SHPL 1332

School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

1.0 RESISTOR

Objectives:

1. To identify value and type of resistor.

2. To read the value of a resistor through color codes.
3. To calculate the absorption power of a resistor.

Materials:
1. A multimeter
2. Carbon resistors
3. Potentiometer : 5K ohm; 100K ohm

First Digit
Second Digit
Color Value Tolerance
Black 0
Brown 1 Tolerance
Red 2
Orange 3 Third digit
(multiplier)
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6 Figure 1
Purple 7
Gray 8
White 9
Gold 0.1 5%
Silver 10% A
NC 20%

Table 1 B

C
Figure 2

Procedures:

1. Table 1 shows the value of each color

2. Figure 1 describes the basic theory to calculate resistor’s value.
3. By choosing any resistor, fill in the table by completing a specification provide.
4. Use the multimeter in range ×1 and ×1K, measure each resistor and fill in the Table 2.
(Short circuit multimeter cables in order to do it zero ohm adjustment).
5. Calculate the value of the resistor by considering its tolerance. Put in Table 2.
6. Refer to Figure 2, rotate the potentiometer by a quarter turn and measure resistance at
points AB, BC and AC using multimeter.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

No First Second Third Fourth Resistance Resistance Limit Resistance

Digit Digit Digit Digit Value (Min and Max Value
(Color Value) (Measured)
code)

Example Red Blue Yellow Gold 260KΩ ± 5% 5% x 260KΩ = 13 KΩ 260KΩ

(2) (6) (X10K) (± 5%) Max= 273KΩ
Min =247KΩ

Table 2

Potentiometer Points Resistance Value

AB
5 KΩ
BC
AC
AB
100KΩ BC
AC

Table 3

What is the color code for following resistors?

1. 120 Ω 6. 560 KΩ
2. 270 KΩ 7. 750 KΩ
3. 2.7 KΩ 8. 75 KΩ
4. 27 Ω 9. 50 KΩ
5. 680 KΩ 10. 6.8 MΩ
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

2.0 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN

SERIES CIRCUIT

Objectives:
1. To do multimeter connection for measuring voltage in a circuit.
2. To measure and read the voltage in a circuit.
3. To measure and read the value of current based on scale and range given.
4. To compare the voltage obtained by measurement and calculation.
5. To compare the value of current that comes from the measurement and calculation.

Materials:
1. Power supply (DC) : 9V
2. Multimeter
3. Resistor : R1 = 220 ohm R2 = 1 K ohm
R3 = 6.8K ohm R4 = 12 K ohm
4. Project board

Procedures:
V1 V2

I1

R1 220  R2 1 K
9V I2

R4 12 K R3 6.8 K

I3

V4 V3

Figure 1

1. Connect the circuit and solder the components on the project board as shown in
Figure1.
2. By using multimeter, measure each resistance and fill in the Table1.
3. Connect the 10V dc voltage supply on the circuit. By using multimeter in range 10V
and 50V, measure the voltage across:

(i) Resistor R1, V1;

(ii) Resistor R2, V2
(iii) Resistor R3, V3,
(iv) Resistor R4, V4

4. Fill in all the measurements in Table 1.

5. By using Ohm’s Law, calculate the value of total voltage for this circuit. Put these
values in Table 1.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Resistor Voltages Voltage measured

Range 10 V Range 50V

220 ohm V1

1K ohm V2

6.8K ohm V3

12K ohm V4

Total of voltage
VJ =V1+V2 +V3+V4

Table 1

Current measured
Current
Range 2.5mA Range 25mA

I1

I2

I3

Table 2

6. By using multimeter set at 25mA and 2.5 mA range, measure the following currents:
(i) I1
(ii) I2
(iii) I3

7. Fill all the readings in Table 2.

8. By using Ohm’s Law, calculate the value of total voltage for this circuit. Put these
values in Table 1.
9. Explain the differences between the measured value and calculated value (if any).
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Question:

1. Explain why you need to start with a higher current range when you measure current
in a circuit.

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 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

3.0 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Objectives:

1. To design a series circuit on project board.

2. To measure and calculate the value of resistance, voltage and current of the circuit
3. To analyze the results obtained.

