Politics includes the political science: the history

POLITICS decision-making and of the country is interwoven

decision-enforcing processes with the exercise of power
Politike, short for politike
in any group that makes and by political leaders.
episteme, or political
enforces rules for its
science… pertains to a Political Science and
members. It is the process
practical science concerned Economics
by which policy-makers
with the noble action or
choose what action and
happiness of the citizens. Economics traces its origin
which action they will and
(Aristotle) to the Greek word
will not take. (Ranney,
oikonomos, which means
The word political traces its 1999)
household management. The
roots to the Greek word concept of household
Politics involves the public
“politikos” which means management was later
issues which give rise to
“of, or pertaining to, the transformed into political
conflicts which requires
polis” or the city-state. economy: a recognition that
resolution (Harris, 1997).
(Miller, 2012) economy is no longer
There is conflict because
people strive to achieve limited to households but
Human activity concerned
opposing goals and needs. encompasses the whole
with the authoritative
nation. The Philippine
decision-making and action
Politics is viewed differently economy is dependent on
by the government which
by people, depending on a the export of labor. The
results in an authoritative
number of factors, including challenge for the political
allocation of values for
economic status, educational leaders is to implement
society. Political value is
attainment, and social economic policies and
considered useful, desirable,
milieu. programs that would
good, attractive, beneficial,
increase employment
advantageous, and What Political Science is… opportunities and not to
rewarding. (David Easton
depend on the unstable
1965) Political Science centers on
foreign labor market.
the systematic study of
Politics is concerned with political and governmental Political Science and
how governmental institutions. Principles, Sociology
decision-making and actions processes, and structures of
identified in political and governmental Sociology comes from the
institutions are given Latin word socius, which
(1) Who in political society
importance in this field. means partners,
receives how much of what
companions, associates, or
benefits, rewards, and Political Science involves mates, and the Greek word
advantages, the work or function of a logos which means to study.
politician or statesman. The The field revolves around
(2) When they receive such,
politician’s most important the social group in the
and
task is that of a lawgiver society. These social groups
(3) The methods by which who plans the appropriate include the family, as well as
they receive such. (Harold constitution for the city-state professional, religious, and
Laswell 1958) (Aristotle). business associations.

Viewed negatively… official POLITICAL SCIENCE and Political Science and

governmental OTHER DISCIPLINES Anthropology
decision-making and actions
Political Science and Anthropology is derived
ascertains (1) who will be
History from the Greek word
denied which benefits,
rewards, and advantages, (2) anthropos, which means
Political science is closely
the period of deprivations, man and logos, which means
related to the study of
and (3) the manner by which to study. It deals with the
history. The word history
such deprivations are to be study of the origin of man.
comes from the Greek word
implemented. (Way, 2014) Its concern is to establish the
historia, which means
cultural origin of man within
investigation or inquiry.
What Politics involve… the context of social
Philippine history cannot be
institutions, education,
studied without involving
religion, economy, and particular political unit or Out of liberalism grow the
government. organization. Governance system of liberal democracy.
involves the application and
Political Science and proper implementations of Elements of Liberalism
Psychology policies as well as
• Individualism – the central
continuous monitoring of
Psychology deals with principle of liberalism.
the organization’s state.
human behavior. This study Human individuals are given
Governance also deals with
comes in handy with the most importance.
the way power is exercised
political scientists who can Individuals in this context
in managing the country’s
work with psychologists in are considered as having the
economic and social
interpreting the behavior of same worth and possessing
resources.
voters during elections, how their own unique identities.
officials treat public funds, POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
and finding the reasons why • Freedom – principal
military acts the way it does Ideology is a set of related attribute of liberal ideology.
during political crisis. ideas or systematic group of Faith is placed on
concepts and beliefs about individuals who can act
Political Science and culture, society and human according to his desires.
Geography life. Often, ideologies Individual liberty is not
dictate how societies should without limitations.
Geography is derived from Freedom, therefore, is not
be structured.
the Greek word geos, which absolute and must be
means earth and graphein, Characteristics and exercised with due regard to
which means to write. It is Relevance of Political the rights of others.
concerned with the study of Ideologies
earth and its surface • Reason – Liberals think
features, and how they 1. It offers an account of the that individuals have the
influence human distribution existing order, often in the capacity to decide matters
and activity. It is related to form of a worldview concerning their interests.
political science because it Debate and argument can be
deals with the location, 2. It provides a model of a utilized to settle differences
territory and resources. desired future, a vision of a and misunderstandings.
