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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
329 viewsFormula Book
Uploaded by
podda123Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 30
MATH
Formula Book
Levels G-O, X
August 2007
Kumon North America, Inc. 7
i
P ‘he Greck Alphabet ;
| Cupitat Lower Capital Lower Es
teusr_| cue | none | ter | coe | name
® a | om | = é xa
[> it: Gamma o ° Omicron |
ie 5 | om | 0 = xia
E ce 2 | me
z aie aa | eo _ | Semn
u 2 a 7a ee
6 ¢ [ae | ¥ =| een |
r : a +
K 7 | ee 2 a
a ee » |
fe [2 © | ome
How to use the Formula Book
The Formala Book consists of 3 main sections:
1. Formulas & Notes (Levels G-O, X) pages 4-86
HL Glossiry & Index pazes 87-108
TIL, Special Topics pages 109-120 & covers
I you know the level and topic ofthe formula you are looking for, you can sear
Formatas & Nores section
II you only know the topic, or a specific term related to the formula you are looking
for, search the Glossary & Index section.
iilize the Formula Book to refer to previously learned formulas and concepts.
Do not use the Formula Book to learn a new concept.
Become femiiar with the layout and different sections of the Formula Book, so that
you can essily refer to it when you need it. Be sure to read the information on the
Introductory page of each of the 3 main sections
‘Once you somplete a level, you may want to review the Formula Book pages of that
level periedicaly so that you can always keep those concepts fresh in your mind. 7 (ores)
Formulas & Notes
+ This seeticn of the Formula Book i organized by level. Beginning with Level G, and
ending with Level X, you can locate the level shown by referring 10 the top center of
cach page.
‘+ Bach page ofthis section is divided into 3 columns:
‘Topie Formulas & Notes Reference
+ In the firstcolumn you will find the names ofthe topics that are included for a
particular level. The topies are organized in the same order as they appear on the
\worksheets, Bolded topics inthis column refer to the actual titles of sets in the
worksheets, Italicized wording in this column refers to specific subtopies such as rules,
methods, formulas, or theorems.
"The sevond column consists of Formulas & Notes. Formulas or notes that fall within
the same st are separated by dashed, horizontal lines.
+ ‘The third column shows the Worksheet Reference for each specific concept.
‘+ Many pages throughout this section include small blank areas titled as “[NOTES]”
Where you can write down additional notes, or eopy examples from the worksheets
CUCUUEEEELLULLLLLLLL Laat LEVEL G —_ LEVEL G
Toa Formats & Notes [eters Tope Formulas © Noter Wetorence
Pape aeces ee ee kom jmaeartso ani Fert egtets | "OER
epuive a543 co | ell | genic foto:
amber “3-5-8 -4-9 co | ee | 0m?
_ oH ata abtoe
seat \enrmovingporctinesenenteroctarethesgnot | Oe | ily 8 Fam ab + ae
Negative ‘the number within the parentheses if there is a negative sign in = “hat donintunlicnineodicieneni tx H
mbes ete fins Inorder ora ven uation io remain ae statement,
bona a ‘operation is performed on one side of the equation, the exact
2+ (-H=2- -_ ‘operation must also be performed on the ther side of the
ae eyare eo equation
When auliphizordvingpetiveandngaivermies, | ostn | mild Given ite cuetion A = B,
tmasomben senor ctgtenimtrtetiesen | Gin | dy WAtm=Btm Q)A-m= Bom
A.B
Ite umber onsen i edhe answer negate Gann sn Om net?
ithe nunkerot ese dit sven th er pe ee | tocar ier or
pect Hee Set) Cries chang he ution nto the fom te
“Algebraic (akan, rxyXtene a- 5 TE Anuimbor we transform 2 tox
Expreion pepe 1 Nedothisbymutphjing bot ids of
a ah —_ [Soll = 6% 9 | ie couation by
ae (Note: We mi oh i ofthe
Values Inserting ume vale into a vara known os oie
Aigo subatton The qaton bythe recreate
, remot the elelaton cae the toetieat at
Sioa | manage — u
Ex. Givena = 3andd = 2, —_ Solving an equation an be done casly by moving term from | G6la
649 =6%3-4x2=18-8= 10 nese ofthe equal ig othe et vk te sponte
change of ign when newest) This method eae
Simping “Terms with he ae variable xa be combined s follows on | eo cranpotion
Setek ma + na = (m+ na, mana = (im =
Exte+2r= (94 2)e= 81 Bu te~ Sen 20 eo BLAtEae Beat eet’
a eat f -_— anc-8 Azc+D-B
“aig (@) brand te are wen ws xanle anin
oteton ~Leand—toare writen as~and ~@ —_ Inthe abor examples, tose for A, wera from
2) When simptibingsgersicexprenions conaaing tctions, | cizan | So ee eee ee oe eee
‘use improper fractions rather than mixed numbers, ‘been transformed to ‘~B’ on the right sic
2 1 > [wore]
gu isnot changed to Tea ' i}
‘Simpy “The tems in your answer shou be in aphabekal order, cin
Atecie late...
