Unit 4 Wind Energy
Unit 4 Wind Energy
UNIT 04
WIND ENERGY
▪ The two major driving factors of wind patterns are the differential heating
between the equator and the poles (difference in absorption of solar energy )
and the rotation of the planet.
▪ Each second, the sun releases an enormous amount of radiant energy into the
solar system.
▪ Heating process creates temperature differences between the Land, Water, Air
due to their different physical properties i.e.
o Density
▪ Hot air rises, it expands, becomes less dense, and is then replaced by denser,
cooler air.
▪ Moves north and south in the upper levels of the atmosphere and circulates
above cooler air.
▪ Wind is formed due to the phenomena called Coriolis Effect “ the tendency for
any moving body on or above the earth's surface to drift sideways from its
course because of the earth's rotation”.
Wind formation
Coriolis Effect
Principle of energy conversion
The principle of energy conversion is invoked during the conversion of one form of
energy into another.
According to this principle. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it can only
be converted from one form into another.
• As of 31 July 2016 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 27,441.15
MW with south, west and north area including the major part.
• The wind power generation capacity in India is 49,130 MW as per the official
estimations in the Indian Wind Atlas (2010) by NIWE.
Cont….
▪ India at this time is known as the world's fourth largest producer of wind power having
surpassed Spain in 2015 and there are no wind power grid connections in East and North
east regions as of March, 2015 end.
▪ National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) has been established in Chennai in the year
1998, as an autonomous R&D institution by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE), Government of India.
Cont….
▪ As measured by NIWE, there are 54 locations near shore wind beside coast.
▪ Introductory studies by NIWE and Indian National Centre for Ocean Information
Services (INCOIS) Hyderabad endorse potential sideways Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and
Maharashtra coasts.
Biomass Power
11%
90000
80000
70000 10 19.4
60000
17.3
50000
40000
30000 5
8.4
20000 7.1 6.4
5.4
10000
3.3
0 1.1 0.6
0
State/Union Territories Number of Monitoring Total Wind Monitoring Stations with the Annual
Stations operating Stations Formed Average WPD > 200 W/m2
at a height of 50 m
Arunachal Pradesh - 9 -
Andhra Pradesh 4 67 35
Assam 1 9 -
Bihar 3 3 -
Chhattisgarh 4 7 -
Goa 2 3 -
Gujarat 7 68 41
Haryana 1 8 -
Himachal Pradesh - 10 -
Jammu & Kashmir 2 11 1
Jharkhand 2 4 -
Karnataka
KPCL Stations: - 19 16
MNES Stations: 13 55 22
Kerala - 27 17
Lakshadweep - 11 6
Madhya Pradesh 7 42 7
Mizoram - 5 -
Manipur 3 8 -
Maharashtra 30 119 32
Meghalaya 2 2 -
Nagaland 4 4 -
Orissa - 11 6
Pondichery - 4 -
Punjab 2 13 -
Rajasthan 1 39 8
Sikkim - 3 -
Tripura 2 5 -
Tamil Nadu 7 74 47
Uttar Pradesh 5 12 -
Uttarakhand - 11 1
West Bengal - 10 1
Total 104 687 234
SITE SELECTION CONSIDERATION FOR WIND
ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
❖ The power available in the wind increases rapidly with the speed, hence wind
energy conversion machines should be located preferable in areas where the
winds are strong and persistent.
❖ The major contribution to the wind power available at a given site is actually
made by winds with speeds above the average. Nevertheless, the most suitable
sites for wind turbines would be found in areas where the annual average wind
speeds are known to be moderately high or high.
❖ The site choice for a single or a spatial array of WECS is an important matter
when wind electrics is looked at from the systems point of view of aero turbine
generators feeding power into a convertional electric grid.
❖ If the WECS sites are wrongly or poorly chosen the net wind electrics generated
energy per year may be sub optimal with resulting high capital cost for the
WECS apparatus, high costs for wind generated electric energy, and low
Returns on Investment.
CONTINUED
Some of the main site selection consideration are given below:
1. High annual average wind speed:
2. Availability of anemometry data:
3. Availability of wind V(t) Curve at the proposed site:
4. Wind structure at the proposed site:
5. Altitude of the proposed site:
6. Terrain and its aerodynamic:
7. Local Ecology
8. Distance to road or railways:
9. Nearness of site to local center /users:
10. Nature of ground:
11. Favorable land cost:
Parts of Wind Turbine system:
i. Blades BLADES
▪ Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
▪ Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin.
▪ Controller: Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and
shuts off the machine at about 55 mph.
▪ Gear box: Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational
speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is the
rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity.
▪ Nacelle: Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator,
controller, and brake.
Cont….
• Pitch: Turns blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor from turning
• in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
• Rotor: Blades and hub together form the rotor.
• Tower: Made from tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Supports the structure of
• the turbine.
• Wind direction: Determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like the one shown
• here-face into the wind while downwind turbines face away.
• Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine
properly with respect to the wind.
• Yaw drive: Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes.
Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor away
from it.
• Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.
Wind Turbines
• Rotating machines that can be used to generate electricity from the kinetic
power of the wind.
• Alike aircraft propeller, turn in moving air, power the electric generator, supply
electric current.
Principle:
The energy in the wind turns two or threee blades around a rotor. The
rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.
Working of Wind Turbine
▪ Wind blows toward the turbine's rotor blades.
▪ The rotors spin around, capturing some of the kinetic energy from the wind,
and turning the central drive shaft that supports them.
▪ In most large modern turbines, the rotor blades can swivel on the hub at the
front so they meet the wind at the best angle (or "pitch") for harvesting
energy. This is called the pitch control mechanism.
▪ Inside the nacelle, the gearbox converts the low-speed rotation of the drive
shaft into high-speed rotation fast enough to drive the generatorefficiently.
▪ The entire top part of the turbine (the rotors and nacelle) can be rotated by a
yaw motor, mounted between the nacelle and the tower, so it faces directly
into the oncoming wind and captures the maximum amount of energy.
Cont…
• If it's too windy or turbulent, brakes are applied to stop the rotors from
turning (for safety reasons).
• Turbines work almost anywhere in the world where it's reliably windy,
unlike fossil-fuel deposits that are concentrated only in certain regions.
• Unlike fossil-fueled power, wind energy operating costs are predictable years
in advance.
• Freedom from energy prices and political volatility of oil and gas supplies
from other countries.
• Extra cost and complexity of balancing variable wind power with other forms
of power.
• Extra cost of upgrading the power grid and transmission lines, though the
whole system often benefits.
• Large overall land take—though at least 95 percent of wind farm land can still
be used for farming, and offshore turbines can be built at sea.
• Can't supply 100 percent of a country's power all year round, the way fossil
fuels, nuclear, hydroelectric, and biomass power can.
TARGET: 60 GW by 2022
• NIWE to coordinate with CERC and SERCs for tariff setting and regulatory
issues.
• EIA study of proposed offshore wind farms regarding aquatic life, fisheries,
avian life, archaeological remains, etc. to be conducted by thedeveloper.
• Tentative sites identified in coastal states – Gujarat and Tamil Nadu for
possible offshore wind power projects.
✓ Hence, to protect the environment from hazards, other sources including wind energy
is used. It has proved to compensate for energy very well.
✓ The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more
advanced and windmills are becoming more effective.
✓ Wind energy is rapidly increasing with the passage of time. Government as well as
world is putting effort to understand its importance and bringing best out of it.