Thus, sprung the concept of good society
geopolitics. • Equality – liberals are
3. It outlines how political committed to political
Political Science and Law change can and should be equality and to legal
brought about equality. Their commitment
The application of political proceeds from the belief that
science was limited to or DIFFERENT POLITICAL
at least in moral worth, all
focused on law and IDEOLOGIES
humans are born on equal
lawmaking. St. Thomas footing.
Liberalism
defined law as an ordinance
of reason for the common Liberalism emerged as a • Toleration – to liberals,
good, made by him who has result of the breakdown of toleration assures individual
care of the community. feudalism and the liberty and social
Laws also govern the rights development of a capitalist enrichment.
and responsibilities of the society. It gives importance
citizens who are expected to • Consent – consent or
to the fulfilment of the
abide by the law. agreement forms the basis of
individual through the
social relationships and
satisfaction of its interests.
THE CONCEPT of authority in the minds of
Liberals believe that human
GOVERNANCE liberals. The consent of the
beings are primarily
governed is essential to the
A concept integral to the creatures equipped with
existence of the government.
study of politics is reason. Individuals are born
governance. It is defined as equal and should have equal • Constitutionalism –
the action of sovereign opportunities to realize their requires government respect
authority; specifically, the goals. Individuals should, for individual rights, such as
exercise of authoritative therefore, be allowed of the the right to equal protection
direction or control, over a greatest latitude of freedom. of laws, the right to suffrage,
the right to form Elements of Conservatism different capacities the
associations, the right to free individuals possess.
exercise of religion, the right Tradition – Conservatives
to freedom of expression believe that tradition should Authority – authority
and peaceable assembly, the be preserved for future produces social cohesion. It
right against generations instead of being gives individuals a clear
self-incrimination, the right replaced by new ones that sense of who they are and
to travel, and the liberty of could bring about what is expected of them.
abode. uncertainty. They regard Freedom must go hand in
tradition as a source of hand with responsibility
Types of Liberalism reassurance and of a which individuals recognize.
collective sense of
• Classical Liberalism – is belonging. Property – property is
committed to an extreme important to conservatives
form of individualism which Pragmatism – Conservatives because it provides security
underscores the self-interest frown on abstract principles to people. It gives the
and self-sufficiency of and systems of thought individuals some amount of
human beings. Individuals because of the perceived independence from the
should fend for themselves limits of human rationality. government, and encourages
and take care of their own They place their faith on them to be law – obedient
affairs. experience, history, and the and respectful for the
belief that practical property of others.
• Modern Liberalism – holds circumstances and practical
that capitalism will merely goals should control human Edmund Burke and Modern
give rise to injustices. If actions. Conservatism – Burke is the
there is state intervention, father of Anglo – American
individuals will be protected Human Imperfection – conservatism. He held the
from social evils that human beings are weighed notion that wisdom is
threaten their existence. down by imperfections mainly the result of
according to the experience, tradition, and
• Thomas Hobbes and the conservative viewpoint. history. He has an
Social Contract – Hobbes They are morally corrupt. unflattering view of
conceived of an immensely Because of this human government: it could stop
powerful ruler called the imperfection, what is evil but it does not always
“Leviathan.” The required is a strong state promote what is good.
Leviathan’s rise to power which will maintain order, According to him, market
was occasioned by the social enforce strict laws, and forces are part of natural
contract between the people impose harsh penalties on laws.
and the state wherein the lawbreakers.
people gave up the right to Socialism
kill and steal in order to Organicism – Conservatives
escape from chaos that theorize that society is an Socialism was an offshoot of
characterized human life organic whole which exists the grievances against
before the establishment of as something that is more industrial capitalism. The
the government. than the sum of its ideology initially gave voice
individual parts. What to resistance to the
Conservatism strengthens the community proliferation of factories
and makes social cohesion which sidelined the artisans
Conservatism is defined by and craftsmen. Soon, it
possible is shared values,
the desire to preserve advocated the concerns and
aside from common culture.
