MATRIX AUDIZING OF SmDSTONES

Using the samereservoir dataasin the previous exam-

ple, assumethat the well has beendamagedby invasion
of solids. A well test gives a skin of +8 for this forma-
tion and a depth of damageequal to 3 in. is assumed.
Therefore, the permeability of the damagedzone is cal-
culatedas 10 md. The dissolutionmodel assumesthat the
decreasein permeability in the damagedzone is due to
an increasein the concentration(invasion) of fast react-
ing species(clays).This resultsin a new, decreasedporosi-
ty of 12%, compared with the original 15%.
Injecting the sameHF acid at the samerate results in
a new HF spending,fast reactingmineral concentration,
and slow reactingmineralprofiles asshownin Figs. 14-11
to 14-13.The penetrationis evenlessthan in the first case
becausemore acid is lost to dissolvethe damagingmateri-
als in the first 3 in. of the formation. Such simulation is
useful to adapt the treatment volumes to the severity of
the problem. The capability of quickly simulating such
Radial Distance (in.) a complex processis extremely valuable in helping field
engineersto designtreatmentstailoredto the well situation.
Diversion is usually necessarywhen more than 5 to 7
ft of formation treated. Diversion designis dealt with ex-
Figure 14-g-concentration profile of fast reacting formation
minerals after HF attack, undamaged case. tensively in Chapter 15.

,E 0.96
gj
zl
E
is 0.92
cu
3
E
5
g 0.88
2
5
‘ci
5
g 0.84
. = ,200gavfl
+=250 gal/II

‘0.804 I
2 4 6 8 IO 12
Radial Distance (in.) Radial Distance (in.)

Figure 14-lo-Concentration profile of slow reacting forma-

tion mineral after HF attack, undamaged case. Figure 14-11-HF acid spending profile in a damaged
sandstone.

14-21
RESERVOIR STIMULATION

14-S CONCLUSIONS
Matrix acidizingof sandstones startswith the carefulevalu-
ation of the well and the accuratedetermination of the
natureandseverityof the problem. Then, a possibletreat-
ment fluid is selected.The first selectioncriterion is the
nature and location of the damage. Then, the potential
compatibility problemsbetweenthe rock mineralsand the
fluid are examined.The composition of the fluid is fur-
ther defined by performing flow tests and checking the
absenceof damaging reactions.
As the standardhydrofluoric acid has somelimitations
in terms of too fast reaction and short penetrationand of
byproductsprecipitation, other acid solutions, still using
50 gavfl HF as the dissolving agent, have beendevisedto allevi-
ate these shortcomings. ,’
Oncethe treating fluids andthe sequenceof fluids have
beendefined,treatingparameters,suchasvolmes , rates,
and pressure,are estimatedor calculatedand simulated.
2 4 6 a 10 If the extensionand severity of the damageare knoyn,
Radial Distance (in.) an economicevaluation (production prediction vs treat-
ment cost)canbe performed andthe treatmentresulhscan
be optimized.
Figure 14-l 2-Concentration profile of fast reacting forma- At this stageit is assumedthat the acid is injectedwhere
tion minerals after HF attack, damaged case. there is damage. Placement and diversion techniques,
which are an integral and mandatorypart of every treat:
merit, are discussedin Chapter 15. Thesetechniquesal-
low injection into eachindividual layer of just the volume
of treatmentfluids necessaryfor a given distribution of
damagein eachlayer. Finally, a comprehensivemonitor-
ing of the job effectivenessand a post-treatmentevalua-
tion are necessaryand are describedin Chapter 16.

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RESERVOIR STIMULATION

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14-24