aprons 2 LEVELG
Topi Formatas & Notes Walaa Iorns}
Equations 3 ‘To remove denominators, malipy each side ofthe equation by | LON
the LOM.
Be betta
te eT
ally ech ie Wy 24
Appieation ‘The following words have « meaning thats the some a8 oF isin
of Equations related tothe sin above them
wid [saber | mations | aide | equal
and] tessthan | times is
more thin | minus of make
plus | aiferoce
Time Distance = Rate x Time aw
Percens Ina hgh school, $5% of the 1000 students ars boys ca
"559i read as“fity-five percent” and means tha for every
100 students, 35 are boys
VALUER Topic Formulas & Noies ‘Welovene
= 7
Laren : A Tae
7 mm!
CGreumference ofa eee: -etsrminene) | Hi
cater a
ey
(ere = 314)
‘Simaitancous {Et2 THO | Fonte Hala
ines Equations Be+27= 5 n@ | 1.Numbereach equation
in Two Variables | [Sol]D-@:2x=6 | 2.suhzaet one equation fom he
£=3 | othertoremoveone variable
Substituting this into, | 3.Soive for
Aion or Sx3429— 11 | 4.Substiute the value ofxincne ot
Subtraction 2y=—4 | the given equations and sobve fry
Method I= 2 | switetieanver.
Ams (5.9) = G2)
‘Simultaneous fect -2 Hse
Linea Equations Sr-y=5 .@
In To Variables | [Sol] Suheiatine Dew
se-(r=1)=5
Substation
Method Subsiuing this imo. ¥ 5 Ans (6.9)
equalities 1 Given 4 <2, mai
DAHER B+CWAWCEBHC 1
"You cin ad the sre number to or subtract the same number
from both sides
2)When C>0.4C < BCor4 < &
Wa oa
‘You cam multiply or dvie bh sides by the same number.
ALB 20
aywrenc<0.ae> Boor > & m
When muiplyng or diving both sides byw negative number
you nee to reverse the fnequity symbot.
VAVUASAASAAAA LALLA ALAA
Toe
LEVEL H
Formaine& Note
Tefen
etn wo
Graphs
{he elton clea dec variation and mite constant of
wiaion. Te raph oa diet variation, y = mx a fine
that parses through te origin
he relation between x and yan be expested as y = an
We elation between «and y canbe expressed a8 y =
the elation cll an averse vriton and is the
constant of veriation
nue
mia
Veneto ant
Gaps
“The pnvercprot lines the
coordinate ofthe point where
the tne imteracts the jai
Taine ©, the yomerceps
Tine @ the ysmerceptis3
“ae dope tae nro ye
co he ep ft,
Inline ©. the slopes 3 the ne rises
23 un for every unt tat trans
horizontally
Intine@, the slopes Ls she lne rises
1
unit ro every unit hat trun sizonaly
ines © and @ have negative slopes.
‘Theslope of line Qis -2beewose the
line falls 2 wits for every unit that it
runs horizontal
Theos tine iE ome te
ne tt tory a roy
tno pwn Fad pany =
Ihren ce as sn
‘in the above equation, isthe sage an the yiereep
sty = mr + be the equation of ine that pases tough pot
0.0,
Hist LEVELH
Formals & Nowes
‘ederenee
“The slope ofa ine that passes through the two points (a #) and
{6.1 an be found as follows:
Slope =
mos
Functions and
Graphs
‘An equation ay + by + & = Dean be wansformed to
The dope of etn of the sore egeton nd
the yintereetin —£,
Given an equation at + by +¢=0,
Lite
he above equatonis transformed toy = =f
‘tne pases through (0.~£) an ipa
tothe sans
‘Theslope is.