institutions and is reflected expressed the fears of a
in a resistance to, or at least Hierarchy – an organic growing industrial working
suspicion of, change. For the society is characterized by a class. Socialism is an
conservatives, tradition hierarchy of positions: ideology that opposes
reflects the accumulated individuals occupy different capitalism and proposes an
wisdom of the past, as positions in society because alternative which is more
manifested in the practices they perform different roles humane and equitable. In
that have endured the test of and responsibilities. Such capitalism, an individual
time. A society should be inequality is only natural rises according to ability.
considered in its entirety. and inevitable in view of the There is competition. Some
become rich while most
struggle to survive and Common Ownership – achieve a socialist society.
remain poor. Socialists view common ownership to But gradual reforms within
human beings as social socialists enables material the capitalist system.
creatures, cooperation is resources to be harnessed Reforms, and not
therefore preferred to for the common good. In eradication of capitalist
competition and contrast, private ownership system is the goal of
collectivism is favored over allows selfishness, revisionist socialism.
individualism. Equality acquisitiveness, and social
therefore characterizes division to thrive. Anarchism
socialism.
Types of Socialism Anarchism is an ideology
that is based on the belief
Ethical Socialism – that government and laws
Elements of Socialism socialism is portrayed as are not necessary. Political
morally superior to authority is undesirable and
Community – a Human capitalism because human unwanted. The state is evil
behaviour is explained beings are ethical creatures, because it exercises coercive
according to social factors bound by love sympathy and authority, which violates the
instead of innate qualities. compassion. freedom of individuals.
Anarchists long for
Fraternity – human beings Scientific Socialism – as a unbridled personal
are connected by form of Marxism, it lays the autonomy. Thus, there
comradeship because they groundwork for the should be no government or
share a common humanity. replacement of capitalism by law which are institutions of
Socialists think that socialism. control preventing
cooperation is necessary so
individuals from attaining
that people can fully utilize Revolutionary Socialism –
personal autonomy.
collective energies for the since the ruling class
Anarchist prefer a stateless
common good. controls the institutions,
society in which free
socialism can only triumph
Social Equality – the individuals take charge of
if the existing political and
paramount virtue of their own affairs. Anarchism
social system is overthrown
socialism is equality. It can thus be considered as
by revolution.
guarantees stability and the junction between
cohesion in society and Reformist Socialism – takes socialism and liberalism.
encourages empathy among the middle road by adopting
William Goodwin and the
human beings. consent, constitutionalism
Stateless Society
and party competition which
Need – Socialists believe are basic liberal democratic Goodwin is regarded as the
that the basis of the principles. It accepts the founder of philosophical
distribution of material popular will as expressed anarchism. He believed that
benefits should be need, through ballot boxes. The the government promoted
rather than merit or work. state accepts that all ignorance and dependence
The formula is central to government authority and is a corrupting force in
Karl Marx’s communist emanates from the people. society with the proliferation
principle of distribution, The rule of law is followed. of knowledge and human
which is “from each
understanding will render
according to his ability, to Fundamentalist Socialism –
irrelevant and powerless. He
each according to his need.” The primary goal of
prophesied that personal
The state distributes goods fundamentalist socialism is
morality will dislodge
to people based on their the replacement of capitalist
politics, and mind will
needs, not on what they system with socialism.
dominate matter in such a
want. Consequently, there can be
way that individuals will be
no compromises: no
Social Class – socialism is able to control illness,
capitalist ideal can be
often associated with a form eliminating ageing, and
retained and the abolition of
of social class. The socialist become immortal.
abolition of capitalism is
goal is to eradicate non-negotiable. Communism
economic and social
inequalities. Revisionist Socialism – does Communism may be
not advocate force to described as socio-economic
structure which aims to Alienation – it is the process Fascism
establish a society that is whereby labor is reduced to
classless, egalitarian, and being a mere commodity, Fascism is a political
stateless. It is an ideology and work becomes a ideology which adheres to
based on common depersonalized activity. It is the maxim of strength unity
ownership. Equality and an unpleasant situation and desires an organically
fairness is the principal wherein workers are unified national community.