Materials:

1. Power supply (DC): 9V

2. Resistor : R1 = 200 ohm R2 = 6.8K ohm
R3 = 1K ohm R4 = 10K ohm
3. Multimeter
4. Project board

Procedures:

I1

I2
2
R1 = 220 
V1
R3 = 1K 

V3

I3
+

9V R4 = 10K 
R2 = 6.8K
- V2 V4

Figure 1

1. Connect the parallel circuit on the strip board as shown in Figure1.

2. With power supply, use multimeter to measure V1, V2, V3 and V4. Record the value
of voltage in Table 1.
3. By using multimeter, measure the value of current, I1, I2, and I3. Record the values
of current in Table 2.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Resistor Voltages Range on Multimeter

Range ____ V Range _____V

200 ohm V1
6.8K ohm V2

1K ohm V3

10K ohm V4

Table 1

Current measured
Current
Range ______mA Range ______mA

I1

I2

I3

Table 2
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

4.0 SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Objectives:

1. To design a series-parallel circuit on the strip board.

2. To measure and calculate the value of resistance, voltage and current for the circuit.
3. To analyze series-parallel circuit.

Materials:

1. Power supply (DC) : 9V

2. Resistor : R1 = 1K ohm R2 = 4.7K ohm R3 = 3.3K ohm
R4 = 2K ohm R5 = 10K ohm R6 = 20K ohm

3. Multimeter
4. Soldering iron and soldering wire
5. Strip Board

Procedures:
I1

R1

I3
I2
R5
9V

I4

R2 R3 R4

I5

R6

Figure 1

1. Without power supply, use multimeter to measure resistor R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and
R6 before soldering. Record the value of resistor in Table 3.
2. Connect the series-parallel circuit as shown in Figure 1.
3. By using 9 V DC power supply, use multimeter to measure the value of voltage
across resistor which are VR1, VR2, VR3, VR4, VR5, VR6 and V7. Record the
values of voltage in Table 1.
4. By using multimeter, measure the value of current I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5. Record the
value of current in Table 2.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Table 1

Voltages (V) VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6 V R7

Measured

Calculated

Table 2

Currents (mA) I1 I2 I3 I4 I5

Measured

Calculated

Table 3

No First Second Third Fourth Resistance Resistance Limit Resistance

Digit Digit Digit Digit Value ( Min and Max Value
(Color Value) (Measured)
code)

Example Red Blue Yellow Gold 260KΩ ± 5% 5% x 260KΩ = 13 KΩ 260KΩ

(2) (6) (X10K) (± 5%) Max= 273KΩ
Min =247KΩ

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

R7
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Questions:

Explain what will happen to the circuit if the components stated below:

(i) Resistor R1 is opened

(ii) Resistor R3 is opened
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

5.0 OSCILLOSCOPE AND AUDIO GENERATOR

Objectives:

1. To identify function of each controller on oscilloscope and audio generator.

2. To operate oscilloscope by using audio generator.
3. To sketch a sinusoidal signal in scale.
4. To calculate frequency of sinusoidal signal.

Materials:
1. Oscilloscope
2. Audio Generator

Procedures:

1. Accustom toward controllers and sources on oscilloscope and audio generator.

2. Make a connection between audio generator output and oscilloscope input channel.
Set audio generator on 1 volt peak-to-peak and 1000 Hz frequency.
3. Draw the audio generator. Note down each controllers and sources function in Table
1.
4. Draw the audio oscilloscope. Note down each controllers and sources function in
Table2.
5. Set audio generator output in order to run a display signal (on oscilloscope display
screen) 1 volt peak-to-peak. Sketch the signal in appropriate scale on Table 3.

Controller/Source Function

1 Level knob
2 Frequency range
3 Attenuator
4 Signal shape
5 Output

Table 1
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

No Controller/Source Function

1 Intent
2 Focus
3 Volt/cm
4 Time /cm

5 Vertical
6 Horizontol
7 Trigger
8 Mag X5, X10
9 Channel 1

10 Channel 2
11
12
13

Table 2

 Volt/div


Table 3 Time/div
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

6.0 TRANSFORMER

Objectives:
1. To test the transformer by measuring resistance value across primer and secondary
with multimeter.
2. To measure supply voltage.
3. To measure signal magnitude at the secondary.

