Yarmouk University

Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

Graduation Project Report

A four-story building

Mahmoud Alawneh
Harth Malkwi
Ahmad Qadri
Yousef AL-Khatatbeh

Supervisor:
Dr. Ahmad Al-Tarabsheh

Semester: First 2022/2023

Date: 24th January 2023

Students' Property Right Declaration and Anti-Plagiarism Statement
We hereby declare that the work in this graduation project at Yarmouk University is our own except for
quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. This work has not been accepted for
any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degrees. It is the sole property of
Yarmouk University and it is protected under the intellectual property right laws and conventions.

We hereby declare that this report is our own work except from properly referenced quotations and
contains no plagiarism.

We have read and understood the school's rules on assessment offences, which are available at
Yarmouk University Handbook.

Students:

Name: _________________ Signature: _______________ Date: __________________

Name: _________________ Signature: _______________ Date: __________________

Name: _________________ Signature: _______________ Date: __________________

Name: _________________ Signature: _______________ Date: __________________

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Table of Contents
Students' Property Right Declaration and Anti-Plagiarism Statement.................................................i
List of Tables......................................................................................................................................iii
List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................iv
Abstract................................................................................................................................................v
Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 2: Background........................................................................................................................2
Chapter 3: Design................................................................................................................................3
Chapter 4: Implementation..................................................................................................................5
Chapter 5: Results and Discussion.....................................................................................................13
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Future Work...........................................................................................18
References..........................................................................................................................................19

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List of Tables
Table1: Egyptian Code load coefficients …...………………………...………………………...6
Table 2: Shear and moment equivalent load coefficients …...………………………...…………7
Table 3: weight of construction materials……...….…………………...………………………10
Table 4: Ro for Reinforced rectangular sections. ………………………………………………12
Table 5: Areas of Bars in Slabs. …………………………………………………………………12
Table 6: Results of designed slabs. …………………………………………………………………15

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List of Figures
Figure1: Two-way slabs …...…….…………………...….…………………...………………………..5
Figure 2.a: Tributary areas for slab loads on beams …...……….….…………………...….……8
Figure 2.b: tributary areas for loads on continuous beams …...…….….…………………...….……8
Figure 2.c: loads on beams B3-B4 and B1-B2 …...……….…….….….….………………...….……8
Figure 3: 1m*1m …..……….……………………...….…………………...……………………....10
Figure 4: Slabs …..……….……………………...….…………………...……………………....13
Figure 5: Beams …..……….……………………...….…………………...……………………....16
Figure 6: Beams designed. …….……………………...….………………...……………………....17

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Abstract
A four-story building project typically involves the construction of a multi-level
structure with four floors above ground. The design and layout of the building will vary
depending on the specific use of the space, such as residential, commercial, or mixed-
use. The building may also have a basement or underground level that can be used for
parking, storage, or additional amenities.

The first step in a four-story building project is to develop a detailed set of plans and
specifications that include architectural drawings and structural designs. These plans
will need to be reviewed and approved to ensure they comply with all building codes
and zoning requirements.

Overall, a four-story building project is a complex and time-consuming process that

requires a wide range of skills and expertise. From planning and design to construction,
there are many different steps involved in building a four-story building, and careful
coordination and management is required to ensure that everything runs smoothly and
that the building is completed on the lowest budget.

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Chapter 1: Introduction
The planning and design phase of a four-story building project is a crucial step in the
overall construction process.

The architectural drawings will include the layout of each floor, including the number
and size of rooms, as well as the location of stairs and other key features of the
building. The structural design will consider the load-bearing capacity of the building
and ensure that it can withstand the forces of nature such as earthquakes, wind, and
snow loads.

This will ensure that the building is comfortable and safe to occupy. The design team
will also consider the energy efficiency of the building and incorporate features such as
insulation and energy-efficient lighting to reduce the building's environmental
footprint.

In this phase, the budget and schedule of the project also need to be established and
strictly followed to avoid any delays or costs overruns. Additionally, the team will also
consider the building's future use, potential tenants or owners, and aesthetic
considerations such as the building's exterior and landscaping.