concern of communism. In alienated from the product The community or social
reality, a group of people of their labor, the process of group absorbs individual
exercises power and decides labor, from fellow workers, identity. The individual is
the course of action in a and eventually from literally nothing. The new
communist country. This themselves as creative and man conceived by fascism is
group, called the ruling elite, social beings. a hero. Duty, honor, and self
decides what activities are to sacrifice motivate him. He
be undertaken by the public. displays absolute obedience
to a supreme leader and is
Class Struggle – there is a ready to sacrifice his life for
division between a his nation or race. Fascist
Marxism bourgeoisie or the capitalist believe that: freedom is
class and the proletariat or complete submission,
Marxism provides the most the working class. As the democracy is dictatorship,
comprehensive critique of ruling class, the bourgeoisie progress means constant
liberalism. Karl Marx and wields both economic power struggle and war, and
Friedrich Engels devised a and ideological power. Thus, creation implies destruction.
profound and the imbalance produces
comprehensive analysis of conflicts. Adolf Hitler, the Nazi
capitalist economics and Dictator
liberal society. The conflict Surplus Value – the
between forces of proletariat is necessarily Hitler (1889-1945), an
production and the relations exploited under capitalism Austrian, established a
of production is merely a by the bourgeoisie. in order one-party dictatorship in
manifestation of class to obtain surplus value from Germany. His world view
struggles. their workers, capitalists attempts to fuse expansionist
necessarily have to their German nationalism and
Elements of Marxism worker less than the value of virulent anti-Semitism into a
their labour. Otherwise, theory wherein there is an
Historical Materialism –
capitalists will not profit endless battle between
economic and class factors
from their enterprise. Germans and the Jews. The
could explain social and
Germans represent good
historical development. This Proletarian Revolution – A forces and the Jews, the evil
was described as a proletarian revolution was ones. Hitler’s policies
mechanical relationship by inevitable and would occur ignited the Second World
Marx, who thought that through spontaneous War and caused the
regardless of human action, uprising workers. In this Holocaust. Neo-nazis have
unchanging economic laws later years, Marx mellowed an irrational hatred for Jews
shape history. down and speculated about and immigrants. They are
the possibility of a peaceful often in the news for
Dialectical Change – Marx
transition to socialism. He commiting acts of violence
believed that historical
realized that he might have against other color.
change is a product of
overstated his case: the
internal contradictions
revolution he predicted was CHAPTER 3
within the mode of
not forthcoming.
production. Historical Power
change is reduced to Communism – inasmuch as
dialectic: there is interaction all wealth would be owned Power is might: it is
between competing forces by everyone, a communist manifested in the ability to
which moves society to a society would be classless. do something that is desired.
higher stage of Human beings will chart One can sense it when
development. their own destinies and individuals can direct the
attain their full potential. actions of others in the
society. It can be felt
through a movement. It can Const.) – the inherent right
also be seen as geopolitics. of the state to condemn
Power implies control. private property to public
use upon payment of just
How Power is Exercised compensation.
Considerations in the
Power as Decision Making –
exercise of eminent domain:
Leaders are empowered to
make decisions. The 1. The adequacy of the
decisions enforced on the compensation (decided by
members of the organization the court),
through what Keith
Boulding (1989) describes 2. The necessity of the
as force or intimidation (the taking, and
stick), productive exchanges
involving mutual gain (the 3. The public-use character
deal), or the creation of of the purpose of the taking.
obligations, loyalty, and In the Agricultural lands
commitment (the kiss). owned by private
individuals falls under
Power as Agenda Setting – Section 4, Art. XIII that
Power may also be allows the farmers or regular
exercised through what workers to own directly or
Bachrach and Baratz (1962) collectively, the land they
describe as the capacity to till. Acquisition,
prevent decision making or development, possession,
“non-decision-making.” and lease of of private
property are subject to the
Power as Thought Control – requirements of agrarian
Power may also be seen reform (land reform) under
through the capacity to section 3, Art. XII of 1987
shape a person’s thoughts, Const.
wants, or needs. Such power
may be exercised either
through ideological
brainwashing or Power of Taxation – power
psychological control. of the state to assess and
collect tax which is
Types of Power necessary to run the
government. Taxes are
Police Power – defined as imposed and collected to
the power inherent in the enable the government to
state to regulate liberty and pay its debts, provide for the
property for the promotion defense of the state, and
of the general welfare. promote general welfare.
Police power is the most
pervasive, the least
limitable, and the most
demanding of the three
powers. The justification is
found in the Latin maxims:
salus populi suprema lex
(the welfare of the people is
the supreme law) and sic
utere tuo ut alienum non
laedas (use your own
property in such a manner as
not to injure that of another).

Power of Eminent Domain

(Section 1, Art. III, 1987