EcE 21021 Digital Electronics

Dr.Mya Mya Aye

Associate Professor
Department of Electronic engineering
Yangon Technological University
 Content
• Analog vs. Digital
• Why Digital or Analog?
• Generating a Digital Signal
• Binary Digits and Logic Levels
• Digital Waveforms
• Pulse Definition
• Testing for Digital Signals
• Using a Logic Probe
• Mounting ICs

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 Analog vs. Digital
• Analog signal- one whose output varies
continuously in step with the input.

• Example:

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Digital signal- one whose output varies at
discrete voltage levels commonly called HIGH or
LOW (1 or 0).
Example:

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 Why Digital?
• Data can be stored (memory characteristic of
digital)
• Data can be used in calculations.
• Compatible with display technologies.
• Compatible with computer technologies.
Systems can be programmed.
• Digital IC families make design easier.

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 Why Analog?
• Most “real-world” events are analog in nature.

• Analog processing is usually simpler.

• Analog processing is usually faster.

• Traditional electronic systems were mostly

analog in nature.

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Generating a Digital Signal (with Switch)
+5 V
HIGH CAUTION:
undefined Switch bounce
LOW may cause
problems.
time

Debounced Switch

HIGH

LOW

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 Binary Digits and Logic Levels

• Digital electronics uses circuits that have two

states, which are represented by two different
voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The
voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
• In binary, a single number is called a bit (for
binary digit). A bit can have the value of either
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is HIGH
or LOW.

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VH(max)
HIGH
VH(min)
Invalid
VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)

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 Defining Logic Levels
• Logic devices interpret input voltages as either HIGH or LOW.
• TTL or CMOS IC families have their unique voltage profiles.
• Both TTL and CMOS IC input voltage profiles are shown below

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 Digital Waveforms

• Digital waveforms change between the LOW

and HIGH levels.
• A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and
then back again.
• Digital waveforms are made up of a series of
pulses.

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 HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

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 Pulse Definitions

• Actual pulses are not ideal but are described

by the rise time, fall time, amplitude, and
other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

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 Periodic Pulse Waveforms

• Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that

repeats in a fixed interval called the period.
• The frequency is the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.

1 1
f  T
T f
• The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a
periodic wave.
Example
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
Solution T  1  1 
f 3.2 GHz

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 Eg 1. A portion of a periodic digital waveform is
shown in Figure 1–10. The measurements are in
milliseconds. Determine the following:period (b)
frequency (c) duty cycle

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• A periodic digital waveform has a pulse width
of 25 ms and a period of 150 ms. Determine
the frequency and the duty cycle.

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 Pulse Definitions
• In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse
waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width
(tW) and duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.

Pulse width
(tW)

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 Timing Diagrams

• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms,

Clock

A diagram like this can be observed directly on

a logic analyzer.

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 Serial and Parallel Data
• Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t 4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem

1
Computer Printer
0

0
t0 t1

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 Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions are true.

True only if one or more input conditions are

true.

Indicates the opposite

condition.

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 Basic System Functions
• And, or, and not elements can be combined to form various logic functions. A few
examples are:
The comparison function Comparator
A> B
A
Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B

Basic arithmetic functions

Adder
A
Two Σ Sum
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin

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 HIGH
9 Encoder
The encoding function 8
7
Binary code
6
5 for 9 used for
4 storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad

The decoding function Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display

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The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

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The counting function

• Sequence of binary codes that represent the

number of input pulses counted.

Binary Binary Binary Binary

1 5
Code Code Code Code
for 1 for 2 for 3 for b4

Parallel output lines

…and other functions such as code conversion and

storage.

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One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.

Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.

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 Integrated Circuits
• ThThe TTL series, available as DIPs are popular for laboratory experiments with logic.
• e Plastic
Chip case

Pins

• TTL series, available as DIPs are popular for laboratory experiments with logic c.

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 An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested.

In this case, testing can be

done by a computer
connected to the system.

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• DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package Small outline IC

(SOIC)

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• Other surface mount packages:

End view End view End view

SOIC PLCC LCCC

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 Testing for a Digital Signal
• LED Output Indicators
• Logic Probe
• DMM or VOM
• Oscilloscope
• Logic Analyzer

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Logic Probe Behavior Versus Logic Levels

HIGH

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 DMM or VOM
• The DMM can make three basic electrical measurements.

Voltage
Resistance OFF V
Hz

Current V

mV

A Range
Autorange 1s

Touch/Hold 1s
10 A
V

40 m A COM

Fused

In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power supply voltages, verifying
resistors, testing continuity, and occasionally making other measurements.

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Oscilloscope
• The front panel controls for a general-purpose
oscilloscope can be divided into four major
groups.
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL TRIGGER
CH 1 CH 2 BOTH SLOPE
Ð +

POSITION POSITION POSITION LEVEL

VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV SEC/DIV SOURCE

CH 1
CH 2
EXT
5V 2 mV 5V 2 mV 5s 5 ns
LINE
COUPLING COUPLING
AC-DC-GND AC-DC-GND TRIG COUP
DC AC

DISPLAY
PROBE COMP CH 1 CH 2 EXT TRIG
5V

INTENSITY

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 Logic Analyzer
• The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital information or show data
in tabular form

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