Reg No:- D202101956

Library/ Internet survey of electrical high

voltage line and HVDC lines.
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME
BY
Barun Kumar Singh
(Diploma 2nd Year, 4th Semester, Registration No: D202101956 )

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Abhijit Ghosh
(Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Dept.)

BENGAL COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, DURGAPUR

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ABSTRACT

Back in the early days of electricity supply, AC (alternating current) was

adopted for power transmission because it could be stepped up or down as
needed by transformers and because it could be interrupted more easily than DC
(direct current). High-voltage AC grids evolved as an efficient way to connect
existing islands of distribution grids and large generation units with industrial
and residential loads. It was not until some decades later that the technology for
high voltage DC (HVDC) power advanced sufficiently for the first commercial
HVDC link to be established. This paper reviews current & future of HVDC
transmission systems in India. The article discusses the recent developments in
HVDC Transmission & other technologies in India & World also. This paper
compares the HVDC transmissions design, operation, construction and
maintenance over HVAC. The article additionally shows an economic analysis
of HVDC transmission innovation over an AC framework in India. This paper
gives a review of references formations of HVDC transmission frameworks in
India. The paper conclusions why picking HVDC frameworks in the present
power framework development.

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Acknowledgement

This survey was supported by Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Bengal College of

Polytechnic Durgapur under guidance of Prof. Mr.Abhijit Ghosh (Lecturer of Electrical

Engeering Dept., BCP Durgapur). I am thankful to our colleagues who provided expertise

and greatly assisted the survey.

Barun Kumar Singh

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INTRODUCTION

In a year, The first HVDC transmission was inaugurated in Miesbach-Munich power

transmission in the world, but that time only 1.5 KW power was transmitted. It was built
between Miesbach & Munich in Germany. As we know, the AC system was introduced
very quickly for electricity generation, transmission, distribution etc.The voltage
conversion was straightforward in an AC system using Transformer. A transformer is
having high electric power and having low losses. Also, The three-phase synchronous
generator is very proficient when we compare with DC generator. That's why
Transmission is straightforward through an AC System to compare to DC. On the other
hand, In long distances transmission and when connected to asynchronous grids, HVAC
having few limits.
The Following Table 1 is showing time to time development in HVDC Technology.

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 Why choose HVDC over HVAC

This is an exciting question that why we prefer HVDC over HVAC Because most
electricity transmissions use three-phase alternating current. So how HVDC transmission
fit into the present power transmission network? The fascinating question is that why we
choose HVDC transmission system compare to HVAC whereas most of the three- phase
electricity transmission uses AC. How will HVDC transmission get success in the present
transmission network? We answer that AC has been preferred for electrical transmission
anywhere, i.e. home, business, in the world,
But AC has been some limitation, i.e. it's transmission capacity, long distances, SKIN
effect and can never connect between two different frequencies electricity transmission
network.The skin effect & Corona effect tends to less significant for DC & AC conductors.
HVDC transmission is most helpful especially for the interconnection of different frequencies
AC grids, also provides high efficiency and control capability. It can be our choice that we
go for HVDC power transmission system because DC can able to carry a significant
amount of electricity with shallow losses. Another problem with AC is that most of the
renewable generation like solar, hydro and other plants located at populated centres and
our choice should be DC for electricity transmission at that places. HVDC is necessary or
desirable from a technical point of view.
 HVDCTransmission Network Component:
The main components of the HVDC system are mentioned below-Converting Station,
Converting Units, Converting Valves, Converting T/Fs, Filters, High-Frequency Filters,
Power Source (Reactive), Levelling Reactor, Poles.
 Converting Station:
At the substation, Rectifier terminal converts an AC to DC whereas Inverter substation
converts DC to AC. Every terminal is designed in such a way that they work in both mode
(Rectifier and Inverter), so then each terminal is known as converter terminal. A two-
terminal HVDC transmission system is having two terminal and one HVDC line. The
following Fig. (1) is showing A Typical HVDC Converter Station:

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 Converting Unit:
As we discuss, converter unit converts AC to DC, and its vice-versa is used at three-phase
bridge converters. This circuit is also known as Graetz Circuit. There is 12-pulse bridge
converter is used in HVDC transmission, and that converter obtains by connecting two or
6-pulse bridge converter as shown in figure[2].

Fig. (2).- 6-Pulse Converter

 Converting Valves:
However new HVDC converter uses 12-pulse converter units and the total number of
valves in each group shown in figure 3. Thyristor based modules are used to make series
connection valves. The amount of thyristor valve depends upon the required voltage across
the valve.