2.ITD = 6,the above equation is transformed tox = ~$,
etn pein 0) atti pat
equations represents he
omrnte ofthe point of intersection ofthe ines ofthe
simultaneous equations
the slopes fins ste equal. the ines ar paral
Line y = ma * bsp ine y = mx.
minh
788
Wii
WAM
MW
Siping
Mewonsats
and Polynomials L
Ex.30'b x 4a? = 120%
Procedure fr simpiying:
1) Determine the sign of he answer.
2) Calculate the numbers front ofthe letes
5) Caleulae the exponents.
Taw
(wores)
WL
Wi |
Ta
Maltpication of
Polynoniats
(e+ BP aa tab
Feat 2 +8
Getafe t B= e+ (at bint ab
(ax + bYfce + d) = ace? + (ad + bee + bd Fi 12%
a tay= ants)
Ge Bie + (a bly
FD + Bm Gat OP
#2 +H = (0 oF
110
Factorization 2
Difference of
Tw0 Squares
B= le Blab)
SH (HD ab = le e+)
Factorization 3
ross
Mutiptication
Method
ee + (ad + bele-+ bd = (ax + BYfou 4 a) Ista
Ex ge + ge4 gr + per+3)
Ps
wate dy
Factorization S
F@-6)-Fe- 0) tate
act ay thet by= ele =y) + b(0 +9)
LEVEL
Prime Facoiation
TUCLCERL ELL
Formal & Notes Taka
A square root of anuniberisamumber that when squared is — | Bla
‘squat gives number:
[Bx The square rots of25 are Sand —5
Va represent positive square oor ofa number 2a
‘(The negative square roots epresentet by —V)
ex Visi
1a
For any positive numbers a and b,VaVE = Va.
1) prime mmr can inter reste hae 1a
ao pox inex tors ther th sel a
[email protected] 17.)
2) Ts acorn an ines oner is ose prime
tuberin called prime fctrcton
Teds 905-335-395
VenVinws 199
Vis + Vai = 3/3 + SVE
Vin= Va 33-63
Te
3 iced of
Foraaypostve numbers eae, YE 3
rs
Va Ve
8 VE, iy 30)
Va Viva
Maliply both the denominator and the aumertorby the
radical inthe denominat, Va
Given a quacratie equation ofthe form
alt be tend (#0),
the left sie ofthe equation canbe factored as
(de + e)(fe + g)~ Othe te solution of the equation i
oe
wey LEVELT
Ta Teena Ne Teta
‘Quad Thangos bei om se
uations? 3 Sees. | ae
Competing Kimani ie
espe 23,9) 9.1 haiitemumsts pea
(e nae sie tem an came
~ rest tem
(: - 3) em Se
{comin soving a st)
‘mcrae ine
Gena? + be ten0 (@#0)
euations3 c
uni Formate | *
Grp of 1) The graph ofy~ a? (6 #0» us)
Once ‘ere: (0,0) ax osyeancy: ex =the an)
Fancons 2) Te grphoty = ale — 9? + ae #0 190
‘Vertex: (nqhstv of sprmety nex = p
3) The paphofy = ae! + br + (a #0)
by vtec
ed) He
(2 Baa ‘
verex:(—2, - 7 53) ais of sme ie = 3,
‘The Pythagorean
“Thoorem 1
Aron of Triangles
The Trangl-Sume
Theorem
1
aa kn
[ovbere bis the hase and ithe atte (or eight
“The sum ofthe measures ofthe angles of rangle 180
nea + me + mec = 180
“s
JL Ea
‘Theoret
Trans
LEVEL?
