Advanced Database Management Systems

(DBMS)
Introduction Chapter
The Database Environment ‫ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
Objectives
n Definition of terms
n Explain growth and importance of databases
n Name limitations of conventional file processing
n Identify five categories of databases
n Explain advantages of databases
n Identify costs and risks of databases
n List components of database environment
n Describe evolution of database systems

Definitions
n Database: organized collection of logically related data. ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ‬
n Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events
‫ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻼت ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻷﺷﯿﺎء وأﺣﺪاث ذات ﻣﻐﺰى‬
n Structured: numbers, text, dates ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷرﻗﺎم واﻟﻨﺼﻮص واﻟﺘﻮارﯾﺦ‬:‫ﻣﮭﯿﻜﻠﺔ‬
n Unstructured: images, video, documents ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر واﻟﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮ واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬:‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﮭﯿﻜﻠﺔ‬
n Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data
.‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬:‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
n Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data
‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﺳﯿﺎق ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

Graphical displays turn data into useful

Context helps users understand data information that managers can use for:
decision making and interpretation

Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data types, field sizes,
allowable values, and data context
Disadvantages of File Processing ‫ﻋﯿﻮب ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‬
n Program-Data Dependence ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺑﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺻﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ‬
n Duplication of Data ‫ازدواﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
‫ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬/ ‫اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
n Limited Data Sharing ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n No centralized control of data ‫ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Lengthy Development Times ‫أوﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻟﺔ‬
n Programmers must design their own file formats
‫ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﻢ‬
n Excessive Program Maintenance ‫ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻔﺮطﺔ‬
n 80% of information systems budget 80٪ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﺰاﻧﯿﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

Figure 1-3 Old file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture Company
Pine Valley Furniture ‫ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬3-1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Problems with Data Dependency ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

n Each application programmer must maintain his/her own data
‫ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬/ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﮫ‬
n Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file
‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ رﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻒ‬
n Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading,
inserting, updating, and deleting data
‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ إﺟﺮاءات ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮫ ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وإدراﺟﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺜﮭﺎ وﺣﺬﻓﮭﺎ‬
n Lack of coordination and central control ‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬
n Non-standard file formats ‫ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
n Waste of space to have duplicate data ‫ھﺪر ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻜﺮرة‬
n Causes more maintenance headaches ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺪاع اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ‬
n The biggest problem: ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬
n Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻒ واﺣﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬
n Compromises in data integrity ‫ﺣﻠﻮل وﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

SOLUTION >>> The DATABASE Approach ‫اﻟﺤﻞ <<< ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Central repository of shared data ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
n Data is managed by a controlling agent ‫ﺗﺘﻢ إدارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬
n Stored in a standardized, convenient form ‫ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ وﻣﺮﯾﺢ‬
This approach requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
(DBMS)‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﮭﺞ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

Database Management System (DBMS) ‫ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user
databases ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻲ ﯾُﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻧﺸﺎء وﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ وﺻﻮل ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
‫ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﻮارد اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬DBMS ‫ﯾﺪﯾﺮ‬

Advantages of the Database Approach ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

n Program-data independence ‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
n Planned data redundancy ‫ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
n Improved data consistency ‫اﺗﺴﺎق اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻦ‬
n Improved data sharing ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Increased application development productivity ‫زﯾﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬
n Enforcement of standards ‫إﻧﻔﺎذ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬
n Improved data quality ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Improved data accessibility and responsiveness ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
n Reduced program maintenance ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
n Improved decision support ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﺮار‬

Costs and Risks of the Database Approach ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ وﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n New, specialized personnel ‫ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﯿﻦ ﺟﺪد‬
n Installation and management cost and complexity ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ واﻹدارة واﻟﺘﻌﻘﯿﺪ‬
n Conversion costs ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
n Need for explicit backup and recovery ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺴﺦ اﺣﺘﯿﺎطﻲ واﺳﺘﺮداد ﺻﺮﯾﺢ‬
n Organizational conflict ‫اﻟﺼﺮاع اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‬

Elements of the Database Approach ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

n Data models ‫ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
§ Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
‫ﻧﻈﺎم رﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﯾﻠﺘﻘﻂ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
§ Enterprise Data Model–high-level entities and relationships for the
organization ‫ اﻟﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬- ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
§ Project Data Model–more detailed view, matching data structure in database
or data warehouse ‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ‬، ً‫ ﻋﺮض أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻼ‬- ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت أو ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Relational Databases ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ‬
§ Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities and
primary/foreign keys representing relationships ‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬/ ‫ﺟﺪاول )ﻋﻼﻗﺎت( ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
n Use of Internet Technology ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
§ Networks and telecommunications, distributed databases, client-server, and 3-
tier architectures ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﻠﻜﯿﺔ واﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﯿﺔ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ وﺧﺎدم‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ واﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
n Database Applications ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
§ Application programs used to perform database activities (create, read, update,
and delete) for database users ‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻷداء أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )إﻧﺸﺎء‬
‫وﻗﺮاءة وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ وﺣﺬف( ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
Components of the Database Environment ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n CASE Tools–computer-aided software engineering
.‫وﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ‬
n Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
.‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺰوﯾﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت أﺧﺮى‬
n Database Management System (DBMS) –software for managing the database
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻹدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Database–storehouse of the data
‫ﻣﺨﺰن اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n Application Programs–software using the data
.(‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬
n User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
.(‫ﻋﺮوض ﻧﺼﯿﺔ ورﺳﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ )واﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
n Data/Database Administrators–personnel responsible for maintaining the database
‫اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻮن ﻋﻦ ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
n System Developers–personnel responsible for designing databases and software
‫اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻮن ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬
n End Users–people who use the applications and databases
‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

The Range of Database Applications ‫ﻧﻄﺎق ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

n Personal databases ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬
n Workgroup databases ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
n Departmental/divisional databases ‫ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‬/ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻹدارات‬
n Enterprise database ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
 Figure 1-7 Workgroup database with
wireless local area network

Figure 1-6: Typical data from a personal database

Enterprise Database Applications

‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

n Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬
§ Integrate all enterprise functions (manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing,
inventory, accounting, human resources)
(‫ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‬،‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬،‫ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬،‫دﻣﺞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ )اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬
n Data Warehouse ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
§ Integrated decision support system derived from various operational databases
‫ﻧﻈﺎم دﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

Figure 1-8: An enterprise data warehouse Evolution of DB Systems