Fig. (3).- 12-Pulse Converter

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 Converting T/Fs :
The converter transformer changes over the AC to DC systems or the other way around.
They have two arrangements of three stage windings, First is AC side winding and second
is Valve sidewinding. The converter can work with 12 heartbeats for each cycle in the AC
supply utilising Star-Delta and Wye-Delta Connection of T/F, which wipes out various
consonant current. Anyway here whirlpool current misfortunes are increments because of
the music current. The magnetisation in the centre of the converter transformer is a result
of the accompanying reasons.
As we probably are aware, the converter transformer used to change over AC to DC and
furthermore DC to AC. They have three stage winding, one is called an AC winding, and
the other is Valve sidewinding. The converter worked with 12-heartbeat in every cycle in
AC supply utilising star-delta and delta-star association of T/F, which expels various
symphonious current, anyway here whirlpool current misfortunes are expanding because of
sounds current. The charge in converter T/F centre is a result of the following reasons:
1. The AC arrange containing sounds.
2. The coordinate voltage from the valve side terminal additionally has a few musics.

 Filters:-
Filtration of Harmonics is exceptionally essential and furthermore for generation of
receptive power at line cumulative converter station. The AC and DC sound music is
infused into AC and DC lines separately. The music has the accompanying focal points.
Filtration is almost obligatory for generation of reactive power at range expanding
converter station. The AC and DC sounds are infused at AC and DC line separately. The
sounds have following inconveniences:

a) It obstructs phone lines.

b) Due to the sounds, the power misfortunes in machines and capacitors are
associated in the framework.
c) The sounds delivered reverberation in an AC circuit bringing about finished
voltages.
d) Instability of converter controls.

The music is limited by utilising the AC, DC and high-recurrence channels. The kinds of
networks are - AC Filters, DC Filters, & High-Frequency Filters.

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 Power Source (Reactive):-

Converter tasks are required Reactive power. Extra power can likewise be accomplished
from the synchronous stage modifiers of shunt capacitors and static var frameworks. The
decision relies upon the coveted control speed.

 Levelling Reactors:-
The smoothing reactor like as oil cooled reactor stuffed with high inductance oil. The
converter is associated with this reactor just before DC. It can be situated at impartial or the
line side. The principal motivations behind smoothing reactors:-
i. They ease the swells in the direct current.
ii. They diminish the symphonious voltage and current in the DC lines.
iii. They constrain the blame current in the DC line.
iv. Consequent compensation disappointments in inverters are avoided by smoothing
reactors by lessening the rate of ascending of the DC line in the scaffold when the
direct voltage of another arrangement associated voltage breakdown.
v. Smoothing reactors diminish the steepness of voltage and current surges from the
DC line. In this way, the weights on the converter valves and valve surge diverters
are decreased.

 HVDC System Pole:

This is the part of the HVDC transmission system that contains all HVDC substation
equipment. It also used for interconnection of transmission lines. In some normal
operations, it is having direct forward polarity relative to the ground. Therefore, the pole
refers to the DC path that has the same polarity concerning the earth.

 The medium of Transmission:-

This overhead line is for the most part bipolar, in other words, two conductors of various
polarities. HVDC links are regularly utilised for submerged transmission. The most widely
recognised kinds of relationships are healthy and loaded with oil. The solids protection
comprises of paper strips impregnated with a high thickness oil and no restriction, e.g.
length; presently there are plans accessible at profundities of around thousand meter. The
total autonomous oil link is loaded with low thickness oil and keeps on working under
strain. The most extreme length for this kind of relationship is by all accounts around 60
km. The new power cable technologies development is increasing in recent years, and a
new HVDC transmission cable is now available for underground or underground HVDC
power supply. This new HVDC cable is made of extruded polyethene and is used in VSC
HVDC based systems.