orm & Notes
‘na righ rane. te guano he Beng the yporenate ()
aah sumo he wares ofthe other two sides (a
lmecesn, e= 0 +6 /
The epreaion a:b represen the rato a 10
a:b =esd.tnenad = be
(Note:a:b = ed's called a proportion and can
£ weoaeoy
oe ween
2 Z
wa er
j fires
Ja af) we
bed AEB, nese
avEa havi
Ratio th length of
Retio ofthe lagth of
pacheide othe oer each side tothe other
Ui
11799
1s
Aree af Chik
fofasecror
or a ctcle with dius, (@ = 314)
Cireumterence, C= 2
i aee, A, ofa setor whos cent
Fora cisle wih ads rth
angle mesures mis given by:
a cy
199
The avance (AB) betwoon points AC, and
Bled
an - Viena dF INoTes)
Ag
AAV
LEVEL J
Fos Note [tere
Foray nambsr and when mand are pentive mips: | Sho
tamoftigonmn | RST Ne Cor
Dative ones | Vorony nanbera, vend «(e+ b)= ea + cb
oe b agp me tb Ot Bab + Bh + en #
(e+ Heb) 1s
rate) i
ot = ap 3b 3a is
i
(a= b= a = 30% + ab? — 9 Sh
Graieeneroneeererorrarieray rate | Ib
Yawiaint — | a @ tHe raha GOED) a
ab = B= (a HBP 3s
ab + B= (a BP
1178
Difforone of aa
Squares
Treatng Made ‘Terms tobe treated
Toit iis Given single quantities
Qunsy Weare wy) my
wt oP et dF (er dpand(e +a) | tis
y= (87 GF andy? isa
@-0)=-@-9) mab
m4
25
Paconicanovby ex tay + be + by =ale-+y) +e + 9) = + Met Dor] 260
Groming ie eet a)_|
N42) | ame
(Note: here the symbols * and are used to mark the tems hat
ne popes together inte intermediate sep of his example)
Given 2 4 Say + 6 + 672 + 139 + sa
Polymomia Form
With a he variable: 2+ (Sy + 6)e# (+13) +5)
With yas the variables 62-4 (r+ Sly + G2 + 6 +5)
- Lev a LEVELS
Tee Formals & Nove “Te Tepe Reference
tnaton® | oo = yy hab +8) ee geal |, rs Whenae +264 1e= 04040, 2 =a | sm
Sion nd Difference : a a 18 | ae | tn 2 ‘
aan P= P = Ole d+ 8) | Cri min | nt ma wt gn enone
Factorization a ep Fis i ee cea
ee | cateeei-uxe? Eakiengeerses ams en olive and aeguivemuabon,aadiso,belogiothewtel | Jills
Romie | gE EOE iaaeetiene sia BP | Socreee | a te ee
(cox ig —_ dg wa iat ntl nerd become
a ——— - nepsivewhen ued
TresilepMadiola | G@trx—OG2 40d) +3 +——— teat ba cA | ——_
Single Quantity terre an Serer
MBA FIS=(A- 4-5) = +e HV 40-5 oD 7 When a =0, i sunt
a —_ Vav 120
mB B —_ 3a
ever semen ]3-F2iands— Siae comps antes ub
in 4+ bcos of teal and imaginary pra and bare re pcs
—_ 4+ Biisa rel umber when b= O(n «+ 0-7 = 4)
ie | Al ‘When + 0 + bisa complex number
None 1 | eel tibin0 me a=0b=0 _ srerealaunbes)
Rattan ie | 9, Vi VExVE_ VB —_ TTequoiac ouao inthe forma + be = Oboe hiss
Denominator Ve Vaxvs 75 complex ous and on of hem ss ~ + then the
ate —_ otteroneis =
vi | __natveeVA | eel Gienar# hrs e=0, D=P ate rath
VarvoaeVh ? w>anro
one ——— —_ ‘Wien D> thee rt dent el mune son
oa let 1 | geal Wen =r one ese at
t t ‘When D <0, there are two different complex number solutions.
542 5x2 — SS
(he vo ening dca ena to ve 7.4m ily Givenat!+ 26x +0=0, B= 2a bia es
sive10)
oI RootConthient | vena +br-re=0(@O)amumingiterootaree | J18D
Tenia [nf REED i ana
2 (whene <0 arp= pat
‘ab (when w= b) aK7 a
Vem {0 fen : Deane (ethane —) =~ gnet wt
a Polynomih {ot 2 with emai 3 Ths celionsip maybe writen
Qusdenie Eastin) ron ax? 46x 4.0.0 (6 40h 1m =P ea i .
vacate Format 0 Pa Pain ae ereaea
6 » LEVELS
Topi Ferma & Nate ices
Reminder 1a polynomial Pts} sve by aterm (x — a)-wecan expres | 1162
therelaton wih the quotient Q(0),and the mind R a:
Pls} = (= 00) + R
When. = a Pte) = (@~ 9) ls) + R = R. Therefore,
Remainder ‘When polmorial Px) isdivided by (x — e.theremsinderis | 316
Theorem re)
“The Remainder Theorem can only be wed when dividing bya | 116%
tinea expression. Whe dividing by a quadratic expression
se on vision
General Form ofa | -When the divisor is scond-desee expression (a quadratic) | 36%
Remainder ‘he remainder must be of degree one or es nthe form: ax +B
"When the divisors a thicegre expression a cbi) the
remainder must bef degre two Osi the frm
att brte
FactorTheorem | When P(a)= 0, meen hat the polmominl P(x) has factor, | 1172n
accor Theorem | Therefore, polynomial, fe), haa factor (x ~ 9) ifand only
he Poo
‘Gives polyoma PG), to detrine a valuser at wi van
(a) = 0, we ist check the eoetcent ofthe highest power
ofthe viable he potynoil
» Hci, we trya number thats aftr ofthe constancin
the polynomiat
Its rete than, we hy amber sch tat 2174
is mumeratoria oto ofthe constant inthe poboml, And,
Is denominatorisa fete of the enccient ofthe Highest
owe ofthe vrai the polynomial.
