Cloud Computing is a new name for an old concept.

The delivery of
computing services from a remote location. Cloud Computing is Internet-
based computing, where shared resources, software, and information are
provided to computers and other devices on demand.
These are major issues in Cloud Computing:
1. Privacy: The user data can be accessed by the host company with or
without permission. The service provider may access the data that is on the
cloud at any point in time. They could accidentally or deliberately alter or
even delete information.
2. Compliance: There are many regulations in places related to data and
hosting. To comply with regulations (Federal Information Security
Management Act, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, etc.)
the user may have to adopt deployment modes that are expensive.
3. Security: Cloud-based services involve third-party for storage and
security. Can one assume that a cloud-based company will protect and
secure one’s data if one is using their services at a very low or for free? They
may share users’ information with others. Security presents a real threat to
the cloud.
4. Sustainability: This issue refers to minimizing the effect of cloud
computing on the environment. Citing the server’s effects on the
environmental effects of cloud computing, in areas where climate favors
natural cooling and renewable electricity is readily available, the countries
with favorable conditions, such as Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland are
trying to attract cloud computing data centers. But other than nature’s favors,
would these countries have enough technical infrastructure to sustain the
high-end clouds?
5. Abuse: While providing cloud services, it should be ascertained that the
client is not purchasing the services of cloud computing for a nefarious
purpose. In 2009, a banking Trojan illegally used the popular Amazon
service as a command and control channel that issued software updates and
malicious instructions to PCs that were infected by the malware So the
hosting companies and the servers should have proper measures to address
these issues.
6, Higher Cost: If you want to use cloud services uninterruptedly then you
need to have a powerful network with higher bandwidth than ordinary
internet networks, and also if your organization is broad and large so
ordinary cloud service subscription won’t suit your organization. Otherwise,
you might face hassle in utilizing an ordinary cloud service while working on
complex projects and applications. This is a major problem before small
organizations, that restricts them from diving into cloud technology for their
business.
7. Recovery of lost data in contingency: Before subscribing any cloud
service provider goes through all norms and documentations and check
whether their services match your requirements and sufficient well-
maintained resource infrastructure with proper upkeeping. Once you
subscribed to the service you almost hand over your data into the hands of a
third party. If you are able to choose proper cloud service then in the future
you don’t need to worry about the recovery of lost data in any contingency.
8. Upkeeping(management) of Cloud: Maintaining a cloud is a herculin
task because a cloud architecture contains a large resources infrastructure
and other challenges and risks as well, user satisfaction, etc. As users
usually pay for how much they have consumed the resources. So,
sometimes it becomes hard to decide how much should be charged in case
the user wants scalability and extend the services.
9. Lack of resources/skilled expertise: One of the major issues that
companies and enterprises are going through today is the lack of resources
and skilled employees. Every second organization is seeming interested or
has already been moved to cloud services. That’s why the workload in the
cloud is increasing so the cloud service hosting companies need continuous
rapid advancement. Due to these factors, organizations are having a tough
time keeping up to date with the tools. As new tools and technologies are
emerging every day so more skilled/trained employees need to grow. These
challenges can only be minimized through additional training of IT and
development staff.
10. Pay-per-use service charges: Cloud computing services are on-
demand services a user can extend or compress the volume of the resource
as per needs. so you paid for how much you have consumed the resources.
It is difficult to define a certain pre-defined cost for a particular quantity of
services. Such types of ups and downs and price variations make the
implementation of cloud computing very difficult and intricate. It is not easy
for a firm’s owner to study consistent demand and fluctuations with the
seasons and various events. So it is hard to build a budget for a service that
could consume several months of the budget in a few days of heavy use.
1Introduction
Cloud computing has grown in popularity in recent years thanks to
technical and economical benefits of the on-demand capacity management
model [1]. Many cloud operators are now active on the market, providing a
rich offering, including Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-
Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solutions [2]. The cloud
technology stack has also become mainstream in enterprise data centers,
where private and hybrid cloud architectures are increasingly adopted.
Even though the cloud has greatly simplified the capacity provisioning
process, it poses several novel challenges in the area of Quality-of-Service
(QoS) management. QoS denotes the levels of performance, reliability, and
availability offered by an application and by the platform or infrastructure
that hosts ita. QoS is fundamental for cloud users, who expect providers to
deliver the advertised quality characteristics, and for cloud providers, who
need to find the right tradeoffs between QoS levels and operational costs.
However, finding optimal tradeoff is a difficult decision problem, often
exacerbated by the presence of service level agreements (SLAs) specifying
QoS targets and economical penalties associated to SLA violations [3].
