface of separation, gets
refracted into the rarer medium as such along AL. Another ray
of light incident along the oblique path OA, is refracted away
from normal along the path A1B1in rarer medium. As the angle
of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also goes on
increasing, till for a certain angle of incidence C, called the
critical angle. When angle of incidence is greater than critical
angle then total internal reflection takes place.
CONDITIONS FOR TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION

1. The ray incident on the interface should


travel in optically denser medium.
2. The angle of incidence should be greater
than the critical angle for the given pair of
media.

Relation between refractive index (m) and critical angle


(C)
When refraction takes place at point C, it follows that the
refractive index of medium a w.r.t. medium b is given by
bma=Sini/sinr
am =Sin r/sin i
if i=c(criticalangle)
r = 90o
amb=Sin90/sinc=1/Sinc
Refractive index is inversely proportional to sin of critical
angle.
APPLICATIONS
1.Totally Reflection Prism :
To deviate a ray of light through 90oand 180o.
A right angled isosceles prism can be used to cause total
internal reflection. In such a right angled prism when a ray of
light is incident normally to its face AB, it passes into prism as
incidence is 45o. But for glass (m = 1.5), the value of critical
angle is about 41.8o. Since the value of incident angle is
greater than the critical angle for glass, the ray of right suffers
total internal refection. As a result, it gets incident on the
force AC at 90oand comes out of the prism as such. It follows
that the path of the ray of right was been deviated by the
prism through 90o.
The path of a ray undergoing a deviation of 90odue to one
internal reflection but in same way and by same process due
to two internal reflection, a ray can be deviated through
180o. This arrangement is used in prism-binoculars.
Advantages of Totally Reflecting Prism
over the Silvered Plane Mirror.
A reflecting prism does not require any
s ilverin g .
A silvered plane mirror always absorbs some
light. In a good mirror, the reflection of light
about 90-95%. However, in a reflecting
prism, almost 100% reflection is secured.
Due to imperfect and non-uniform silvering of
the mirror, the image obtained with a mirror
is oftenlynot of a good quality.
MIRAGE
It is an optical illusion observed in desert in a hot day. The object such
as tree is observed inverted and observer gets an impression that
there is a pool of water. This phenomena is known as mirage.
Due to intense heat, the surface of earth becomes quite hot and the
temperature of air near the surface of earth is max. The temp of the
other layers of the air goes on decreasing as one goes up. Dimity as
well as refractive index of air increases slightly for higher layers. Thus a
ray of light traveling from point O of a tree passes through air of
gradually decreasing refractive index and is therefore refracted more
and more away from the normal and accordingly the angle of
incidence goes on increasing. At a layer, when the angle of incidence
becomes greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection takes
place. Then the ray of light starts traversing layers of increasing
refractive index and goes on bending more and more towards the
normal. Ultimately, when the ray reaches the eye of the observer, it
appears to be coming from the point I. Hence the inverted image of
the tree produces the impression of reflection from a pool of water.
BRILLIANCE OF DIAMOND AND
OTHER PRECIOUS STONES
Diamond shines very brightly because it has a very high
refractive index and very low critical angle i.e. = 2.47 & C = 230.
Due to low critical angle, a diamond cut so as to have a large
number of faces, such that a ray of light entering it from one
face undergoes repeated total internal reflections from other
faces. As a result, the faces through which the light emerges,
shine very brilliantly.

OPTICAL FIBRES

In 1870, John Tyndall, a British physicist demonstrated that


light could be made to follow curved path along a thin
stream of water coming out of a water tank. This effect
was made use of an illuminated fountains. The light
follows curved path it suffers a series of total internal reflection.
Optical fibres commits of thousands of strands of a very
fine quality glass or quartz of refractive index about 1.7 or
so. The thickness of a strand is about 10-6 cm. The strands
are coated with a layer of some material of lower
refractive index (m=1.5).
When light is incident at a small angle at are end, it
gets refracted into strands and gets incident on the
interface of the fibresand the coating. The angle of
incidence being greater than critical angle, the ray of
light undergoes total internal reflections. Each fibre
act as a pipe and such a bundle of fibrescan be used
to convey images along paths of any shape. The
optical fibredoes not bend light. Instead, light
follows the zig-zagpath through the fibres.
USES OF OPTICAL FIBRES
i) Optical fibresare used inn the field of communication and the
computers.
ii) The optical fibresare used for making medical investigation.
iii) The optical fibresensors have been used to measure temperature
and pressure.
iv) The optical are used for transmitting the optical signals and the
two dimensional pictures.
v) The optical fibrein the form of photometric sensors are used for
measuring the blood flow in the heart.
vi) The optical fibrein the form of refract meters are used to
determine the refractive indices of liquids.
vii) Optical fibreare used in telephone and other transmitting cables.
viii) Optical fibreare used in transmission and reception Of electrical
signals by converting them first into light signals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Modern’s abcof Physics.


2. Pradeep’sFundamental Physics.
3. Dinesha to z in Physics

You might also like