root aftdenities | Thoreare2 waysto dstemine the value ofthe cutis to | 1i8le
snd Equaies show that an equatiy an deni taal
Coefficient OGiven (av + Be + 1) = ae + Sx + 2, LhSond
Comparison abs (ot pes beac +r +2 2 eae
Metiod
Value Suse
Methos
Matching the enetclents of, and the constants ofthe LHS
and RHS:a = 3,0 +5 = 5,5 =2(Ans a= 3,6 = 2)
eee,
Wines tee °°. antl
Marna (bee @
Tierra, 9m meas ee
From Oren ‘am ca
20
SSTUSSEEECC
ple
Pruot ot
Wquales
Ayu
luhinete Me
nee Mean
LEVELS
Tonmuiae & Note Raterece
IW order or ar? -+ +e = Ota ean detiy inthe 820
Following nist be true: = 0, = 0, = 0
Given an equation, sss
hom we know that LHS ~ RHS
Given an equation, divia
Ie show dat LEIS ~ RS > 0
Thea we know that LHS > RES
Given an equation, i9ab
we show that LHS ~ RMS 20
Thea we know that LHS = RHS.
Givena>0,6>0: usb
24% Vab [be (arthmeticmean) = (geomettic mean))
The LHS equals the RHS when a
[NOTES [Notes]
2
VCE
Toe
Review of Lue
Fenctoos
Sope of bine
LEVEL K
ym +b where mis te ope and isthe yrimercop
when m > 0 ‘When m <0
—
The chagrin
K50
Review of
un
r
Eaquation ofa
‘Quadeic Fascion
fab Format)
na Forma)
Changing Fone
“The graph ofa quadratic function is called
a parabola. The parabola hasa symmetsieal
called the axl f the paabols, ofthe
asi of symoetry. The point of iotersetion
‘ofthe axis of symmetry andthe parabola it
te vertex af he parabola
A fonction that ean be writen th fem:
y= ar + bx + e(wherea # 0) called a quadratic faction,
Ito, pan g ae constants ana + 0, gven a fution of the
form y = ae ~ p+ athe exit of symmeny sx = p. andthe
ofthe verter ae (P4)
0 change the format of» quadratic equation from a, to
a.apply the method of completing the square,
Kila
Fx aes
[sol] = (20) +3
= (m+ 143
= +2
‘Onneatc Functions | The giaph ofy = ele — p+ gisa ronson ofthe graph | K27
m0 ‘fy = ax, p unit logs the xis, and g units along the
‘When the graph ofa parabola roses the xis at pits (2,0) | K25b
ofthe uncon canbe writen a:
and (8,0 the eau
yale alle 8)
23 LEVELK
Ta a a I
Minas Minin | Gin te qunatistnciny =a? +b xan
etQurtne | + Wiena> 0, parila ops upon ihn ime
Penton Saute vere (dene emai va)
Teaco els P= taf
+ Wien <0.th ple opersdownvad anita 2
‘an ale eve Cntr mak ae)
Pete e
Tiersen yeni 2 a
Miedema inion | Goer qnaicticiny = a+ br+ 0
Toi D= =e
Opint,D = P= fee <0
‘OunbucFonow | ©The pute yashoty =a} twa ia
tttupatics | ars trv e> dcssefa eles ohh the
pation
The putt phot) a he eatin
a+ bre 0,
‘ean be summarized a follows (Assume e > 0.)
Tevet? [p50 [=o
The sap ot V7
year tbe +e UY. A
po Tiel
wetbnte>0| rendex|x Opthathas | Koi
" 2sltons a8 (a < 6), you ea find the igs ot by
Sota termining the signs of D, ~ 2 ana (0
Qundratc Batons i
srwnen D> 0, -£>0, f10)>0, thena>0,p 0.
2
swheaD>0, -2<0, f10)>6 thine <0p <0.
When D> 0, J) <0, thone <0,8>0.