 While QoS properties have received constant attention well before the
advent of cloud computing, performance heterogeneity and resource
isolation mechanisms of cloud platforms have significantly complicated
QoS analysis, prediction, and assurance. This is prompting several
researchers to investigate automated QoS management methods that can
leverage the high programmability of hardware and software resources in
the cloud [4]. This paper aims at supporting these efforts by providing a
survey of the state of the art of QoS modeling approaches applicable to
cloud computing and by describing their initial application to cloud
resource management.
Scope. Cloud computing is an operation model that integrates many
technological advancements of the last decade such as virtualization, web
services, and SLA management for enterprise applications. Characterizing
cloud systems thus requires using diverse modeling techniques to cope with
such technological heterogeneity. Yet, the QoS modeling literature is
extensive, making it difficult to have a comprehensive view of the available
techniques and their current applications to cloud computing problems.
Methodology. The aim of this survey is to provide an overview of early
research works in the cloud QoS modeling space, categorizing contributions
according to relevant areas and methods used. Our methodology attempts
to maximize coverage of works, as opposed to reviewing specific technical
challenges or introducing readers to modeling techniques. In particular, we
focus on recent modeling works published from 2006 onwards focusing on
QoS in cloud systems. We also discuss some techniques originally
developed for modeling and dynamic management in enterprise data
centers that have been successively applied in the cloud context.
Furthermore, the survey considers QoS modeling techniques for interactive
cloud services, such as multi-tier applications. Works focusing on batch
applications, such as those based on the MapReduce paradigm, are
therefore not surveyed.
Survey Organization. This survey covers research efforts in workload
modeling, system modeling, and their applications to QoS management in
the cloud.
 Workload modeling involves the assessment or prediction of the arrival
rates of requests and of the demand for resources (e.g., CPU requirements)
placed by applications on an infrastructure or platform, and the QoS
observed in response to such workloads. We review in Section 2 cloud
measurement studies that help characterize those properties for specific
cloud systems, followed by a review of workload characterizations and
inference techniques that can be applied to QoS analysis.
 System modeling aims at evaluating the performance of a cloud system,
either at design time or at runtime. Models are used to predict the value of
specific QoS metrics such as response time, reliability or availability. We
survey in Section 3 formalisms and tools employed for these analyses and
their current applications to assess the performance of cloud systems.
 Applications of QoS models often appear in relation to decision-making
problems in system management. Techniques to determine optimized
decisions range from simple heuristics to nonlinear programming and
meta-heuristics. We survey in Section 4 works on decision making for
capacity allocation, load balancing, and admission control including
research works that provide solutions for the management of a cloud
infrastructure (i.e., from the cloud provider perspective) and resource
management techniques for the infrastructure user (e.g., an application
provider aiming at minimizing operational expenditure, while providing
QoS level guarantees to the end users).
 Mobile cloud computing (MCC) has witnessed more rapid growth in terms of research
due to the reason that mobile phones are becoming a vital need for human life. It is
portable and is everywhere, which is very effective and suitable for communication
irrespective of time and place [1, 2]. The birth of MCC is a significant turnaround for
computer science technology and also phone developers. MCC is an important
technology which is applicable in different services such as Electronic Mobile Learning
(EML), Electronic Mobile Commerce (EMC), Electronic Mobile Banking (EMB),
Electronic Mobile Game (EMG), and Electronic Mobile Healthcare (EMH) [3–8].
Meanwhile, Mobile Devices (MDs) are becoming more sophisticated due to the
development of large and complex applications. Consequently, MDs are constrained
with challenges of battery power, memory space, and computation power; for these
reasons, the idea of offloading task to the cloud has been integrated into mobile devices.
When offloading a task to cloud, so many issues are resolved, such as security, quality
of service, and mobile application development, according to Zissis and Lekkas [9] and
Kumar and Lu [10] as depicted in Figure 1, which represents MCC system view.
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 Applications require complex computations such as real-time computing, image
processing, voice processing, online game, video streaming, language, and wearable
 computing demands high processing capabilities. These complex applications are
challenging for MDs application developers in terms of implementing the application
for MDs. The problem of battery power consumption and memory space are increasing
due to high demand for smaller sized MDs; therefore, these challenges are problematic
issues in MCC [11]. Hence, it has become paramount to adopt cloud computing
solutions for mobile devices. Recently, many types of research have been directed
towards MCC to address the aforementioned challenges. MCC can provide
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) for MDs storage and Platform as a Services (PaaS)
for MDs computation to alleviate their limitations [12]. The basic idea of MCC is to
offload large and complex task to remote resource providers. Thus, security is needed
for offloaded tasks’ confidentiality and integrity.
 Confidentiality, availability, and integrity issues need to be addressed when tasks are
offloaded into the cloud. Authentication, privacy, and end-to-end security need to be
integrated into the offloading architecture framework. It is vital to ensure reliable and
secure task transmission from MDs to the cloud because data can be moved and stored
into the cloud via a wireless connection. Due to the wireless connection, transmission
becomes vulnerable to both internal and external attacks. Quality of Service (QoS) is
also very important for the realization of efficient transmission of the task into the cloud
system. QoS is considered because of the distant connection, which might result in
communication latency. Network strength and phone bandwidth need to be considered
before offloading task to the cloud.