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 Designing, constructing, operating, Maintenance &

Cost structure considerations:-
Generally, It can differ from three years for vast HVDC frameworks given one-
year thyristors to HVDC VSC based frameworks running from contract date to
dispatching as far as development. The following table 2 demonstrates the
experience of various HVDC innovations and the distinctive sort of HVDC with
the working time.
Ordinary commutated HVDC 3
years CCC based HVDC 2 years
VSC found HVDC 1 year

Different HVDC with Operation Time

Since the term task alludes to progressing exercises to keep up framework

accessibility at composed levels. At present day, HVDC connections can be
worked remotely, given the included semiconductor and chip-based control
frameworks. There are existing offices without staff. What's more, present-day
HVDC frameworks are intended for the unmanned task. This component is
especially vital in circumstances or nations where there are few qualified
individuals, and these individuals can work various HVDC joins from a focal area.
Upkeep of HVDC frameworks is practically identical to that of high voltage AC
frameworks. The HV gear at change stations is equivalent to the relating hardware
in the AC substations, and the support can be performed similarly. Upkeep will
centre around: AC and DC channels, smoothing reactors, divider infiltrations,
valve cooling gear, thyristor valves. In the majority of the over, the time of
establishment, start-up and start-up of the task gives satisfactory preparing and
support
 Cost structure:
The cost of an HVDC framework relies on different elements, for example, transmitted
power limit, ecological conditions, kinds of transmission media and other administrative
and wellbeing prerequisites, and so forth. Figure 4 demonstrates the cost structure.

Fig(4).- Cost Structure Fig.(5).- price variation for an AC transmission

compared with an HVDC transmission

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The price variation for an AC transmission & an HVDC transmission for 2000 MW is
shown below in Fig(5).
For the AC transmission, a two circuit is expected with a cost for each km of 250 USD/km
(every), AC substations and arrangement remuneration (over 600 km) are assessed to 80
MUSD. Bipolar OH line was accepted with a cost for every km of 250 USD/km; converter
stations are evaluated to 250 MUSD.
Two different examinations are indicating correlation amongst AC and HVDC high
voltage frameworks, one is HVDC frameworks and high voltage AC transmission
framework, and other is an HVDC framework given VSC and an AC framework and a
nearby age source.

 Thyristor based HVDC system versus high voltage AC

system:
HVDC converter stations costs are high when compare with high voltage AC
substations. Likewise, working and support costs are brought down in HVDC.
Introductory misfortune levels are higher in the HVDC framework, yet don't shift
with remove. Despite what might be expected, misfortune levels increment with
delete in a high voltage AC framework, as appeared in Fig. (6).

 VSC based HVDC system versus an AC system:

VSC HVDC-based frameworks serve low power applications ( up to 200 MW) and
generally short range sections ( many km) of the power transmission range. The
accompanying diagram demonstrates that the VSC-based HVDC framework is
the best practical other option to a high voltage AC framework as appeared in
Figure (7).

Fig(6): Thyristor based HVDC system Fig(7): VSC based HVDC system[5]

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 Overview Of HVDC Application:-

Following Fig(8) is showing an outline of HVDC application.

Fig. (8).- Overview of HVDC Application

 Types Of HVDC Links:

Generally, there are three kinds of HVDC frameworks. The determination of every
structure in the arranging stage relies upon the operational prerequisites, the adaptability of
the demand, the issue of consistent quality and the cost. The most well-known HVDC
design graphs are as per the following.

Monopolar link –
It has a solitary driver of negative extremity and utilizations the land or the ocean for the
arrival way of the momentum. In some cases, the metal back is additionally utilised. Here,
two converters are set toward the finish of each post. The shafts are grounded utilising
ground anodes situated in the vicinity of 15 and 55 km from the individual terminal
stations. Be that as it may, this connection has a few inconveniences since it utilises the
earth as a path back. The monopolar interface isn't generally used today. The monopolar
interface is appearing in Fig(9).

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Fig.9.- Monopolar Link

Bipolar link –
The bipolar bond has two conductors, one is satisfied and the other negative for the earth.
The connection has a transformation station at each end. The midpoints of the converter
stations are associated with ground through anodes. The voltage of the terminals associated
with the field is just a significant portion of the energy of the conductor utilised for the
transmission of the HVDC. The most noteworthy preferred standpoint of the bipolar
connection is that if any of its connections quits working, the connection progresses toward
becoming Monopolar mode because of the arrival to ground. Framework. Half of the
structure keeps on providing vitality. These sorts of links are generally utilised as a part of
HVDC frameworks. Figure (10) demonstrates the bipolar connection.

Fig.10- Bipolar Link

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Homopolar Link–
It has two conductors of similar extremity, ordinarily of negative extremity, and dependable
works with a mass or metallic return. The shafts work in parallel in homopolar connection,
which decreases the cost of protection. The homopolar framework isn't utilised at present.
Figure 11 demonstrates the homopolar security.