Kin
Uiher Degree
etons
Rongh Graph of
Rongh Gra of
QuerieFanctions
syn ale~ ale Ble Ph (wherea 0 ‘Whena <0
y= ale allx~ BA mterea < By
Whene >0 When <0
“sana
Whena <0
Whene> 0
syste aler~ Ble Ne-8) wep
Whene >0 Wena <0
(x = alin — BYR — 7
Whene >0
* (w 0 When a <0
Fractional : ’ .
Functions (where # 0) he "
Asymprotes and
Troione
ening
ssymproter ar: the
paris and te ans
‘Give eatin function ofthe general form
k
Yq (& 0) the equations ofthe graphs
=?
ssymptotesarex = p.y = 4. This graph hs boen rated
from the graph of y
slong the y-axis
Aompios sn ution sally =
tage “ofits the pint oineseaton ofthe
tb
bent 2 dt soca te in oan
41+ b= O(ahich she numertor= 0)
(For example, ven = 4 saving th equations +1 = 0
eset ~ —1, whith nthe rintrepa ie the ncorinat of
the ravspintofnterection)
‘Graph of Frain 5
The equations ofthe aympots ofthe raphy = ac + Ea
‘Functions 2 * ™ oe ©
=O, ynar
Angas
Fractional ‘When sing acto eguton we mt ny heck cach
tionsand | rein and exc ny oe tat makes the dwcnato of he
neq ovina! equation.
An Re AC= BC (AC BCA Bore~0)
Graph at + An kaal ction of fom y= WAGE) + ae
Inrtonal Functions
anaation of»
along the vais
+ An rational fuetion fhe form y
‘Vik, punts along the axis and units
VED) + 48
‘Vie, punts long the xan andy wis
s teonslation of» =
long the y-axis
-26
Taran
Kian
Ki1284
Ki
KSI
Tae
Domain & Kanye
LEVELK
ala Ris
[Rsterenc]
+ Giyen an rational funtion of the general fem
y= VEG =) + g.the domain and range of the funtion
ore follows:
When k>0, Domain: = p, Range:y = @
When <0, Domsia:x = p. Range:y = @
+ An ational fuation of the general form y = VE(E=P) * 9
isa translation of the graph ofy = Vix, p nits along the
sean ond gaits along the ass
* The rough graphs of soma common irrational function ane
shown below
@y=VEOy= -VE@y~ V=ROY
SS
VE
10 |
‘When solving irrational equations wo must always heck the
solutions by asng ether ofthe following two methods:
‘+The solutions the «coordinate ofthe common point an the
raph. OR,
= When substituting th solution int the original equason,
LS = RIB,
An Bw A= B (A= Bet ~ Bora = -B)
Kio
Deion of
and a"®
Laws of Exponenss
Ata Xa = a”
Dato =o"
istrue even when = 0 then,
e0,0 = 1
"eve oven when me
then,
Wiena #0, 640,
(ayn = ontr
“The number whi when ried tothe power of i equal tou
{scaled then! rot of
(Bis cae the 3a oot of, YN isthe 3d soot af — 8
Waisthe oot ofa)
Kina
KI780 VEL K
VELK Tonia & Now Reference
Topi Formas © Nate Ea Top Rona © Notes
‘Ito kta =X (where > Ojandean rewrite the eguation | KD4s
The Nrmber of + When ais an even number (guare root 4th 918.) KIM eee ee
aI Roots When a> 0, there are 2a rows (ex. Wa, ~ Va).
When a <0, there are no ral number rots,
Soling Mehods | oWhenet = 0, then = mt
‘When nis an od number (cube rots, Sth 001.)
‘Therein ony real number oot sWhene> 1, then a > a= > mh Kiss
=
=
—
—_
=
=
—_
roots 4 foun roost)
" ; 7 wor
Laws of Exponens | When a> 0,6°> Oandrn nan pare postive integers kin or
War = aye
When nis an odd numbes.W=a = ~Ya (where 2 > 0).