Materials :
1. Transformer : 230V : 12V , 0V , 12V
2. Oscilloscope
3. Multimeter

Procedures:

X
A 12V
A

230V Y
0V

Z
B 12V
Table 1

1. Recognize the primary part (AB) and the secondary part (XY and YZ) of the
transformer.
2. Use the multimeter to measure resistance value at primary part and secondary part on
range ×10, write down in Table 1.
3. Connect primary part to 230V supply voltage. Use multimeter in range 50V to
measure AC voltage at the secondary part. Write down in table 2.
4. Observe signal shape and measure signal amplitude at the secondary part (XY and
YZ). Sketch the signal completely on Table 2. Observe the phase difference between
the signals.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

5. Calculate the Vrms put it down in Table 2. VP

Vrms = 1/√2 *VP (PEAK VOLTAGE)

No Source Resistance value

1 Primary : Point AB
2 Secondary : Point XY
3 Secondary : Point YZ

Table 1

Table 2

No Source Signal Shape Voltage AC Vrms

P/P Voltage

1 Point XY

2 Point YZ
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

7.0 POWER SUPPLY: HALF-WAVE

Objectives:
1. To identify function of diode as half wave power supply
2. To observe a signal shape generate by half wave power supply
3. To measure voltage over power supply without filter circuit.

Materials:
1. Transformer : 230V : 12V , 0V , 12V
2. Oscilloscope
3. Multimeter
4. Diode : IN4003 / IN4001
5. Resistor : 10K ohm

Procedures:

L K
A L
A
A
A 12V

R1
230V OUTPUT
10K ohm

0V

B
Figure 1 M
LM
A
1. Connect the circuit by referring Figure 1.
2. Use multimeter to measure AC voltage on point L and M. Note down the value in
Table 1.
3. Use multimeter to measure DC voltage on point K and M. Note down the value in
Table 1.
4. Use oscilloscope to measure the output signal on point LM and KM and note peak-to-
peak voltage. Sketch output signal on Table 1. Observe the changes of signal shape.
5. Clearly describe operation of half-wave power supply.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Voltage Voltage Voltage

No Source Signal Shape p/p AC DC

1 Point LM

2
Point KM

Table 1
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

8.0 POWER SUPPLY: HALF-WAVE WITH A FILTER

Objectives:
1. To identify function of diode as half wave power supply
2. To observe a signal shape generate by half wave power supply
3. To measure voltage over power supply with filter circuit.

Materials :
1. Transformer : 230V : 12V , 0V , 12V
2. Oscilloscope
3. Multimeter
4. Diode : IN4003/IN4001
5. Resistor : 10K ohm
6. Capacitor : 1000µF 50V (Electrolytic)

Procedures:
D1
L D
L
A
A
12V
+
R1 C1 OUTPUT
230V
10K 1000F

0V

B
M
Figure 1 M

1. Connect circuit by referring to Figure 1.

2. Use multimeter to measure AC voltage at point L and M. Fill in the value in Table 1.
3. Use multimeter to measure DC voltage at point D and M. Fill in the value in Table 1.
4. Use oscilloscope to measure the output signal on point LM and DM and note peak-to-
peak voltage. Sketch output signal on Table 1. Observe the changes of signal shape.
5. Clearly describe operation of half-wave power supply.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Voltage Voltage Voltage

No Source Signal Shape p/p AC DC

1 Point LM

2 Point DM

Table 1
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

9.0 POWER SUPPLY: FULL-WAVE

Objectives:
1. To identify function of diode as full wave power supply
2. To observe a signal shape generate by full wave power supply
3. To measure voltage over power supply.

Materials:
1. Transformer : 230V: 12V, 0V, 12V
2. Oscilloscope
3. Multimeter
4. Diode : IN4003/IN4001 × 2
5. Resistor : 10K ohm

Procedures:

12V L D1
A
A

D
230V M 0V

N D2 R1 OUTPUT
10K

B 12V

M
Figure 1

1. Connect circuit by referring to Figure 1.

2. Use multimeter to measure AC voltage at given point. Fill in the value in Table 1.
a. Point L and M.
b. Point N and M.
3. Use multimeter to measure DC voltage at point D and M. Fill in the value in Table 1.
4. Use oscilloscope to measure the output signal on point LM, NM and DM and note
peak-to-peak voltage. Sketch output signal on Table 1. Observe the changes of signal
shape.
5. Clearly describe operation of full-wave power supply.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Voltage Voltage Voltage

No Source Signal Shape p/p AC DC

1 Point LM

2 Point NM

3 Point DM

Table 1
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

10.0 POWER SUPPLY: FULL WAVE WITH A FILTER

Objectives:
1. To identify function of diode as full wave power supply
2. To observe a signal shape generate by full wave power supply
3. To measure voltage over power supply.