Overall, the planning and design phase of a four-story building project is critical to the
success of the construction and should be completed thoroughly, with care and
attention to detail.

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Chapter 2: Background
Planning and design are important in the construction of a four-story building because
it sets the foundation for the entire project. Proper planning and design ensure that the
building meets the needs of its intended use, complies with all building codes and
zoning requirements, and is safe for occupants to use.

During this phase, the project schedule and budget are established, which can greatly
impact the overall success of the project. A well-planned and designed project is more
likely to stay on schedule and within budget, reducing delays and cost overruns.

Finally, planning and design also play a key role in creating an attractive and inviting
building, both inside and out. By taking aesthetic considerations into account, the
building can become an asset to the community and an enjoyable place for its
occupants.

Overall, planning and design is essential in ensuring that a four-story building is

functional, safe, energy-efficient, and attractive, and that it is built on schedule.

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Chapter 3: Design
3.1 Design Overview:

the architectural design of a four-story building, it is important to consider the

specific location and site conditions of the building. This includes factors such as the
local climate, soil conditions, and zoning requirements. By understanding the area in
which the building will be constructed, the design team can make informed decisions
about the layout and structural design of the building.

3.2 Design Details:

3.2.1 Design Specifications

A residential building of four floors, each floor at a height of 3 meters and 4

meters of the base, on an area of 125 square meters (12.5m*10m).

3.2.2 Design Process

One key aspect of this process is the distribution of columns and beams in the
architectural design. The design team will consider the loads that the building will need
to support, including dead loads from the slabs, beams, and other structural elements,
as well as live loads from the occupants and any equipment or fixtures in the building.
They will also consider the loads imposed by earthquakes and winds, which can vary
depending on the location of the building. To distribute the columns and beams, the
design team will use engineering calculations to determine the optimal location and
spacing of these elements. This will ensure that the building is able to safely support
the imposed loads and will help prevent structural failure. The architectural design
must be reviewed and approved to ensure the building meets the safety codes and
standards.

3.2.3 Legal Aspects and Constraints

by considering the architectural design and the specific site conditions, the design
team can create a structurally sound and safe four-story building that meets the needs
of its intended use and complies with all necessary building codes and regulations.

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 3.2.4 Design Standards

Metric SI units, Steel section AISC14, Steel design code ASIC360-10,

Concrete design code ACI 318-11.

3.2.5 Design Alternatives

Using both structural analysis software and engineering calculations during the
planning and design phase of a four-story building can provide several benefits. One of
the main advantages is increased accuracy and precision in the structural behavior of
the building. This allows the design team to identify any potential issues early on and
make informed decisions about the layout and design of the building. Additionally, the
use of this software can lead to a reduction in costs by optimizing the layout and design
of the building and minimizing the need for additional structural elements.

3.2.6 Safety Consideration

Safety is another key benefit as the analysis software and calculations can ensure
that the building is able to safely support the imposed loads, preventing structural
failure, this will keep the occupants safe. Compliance with building codes and
regulations is also ensured using both structural analysis software and engineering
calculations, ensuring that the design team will not miss any important safety standard
or codes. Lastly, the use of structural analysis software and engineering calculations
can streamline the design process, by reducing the need for physical modeling and
testing, allowing the design team to iterate and refine the design more quickly.

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Chapter 4: Implementation
Two-way Slabs:

When the ratio (L/ S) is less than 2.0, it is called two-way slab, shown in Figure 1.
Bending will take place in the two directions in a dish-like form. Accordingly, main
reinforcement is required in the two directions.

Figure 1: Two-way slabs

Design Methods
In the ACI Code 318-08, two empirical methods are given for analysis and design of
two-way slabs, regardless of their types. The first of these methods is the Direct Design
Method which must meet certain limiting conditions. This method will be elaborately
dealt with later on, in this chapter. The second method is called the Equivalent Frame
Method, which has no restrictions on its use. This method is rather complex and will not
be covered. Detailed coverage of the method can be found in the ACI Code 318-08. For
design of edge supported slabs, simplified design methods will be used. These design
methods are basically similar in nature to the method provided in the ACI Code 318-08
and older versions. These methods are based on load distribution in two principal
directions parallel to the short and long sides of edge supported panels, depending on
long side to short side ratio and support conditions at slab edges.