Les of Esponents | When o > 0m integer, and nis a pone integer, KIT
wr (db=ve)
‘When a> Onda 1,2 finetion ofthe form
an exponential juneion o where 48 the base
Fanetions he groph fy ~ a! pam through point (0,8). and the wea
isthe asymptote
Whendcact When Danda + 1)isa Kis
‘mantion ofthe graph of» = a, punts along the xa,
and q unit along the yan,
Comparing Numbers | + Given the exponential incon y= a when @ > 1,asx KIN
Increase, yncreates Trefore,
gore of (p af)
* Given the exponent funetons y Kin
o> 0,b> Cand p>0,
ac bord 0,4 # 1, > 0):
«siscalled the base, and Ni clled the anilogarion
logeN inci the lager of Note base a
When >a L.M> 0,0,
Hoge! =0, Jogja = 1, logget” =m
2 logy MN = loge + lope
u
3 lope
1
witha [ed et]
Hogett"= nora [lows = Hoga]
Graphs of
orion Base
version Formula
When loa = x0! = a
‘Taking the logarithm tothe bate of both sides,
logoe = logy M
logge = logs.
logs
To
(where w > 0, b> 0, > Oanda # 1,0 #1)
Jogab “logs =
Whena> Vande # Ia
function ofthe form
logy called the
ogi Function oF s
‘whereas the base
“The graph ofthe ogame
faction y = logy pases
‘ous point (1,0), and its
asymprote fhe yas
“The graph ofthe logarithmic function y ~ late — p) * 4
(whore a > Oanda # 1) translation ofthe praph of
© lot punts long the ans sad q units along the yi LEVELL
Topic Formas Nowe [leteroes
Given the garth tretionsy = logy = tos
Wieno>1, then loge
‘Logarithnic + Ite initial eqution canbe writen inthe form 12
Tog, = log, 8, we can equate the sniilogsithms, A= 2.
‘If we let onyx = ¥ and ean cenit the equation in terms
of X, then we sl for X. When logy = Athen x = af
* We check all solutions by considering that
antilogarithms are 0, the base is > 0, andthe base #1
When loge > bea > a?
When beth cx Owe use +, hen y’ = Owe use —
+7 means increasing, means decreasing
‘There isa relative maximum value wien the arow changes
from 7 to and theresa elatve minimum value when the
arrow changes from S07.
oral values of¢
‘When y= 0, is always increasing, and thus there is a0
relative extreme valu,
‘When y' <0.» ialways decreasing an thus there no
relative extreme vale
Lala
Relative Maxima
si Modes 2
‘When te event of? ea letter, asian? + ax? + ax +I
we find the relative extrome vas by anslying 2 cases
(@) shen a> and (6) when a 0
nd
Minit
Tofind a maximum and manu value ofa fonction
y= fle) oa aniateral@
(@) Wecreate variation table onthe interval a
(©) Wevdetermin and thes compare the relative exten values
andthe values of ff) an (6) on both ends of he interval
veh,
In exercises where we have to ind the minimam vale, when
te
th minimm val either a the right end or the lft end of
'sno slative minimum vale inthe iter, we obtain
th domain,
Tn the exerts where we have fd the maximum value,
when thee sm relative mani valu inthe interval, we
obtain the maxiqum vale either at he right endo the Indefiie Iegras
Defition of
Det Iegrat
LEVELL
Tepe Torn © Nowe Teter
Appicionsto | Real oot ofan equation a) = Uwilbethexeoonlmatevot | L1DIa
uations an common points where the graph fhe fanction y= [sand
Ines the val eross,
Infinite ad ‘When ae othe nai tepals fs Fs, Lint
Det Integra
1e) + € (Cite constant integration)
Formate for Linh
Indesit Tegra Zé.
+ © (Cis constant ot integration)
Properties of ite
fo tfpeae deans
fron saeree= [raees far
0 sense fron fea
‘When one ofthe indie integral of fs) F)
[rvs
(Fan = #0) ~ Fe)
Detinitetntearas
Properties of
Deine Ica
Property of
Definite Itegras
Propeny of
Definite negra
Propenis of
Define ttegrais
Parva afte és (kis constant)
[iro satmiee fronae fauna
0 (uhon nis 5...)
[rome [re
[roe fi
nar [ea
a4
Lim
La
env Wvegra 2
i
fyde= sy) (whereas conan) use
Genera wn [=O indie wen, ote eon | LHD
colnet cre y=) andthe an enter
(8 ing the ving fmol :
[roa re
Intima hee wo eps om esiodty | Lia
= f(a)and the ais and one enelosed by y = —f) andthe
‘ans, hat are symmeti with respect othe xan and eq
Inarea Therefor, when f(s) = Owe ca find tho area by
sng the folowing formals q
s=-['noar
‘the region on a given slid cut by plan which sperpendculae
tothe axis, then the yolume for values where w == bis
ven by the fotowing fore
v= [swyae
s= [10 tite oboe = a9
Arew of the Region a 1 aie ae Lisa
Involving a Parabola [e-ae eo
INores} LEVEL L.