Fig.11- Homopolar Link

Long-distance Transmission:-
This kind of transmission is connected when the voltage to be conveyed is high, and the
separation between both AC stations is more than make back the initial investment remove.
Fig.12 is demonstrating the Long separation HVDC transmission system.

Fig.12- Long Distance Transmission Fig.13-Back To Back Transmission

Back to Back Transmission:-

This type of transmission is connected when the voltage to be conveyed high, and the two
stations work at various frequencies. Consecutive The HVDC transmission framework
appears in Fig.13.

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HVDC Transmission In India:

Following Fig.14 is showing HVDC Transmission Existing in India.
HVDC Transmission Existing in
India Source: Central Electricity
Authority of India

Fig14.- HVDC Transmission In India.

(1) Dadri HVDC Project: Below Fig. 15 & Table 3 is showing details of this project.
Main Data:
a)Commisioning Date: Dec-1991
b)Rating: 1500 MW
c) Poles: 2
d) Voltage (AC) : 400 kV
e) Voltage (DC) : + 500 kV
f) Converter Transformer Rihand
g) Terminal: 6 x 315 MVA Dadri
h) Terminal : 6 x 305 MVA

Fig.15.- Dadri-HVDC Bi-Pole Transmission i)

Table Length
3.- Dadriof HVDC
overheadProject
HVDC line: 816
Details.
KM.

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2)Vindhyachal Back to Back Station: 3) Chandrapur Back to Back

Station:
Table 4 is showing details of this project.
Main Data: Main Data:
a) Starting date: November 1993
a) Project Completing Date: April 1989 b) Completing period: Dec 1997
b) Power rating : 2 x 250 MW. c) Power rating: 2 x 500 MW.
d) Blocks : 2
c) Blocks : 2
e) Voltage (AC) : 400 kV
d) Voltage (AC): 400 kV f) Voltage (DC) : 205 kV
e) Voltage (DC): ± 70 kV g) Converter Transformer : 12 x 234 MVA
f) Converter Transformer : 8 x 156 MVA

Table 4- Vindhyachal Back to Back Station Project Details. Table 5 - Details of Chandrapur

4) Talchar – Kolar Transmission: - (5) Sasaram Back to Back Station:

The longest commercial HVDC link in India It is located between Pusauli (Eastern
Region) is Talchar-Kolar transmission, the distance around to Sasaram (Eastern part
of Northern Grid) (1369 Km.). Table 6 is showing details of Indian Grid (Power
Transfer mainly from
of above project. ER to NR). Table 7 is showing details
of the
System Salient Features:- above project:

Main Data:
a) Completing date: June 2003 Main Data:
b) Power rating : 2000 MW a) Completing date: Sep 2002
b) Power rating: 1 x 500 MW.
c) Poles : 2
c) Blocks : 1
d) Voltage (AC): 400 kV
d) Voltage (AC) : 400 kV
e) Voltage (DC): + 500 kV e) Voltage (DC) : 205 kV
f) Converter Transformer at Talcher : 6 x f) Converter Transformer : 6 x 234 MVA
398 MVA
g) Kolar : 6 x 398 MVA

Table 6.- Talchar-Kolar Transmission Project Detail Table 7 - Details Of Sasaram Back to Back Station .

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 Advantages of HVDC over AC transmission:

Today, HVDC frameworks join the vast experience of the old establishments with as of late
created advancements and materials. The result is an extremely focused, adaptable and
productive method for transmitting electrical vitality with a low natural effect. Remark that
an HVDC framework not just transmits electrical power starting with one point then onto the
next, but it has a great deal of significant worth included which ought to have been essential to
understanding by another method on account of utilizing a regular AC transmission.

Some of these aspects are:-

a) Cost of transmission is less since only two conductors are used for transmission.
b) There is no reactive power. So transmission losses are reduced.
c) For for the same power current is less due to high voltage transmission. So I2R loss is
very less.
d) There is no skin effect just because of DC transmission, So thin conductors can be
used. Whereas the thick conductors must be used to eliminate skin effect In case of
HVAC transmission.
e) Two AC frameworks having distinctive frequencies can be interconnected utilising
HVDC transmission lines. This isn't conceivable in HVAC transmission framework.
f) Installation cost is less. Because of just two conductors and littler towers required for
HVDC.
g) HVDC utilises electronic converters. So Protections, blame freedom can be
actualised quicker than HVAC. Thus DC transmission framework has enhanced
transient steadiness.
h) In the instance of issues, control levels on HVDC framework can be controlled
electronically.
i) Since HVDC requires no charging current and the active power, it is favoured in
control transmission through links.
j) Unlike the HVDC transmission framework, HVAC actuates body streams in the
region of the conductors.
k) HVDC transmission does not have any dielectric misfortune warming issues in the
protection of conduits.
l) HVDC has the least discernible clamour and additionally least radio, TV impedance.
m) Due to bipolar transmission, the voltage levels are adjusted regarding earth.
n) DC links utilized for transmission are less expensive than AC links.
o) In HVDC, line charging and electric reverberation don't present which prompts high-
productivity.
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 The disadvantage of HVDC Transmission