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Simplified Design Methods
The load carried to each support and the bending moments in two-way slabs are not easy
to calculate if all the conditions are to be satisfied. Therefore, empirical formulae and
approximate theories have been formulated which give bending moments in slabs
supported on all four edges. Bending moments can be obtained by one of the following
methods:
 Grashoff method: it is used for load distribution when the slab is simply
supported on all four edges and the corners are not held down.
 Marcus method: it is used for load distribution when the slab is simply supported
on all four edges and the corners are held down. Slabs built into thin walls or
monolithic with the beams come into this category.
 Egyptian Code method: it is used for various support conditions associated with
continuous slabs. (Which is used)

Egyptian Code Method

Grashoff and Marcus methods have basically dealt with analysis of simply supported
slab panels. The Egyptian Code method has extended these methods for analysis of
continuous slabs where individual panels have different supporting conditions. To
account for the various supporting conditions, the rectangularity ratio r =L/S is
modified by multiplying the nominator and the dominator of this expression by the
ratio of distance between inflection points to the length between supports for longer
and shorter spans, respectively, or

For simply supported spans, m = 1.0, for spans continuous from one side,m = 0.87,
and for spans continuous from both sides, m = 0.76.

The load distribution factors for edge supported two-way slabs according to the
Egyptian Code of Practice are given in Table.

Egyptian Code load coefficients

r’ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

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 a 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
b 0.35 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08
Table 1: Egyptian Code load coefficients
 Beams for Two-way Slabs Designed by Approximate Methods

The load supported by each beam is the entire load on tributary areas bounded by 45-
degree lines drawn from the corners of the Figure 2.a and Figure 2.b. Triangular or
trapezoidal distributions are possible. If available analysis software cannot cope with
such load distributions, as shown in Figure 2.c it is possible to replace these load
distributions by equivalent uniform loads that give same maximum shear and moment as
the original loads do.
For triangular load distribution, the equivalent shear force coefficient Cs is equal to 0.50,
and the equivalent bending moment coefficient Cb is equal to 2/3. For trapezoidal load
distribution, Cs and Cb are given in Table 2.

Table 2: Shear and moment equivalent load coefficients for trapezoidal load
distribution

r 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Cs 0.500 0.545 0.583 0.615 0.643 0.667 0.688 0.706 0.722 0.737 0.750
Cb 0.667 0.725 0.769 0.803 0.830 0.852 0.870 0.885 0.897 0.908 0.917
Table 2: Shear and moment equivalent load coefficients
1 1
In Table 2, C 1  , and C 1  .

s b 2
2r 3r

The total load on a given beam consists of its own weight, weight of partitions, if any,
and the loads resulting from the slab, as explained earlier.

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 (a)

(b)
Beam B3-B4

(c) Beam B1-B2

Figure 2: (a) Tributary areas for slab loads on beams; (b) tributary
areas for loads on continuous beams; (c) loads on beams B3-B4 and B1-B2

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from ASCE 7-22 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings:

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assume:

Figure 3: 1m*1m

 Weight of construction materials:

Table 3: weight of construction materials

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  Finding Moments:

So, M+ =((W*L^2)/8) – (M1 + M2)/2

 Finding steel reinforcement:

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Table 4: Ro for Reinforced rectangular sections.

Table 5: Areas of Bars in Slabs.