 Several research papers have proposed different reviews on mobile cloud computing
with taxonomy focusing on the energy consumption, security, applications, and MCC
quality of service. The reviews/survey papers describe and analyze the foundation and
general issues in the MCC integration, task processing, and communication. In [13],
the MCC has been surveyed considering security, privacy and trust, bandwidth and data
transfer, data management and synchronization, energy efficiency, and heterogeneity.
Also, [14] presented a survey that is centered on technological development based on
architectures and application areas of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). Furthermore, a
comprehensive survey has been suggested focusing on security-based authentication
and privacy scheme for noncentralized MCC services [15]. However, none of these
surveys explore the performance metrics of the MCC.
 To be precise, our contributions in this paper are as follows.(i)We review and present
an analysis of different issues and techniques employed in the MCC domain(ii)We
present a classification structure and descriptive review of recent related work in
MCC(iii)We outline, described, and analyze different performance metrics and
implementation environment used in evaluating various research papers in MCC(iv)We
summarize the suggested future research works as presented in various research studies,
which unveils direction for current and future research gaps
Cloud Computing Platforms and Technologies
Cloud computing applications develops by leveraging platforms and
frameworks. Various types of services are provided from the bare metal
infrastructure to customize-able applications serving specific purposes.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) –
AWS provides different wide-ranging clouds IaaS services, which ranges
from virtual compute, storage, and networking to complete computing stacks.
AWS is well known for its storage and compute on demand services, named
as Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3). EC2
offers customizable virtual hardware to the end user which can be utilize as
the base infrastructure for deploying computing systems on the cloud. It is
likely to choose from a large variety of virtual hardware configurations
including GPU and cluster instances. Either the AWS console, which is a
wide-ranged Web portal for retrieving AWS services, or the web services API
available for several programming language is used to deploy the EC2
instances. EC2 also offers the capability of saving an explicit running
instance as image, thus allowing users to create their own templates for
deploying system. S3 stores these templates and delivers persistent storage
on demand. S3 is well ordered into buckets which contains objects that are
stored in binary form and can be grow with attributes. End users can store
objects of any size, from basic file to full disk images and have them retrieval
from anywhere. In addition, EC2 and S3, a wide range of services can be
leveraged to build virtual computing system including: networking support,
caching system, DNS, database support, and others.
Google AppEngine –
Google AppEngine is a scalable runtime environment frequently dedicated to
executing web applications. These utilize benefits of the large computing
infrastructure of Google to dynamically scale as per the demand. AppEngine
offers both a secure execution environment and a collection of which
simplifies the development if scalable and high-performance Web
applications. These services include: in-memory caching, scalable data
store, job queues, messaging, and corn tasks. Developers and Engineers
can build and test applications on their own systems by using the AppEngine
SDK, which replicates the production runtime environment, and helps test
and profile applications. On completion of development, Developers can
easily move their applications to AppEngine, set quotas to containing the
cost generated, and make it available to the world. Currently, the supported
programming languages are Python, Java, and Go.
Microsoft Azure –
Microsoft Azure is a Cloud operating system and a platform in which user
can develop the applications in the cloud. Generally, a scalable runtime
environment for web applications and distributed applications is provided.
Application in Azure are organized around the fact of roles, which identify a
distribution unit for applications and express the application’s logic. Azure
provides a set of additional services that complement application execution
such as support for storage, networking, caching, content delivery, and
others.
Hadoop –
Apache Hadoop is an open source framework that is appropriate for
processing large data sets on commodity hardware. Hadoop is an
implementation of MapReduce, an application programming model which is
developed by Google. This model provides two fundamental operations for
data processing: map and reduce. Yahoo! Is the sponsor of the Apache
Hadoop project, and has put considerable effort in transforming the project to
an enterprise-ready cloud computing platform for data processing. Hadoop is
an integral part of the Yahoo! Cloud infrastructure and it supports many
business processes of the corporates. Currently, Yahoo! Manges the world’s
largest Hadoop cluster, which is also available to academic institutions.
Force.com and Salesforce.com –
Force.com is a Cloud computing platform at which user can develop social
enterprise applications. The platform is the basis of SalesForce.com – a
Software-as-a-Service solution for customer relationship management.
Force.com allows creating applications by composing ready-to-use blocks: a
complete set of components supporting all the activities of an enterprise are
available. From the design of the data layout to the definition of business
rules and user interface is provided by Force.com as a support. This platform
is completely hostel in the Cloud, and provides complete access to its
functionalities, and those implemented in the hosted applications through
Web services technologies.