Focmnle © Notes
Teter
Volume ofa
Sottd of Revolution
The sold that forms by rotating a line or cure round an ass
iscalled a std of revolution. Wet V be the volume of the
soli that forms by rotating thereon enclosed by the anction
Y= fe) the wari fine = aad line
Since te sure,
‘which eu bya plane perpendiculae othe axis, would bea
circle its rea Sts) = ay? = aff)?
Therefore the volume, V. af the slid of revolution for vals
whereas = bly 4
‘Velocity and Distance
Velocity
Displacement
Disance
‘When pot P moves ona numb ine ifthe postion of
the point Pat ine 1s expressed asthe x 0,6>0 ie sind = >
inthe gmdate <0. <0 Mise cost =a
inthe quadrant > Ob <0 hide z
I
38 LEVELM
Tole
Formals © NS
Hetero
Gruph of sind
EF DAs
“The raph of = sng repens itself every 2erunts
Therefore, 22 sealed the period ofy = sind
Mi
Graph of 008
Graphs ot Mie
‘Trigonometic
neti 2
Graph of ae
‘The poviod a tang
‘Addition sin(a = 8) = sinacore = cosasings Muni
“Theorem 1 ema # B) ~ cuseooss = sinasings Mua
Formulas tina tn
Sees (20 " 73 umatang
Donble- Ange sina = 2sinacosa Malay
Formulas
Formulae
Half Ansie Formals
cox2a = conta ~ sin?
=~ 2sinta
finda = Suing $50
fon = 40004 — S80
sae = 1 ce
sa _ 14 cone
2 a
oa _1- core
a oe
40
-—_
-—
al
e-
—_
-—_
-_-
Product
LEVE
snacop = Esa + date ~ Bl
ving
plsin(a + 8) ~ sin
cmeentp = foie 6+ nto
sinasin = ~Z[0)
"he positional relationship between acitle andatine cane | MN26
determine from te discrninant afer we eliminate y (or)
{ro bath equations:
When D > 0, they intorseet at? different points,
‘When D = 0, they are tangeat and intersect at only poet
When 1 <0 hey donot intro.
‘When y =e + mis tangent tothe cine x! + y= Phen M950
n= 2AVnFF1,7>0
The equation ofthe lin tangent othe cis 2 Me
a point Pr, 9) onthe ite
Inores)
43- iwores)
AULA
Tepe
Parabote
LEVELN
Formals © Not
An equation i the form ®, + % = 1s called te
soca fo of a elise
When a? > 8% Wena <8,
Othe ovine
AA’ the BB'isthe
SI major axis P raxjor acs
BB isthe AA isthe
Thefoc Fand Pare: | The fos Fad Fare:
0.2VE =e
‘Hyperbole have the following te standaed for
a
The foc Fand F'.ar: | The foc, Fand Fars
@.2Vere)
B=Apy
When p>0
isthe Oistae
vertex. i [vertex
Thexerisis | ‘The pains
symmety ‘symmetry,
Line «=~ pisealed the
rest steer
Point Fis the focus Point Fis the fous
PH=PE.OF~OA~p | PU=PF, OF =0A=p
iscalled the
Ns
Nev
General Term
‘Sequences whone lerme are obtained by sussesively ding
fixed number ont the 1 term ate clled arithmetic sequences,
sin that fied numbers called the common dierence
The general en ofa aithmetic equcace having fist erm @
and common diference di
amet - Od
45 LEVEL
LEVELN
opie Temata as tiene Tog inc Rae ieee
Sequences ‘number of terms inthe sequence, the sum of terms 5 —_ ‘As the value of inerease:
ccancadeiibathisusssiesel tis —_ += When a, approaches a constant value L, {ai sad to converge
10h inthe sian apes fi
5,9 —_ + When a verges paste (or agave) itn, th ini
pov (or negative) infty, andi expressed
Winey +2 ime, =~
Sobstting
1 (= Did iat he above form
Dd)
a in
Divergent sequences which do nt diverge to positive or negative
S, e Na
Geometric ‘Sequences whose terms are abained by successively mulling | NSIa james ONE DIMITPRERONIGE Astana afk a
Sequences ‘fixed non-zero number with the I erm, ar called geome ‘abet ea
sequences, an that Sed numbers called the common ratio,
‘The general term ofm geometric sequence asing fist term and] NS
1 The sequence ossilates.
General Tem Forany abe of whena