a) High cost changing over and altering supplies are required for HVDC transmission.
So it is uneconomical for low power supply over short separations.
b) Converters control is very mind-boggling.
c) Additional channels are required at different phases of an HVDC transmission
framework. So it is prompt high establishment cost.

 HVDC Technology in Electricity Industry:-

The question is regularly asked in the matter of when should HVDC transmission be picked
over an AC framework. Before, traditions were that HVDC was chosen when :

1. Broad measures of intensity (>500 MW) should have been transmitted over long
distances(>500 km);
2. Transmitting force submerged;
3. Interconnecting two AC arranges in a nonconcurrent manner.
4. HVDC frameworks remain the best sparing and naturally benevolent choice for the
above customary applications. Be that as it may, three unique elements - innovation
improvement, deregulation of power industry around the globe, and a quantum jump
in endeavors to moderate the earth - are requesting an adjustment in believing that
could make HVDC frameworks the favored different option to high voltage AC
frameworks in numerous different circumstances also. To expound:
5. Innovations, for example, the VSC based HVDC frameworks, and the new expelled
polyethene DC links have made it workable for HVDC to end up financial at
bringing down power levels (up to 200 MW) and over a transmission separation of
only 60 km.
6. Liberalization has expedited different requests the power foundation generally.
Transmission is presently a contracted administration, and there is next to no space
for deviation from contracted specific and financial standards. HVDC gives much
better control of the power interface and is accordingly a preferred path for giving
legally binding transmission administrations.
7. Liberalization has expedited the wonder of exchanging to the power area, which
would mean bi-directional power exchanges, contingent upon economic situations.
HVDC frameworks empower the bi-directional power streams, which isn't
conceivable with AC frameworks (two parallel structures would be required).
8. In the past, when the transmission benefit was a piece of a legislature possessed,
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vertically incorporated utility, the land securing and acquiring privileges of-way was
generally less demanding, and regularly was done under the standard of "Famous
Domain" of the State. With progression, transmission benefit arrangement is overall
in the space of corporatized, now and then privatized, substances. Land procurement
and additionally getting privileges of-way is presently a considerable part of the
undertaking's expenses. Once these expenses are incorporated into their sum in the
careful investigation of HVDC versus AC options, it would be seen that HVDC is
considerably more sparing in such manner, since it requires substantially less
land/right-of-route for a given level of intensity.
9. In an ecologically touchy region, for example, national stops and ensured asylums,
the lower impression of HVDC transmission frameworks turns into the main
plausible approach to manufacture a power connector.
10.So by what means should control framework organizers, speculators in control
foundation (both open and private), and agents of such foundation be guided as for
picking between an HVDC and a high voltage AC elective? The appropriate response
is to let the "market" choose. At the end of the day:
11.The organisers, speculators and lenders should issue useful determinations for the
transmission framework to qualified temporary workers, instead of the act of
publishing specialised particulars, which are frequently unyielding, and commonly
incorporate more seasoned advances and strategies) while welcoming offers for a
transmission framework.
12.The practical determinations could set out the power limit, separation, accessibility and
unwavering quality necessities; and to wrap things up, the ecological conditions.
13.The bidders ought to be permitted to offer either an HVDC arrangement or an AC
arrangement, and the best choice picked.
14.It is very possible that with changed conditions in the power business, the mechanical
advancements, and natural contemplations, HVDC would be the favoured option in
numerous more transmission projects.
 Conclusion
In sum, West Bengal’s transmission segment seems well positioned to cater to the changing
sector needs with significant network additions planned in the near future. WBSETCL’s
planned capex and initiatives are expected to ensure that it is on a strong footing to provide
stable and quality power with improved availability and minimum losses in the
transmission system.
 REFERENCE
[1] High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)Transmission Systems Technology Review Paper,
Presented at EnergyWeek 2000, Washington, D.C, USA, March 7-8, 2000
[2] new.abb.com › Offerings › HVDC
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