Materials:
1. Transformer : 230V: 12V, 0V, 12V
2. Oscilloscope
3. Multimeter
4. Diode : IN4003/IN4001 × 2
5. Resistor : 10K ohm
6. Capasitor : 1000µF 50V (Electrolytic)

Procedures:

12V L D1
A
A

0V D K
M
230V
+
N D2 R1 C1 OUTPUT

12V
B

Figure 1

1. Connect circuit by referring to Figure 1.

2. Use multimeter to measure AC voltage at given point. Fill in the value in Table 1.
a. Point L and M.
b. Point N and M.
3. Use multimeter to measure DC voltage at point D and M. Fill in the value in Table 1.
4. Use oscilloscope to measure the output signal on point LM, NM and DM and note
peak-to-peak voltage. Sketch output signal on Table 1. Observe the changes of signal
shape.
5. Clearly describe operation of full-wave power supply with a filter.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Voltage Voltage Voltage

No Source Signal Shape p/p AC DC

1 Point LM

2 Point NM

3 Point KM

Table 1
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

11.0 TRANSISTOR

Objectives:
1. To identify Base (B), Emitter (E) and Collector (C) of transistor.
2. To identify types of transistor (PNP or NPN)
3. To test condition of a transistor

Materials:
1. A variety types of transistor
2. Multimeter

Procedures:

1. You are given different types of transistors. Pick each transistor and draw them in the
space provided in Table 1. Label each leg/pin with numbers 1, 2 and 3.
2. Set Multimeter range to × 1. Do not forget to zero adjust the multimeter.
3. Record your reading in the space provided in Table 1. Consider these aspects-high
reading as H and low reading as L.

Transistor No.

Isometric
view

Meter
connection
to pins

(-) (+)
PIN PIN Resistance Value
1 (-) 2 (+)
1 (-) 3 (+)
2 (-) 1 (+)
2 (-) 3 (+)
3 (-) 1 (+)
3 (-) 2 (+)

Table 1
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

To identify types of transistor

1. Based on Table 1, state the type of transistor in Table 2.

2. Based on Table 1, state BASE as B in Table 2.

Transistor No.
Pin No 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Pin B
N or P
Type

Table 2

To determine Collector (C) and Emitter (E)

1. Forget about the BASE.

2. Use ×10K, measure the other two pins.
3. Determine the collector (C) by the lower reading of both.

Transistor No.
Pin No 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Pin E/B/C

Table 3

Questions:

1. What is transistor?
2. How does a transistor work?
3. Draw a simple transistor circuit and label the components.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

12.0 FLASH LIGHT

Objectives:
1. To design ‘flash light’ on printed circuit board by refer to schematic circuit.
2. To observe signal shape for each pins IC 555 flash light circuit.
3. To measure voltage over each pins.
4. To identify LED ‘blinking’ time.

Materials:
1. Power Supply : 9V
2. IC : IC 555
3. Resistor : R1 = R2 = 1KΩ; R3 = 100 KΩ ; R4 = 43KΩ
4. Capasitor : C1 = 47 F
5. Switch : Toggle switch.
6. LED

Procedures:

+9V

LED 1
R4
8 4
R1 R3
2 3
3
6

7
R2
1
S1
LED2 C1

-ve
Figure 1

1. Design the flash light circuit on printed circuit board by referring to schematic circuit
on Figure 1.
2. Use multimeter to measure DC voltage for all IC 555 pins. Note down on Table 1.
3. Measure the delay time between switch is on and the LED is on.
 SHPL 1332
School of Education SEM 11 2022/2023

Project testing:

(a) Measure DC voltage for all IC pin right after the LED 2 is on.

Pin DC Voltage

Table 1

(b) Delay time or time taken to off the LED after the switch is off.