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Chapter 5: Results and Discussion
Slabs:

Figure 4: Slabs

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number moment p pmin As Rn

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1 866.9 0.000646 0.0033 0.198 38.52889

1063.23 0.000793 0.0033 0.198 47.25467

147.92 0.00011 0.0033 0.198 6.574222

1063.23 0.000793 0.0033 0.198 47.25467

866.9 0.000646 0.0033 0.198 38.52889

2 0 0 0

549.2 0.000408 0.0033 0.198 24.40889

724.452 0.000539 0.0033 0.198 32.19787

163.313 0.000121 0.0033 0.198 7.258356

859.284 0.00064 0.0033 0.198 38.1904

680 0.000506 0.0033 0.198 30.22222

3 0 0 0

1278 0.000955 0.0033 0.198 56.8

790.8 0.000589 0.0033 0.198 35.14667

594 0.000442 0.0033 0.198 26.4

4 0 0 0

1609.4 0.001205 0.0033 0.198 71.52889

5 0 0.0033 0.198 0

314.83 0.000234 0.0033 0.198 13.99244

1188.82 0.000888 0.0033 0.198 52.83644

34.9 2.59E-05 0.0033 0.198 1.551111

6 0 0 0

507 0.000377 0.0033 0.198 22.53333

532.141 0.000396 0.0033 0.198 23.65071

683.3134 0.000508 0.0033 0.198 30.36948

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7 0 0 0

37.24 2.76E-05 0.0033 0.198 1.655111

375.9 0.000279 0.0033 0.198 16.70667

380.23 0.000282 0.0033 0.198 16.89911

678.026 0.000504 0.0033 0.198 30.13449

279.77 0.000208 0.0033 0.198 12.43422

8 0 0 0

568.22 0.000422 0.0033 0.198 25.25422

264 0.000196 0.0033 0.198 11.73333

197.7 0.000147 0.0033 0.198 8.786667

9 0 0 0

114.5 8.49E-05 0.0033 0.198 5.088889

221.33 0.000164 0.0033 0.198 9.836889

104.1421 7.72E-05 0.0033 0.198 4.628538

214.76 0.000159 0.0033 0.198 9.544889

112.333 8.33E-05 0.0033 0.198 4.992578

10 0 0 0

145.444 0.000108 0.0033 0.198 6.464178

11 0 0 0

1000 0.000746 0.0033 0.198 44.44444

Table 6: Results of designed slabs.

Beams:
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Figure 5: Beams

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 Ln1 Wu13 Mu13 Ln2 Wu14 Mu14 Wu15 Ln3 Mu15 Wu1 Ln1 Mu1
10 25743.57 -107265 12 34994.9 18544.89 7.35 14562.59 9.54 0

183882.6 314954.1 71560.09 165670.6

-257436 -503927 -41743.4 0

Rn13 Rn14 Rn15 Rn1

88.15325 -258.838 34.30587 136.1527

Fie b d^2
0.9 8 169
Figure 6: Beams designed.

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Chapter 6: Conclusion and Future Work

 Four-story buildings are common in many urban areas and can serve a variety
of purposes, from residential to commercial or mixed-use.

 Innovations in building materials and construction techniques have made it

possible to construct four-story buildings that are energy-efficient, sustainable,
and resilient, while still meeting the functional needs of the occupants.

 Slabs and beams are two important elements in the structural design of
buildings, responsible for distributing loads and resisting forces such as
weight, wind, and earthquakes.

 The design of slabs and beams involves careful consideration of factors such
as the size, shape, material, and reinforcement needed to ensure structural
integrity and safety.

 The correct design of slabs and beams is crucial for the overall stability and
safety of a building, and engineers must consider various codes and standards
to ensure that their designs meet the required specifications.

 Design will be continued for the Columns and Foundation to reach a fully
designed project.

In conclusion, A well-designed four-story building can meet the needs of its

occupants while also enhancing the urban environment, using sustainable
materials, innovative technologies, and thoughtful planning. the design of slabs
and beams is a critical aspect of building construction that must be approached
with precision and expertise. The appropriate selection of materials and
reinforcement, combined with a thorough understanding of the loads and forces
involved, is essential for ensuring the safety and longevity of a building.

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References
1. Structural Engineering Handbook" by Edwin H. Gaylord and Richard W. Furlong
2. Reinforced Concrete Design" by W. H. Mosley and J. H. Bungey
3. Structural Analysis" by Russell C. Hibbeler
4. Fundamentals of Building Construction

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