Fundamentals of Valve 2 - Compressible flow

This document is a part of the series of the fundamental calculations related to Valves. In this
worksheet, the model defined in the standard ISO 6358 and Valve sizing equation which is
defined in ANSI/ISA 75.01 are compared as the basic knowledge of Valve.

References:
- Peter Beater (2007), "Pneumatic Drives - System Design, Modeling and Control",
Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-69471-7
- Emerson Automation Solutions (2017), "Control Valve Handbook 5th Edition",
Fisher.
1. Calculation for Compressible flow
In this section, 2 types of equations for Compressible flow are compared.

1-1. ISO 6358

The following equation is defined as the standard ISO 6358, and can cover choked flow and
subsonic flow of the compressible fluid.

2
p2
Kb
T0 p1 p2
p1$C$r $ $ 1K Ob (Subsonic)
EqISO d mflow = 0 T1 1Kb p1

T0
p1$C$r $ otherwise
0 T1 (Chocked)

kg
Mass flow rate : mflow Temperature of air
s
at reference condition : T0 K
Upstream pressure : p1 Pa
Upstream temperature : T1 K
Downstream pressure : p2 Pa
m3
Density of air Sonic conductance : C
s$Pa
kg
at reference condition : r Critical pressure ratio : b
0 m3
1-2. ISA 75.01
The next equation is for the turbulent flow without attached fittings, defined in ISA 75.01.
And as the flow coefficient, Cv is used.

Cv$N6$Y$ x$p1$r x ! Fk$xT (Subsonic)

1
EqISA1 d mflow =
0.667$Cv$N6$ Fk$xT$p1$r otherwise (Choked)
1

lb
Mass flow rate : mflow Expansion factor : Y
h
Ratio of pressure differential to Upstream pressure : x
Upstream pressure : p1 psi
Flow coefficient : Cv
Downstream pressure : p2 psi
Pressure differential ratio factor of a control valve
lb
Upstream density of air : r without attached fittings at choked flow : xT
1 ft3
Numerical constant : N6
Specific hear ratio factor : Fk

p1 K p2
Pressure differential ratio is obtained with x=
p1

And, if introduce pressure ratio pr,

EqISA2 d x = 1 K pr

Expansion factor is calculated with the following equation.

x
EqISA3 d Y = 1 K
3$Fk$xT
Specific hear ratio factor is defined with the specific hear ratio.
k
EqISA4 d Fk =
1.40
2. Comparison with plotting
In the following plot, the comparison of two equations is shown. Air is used as the fluid.

At first, ISO 6358 equation is converted by using pressure ratio pr.

p2
EqISO_B d eval EqISO, = pr
p1

2
T0 pr K b
p1$C$r $ $ 1K 2
b ! pr
0 T1 1Kb
EqISO_B = mflow =
T0
p1$C$r $ otherwise
0 T1

And, regarding the ISA equation, combine several equations.

EqISA_all d subs EqISA3, EqISA4, EqISA2, EqISA1

0.467$ 1 K pr
Cv$N6$ 1 K $ 1 K pr $p1$r 1 K pr ! 0.714$k$xT
k$xT 1
EqISA_all = mflow =

0.564$Cv$N6$ k$xT$p1$r otherwise

1

Ther following conditions are commonly used for both equations.

Upstream pressure p1_SI d 1 MPa

Upstream temperature T1_K d 293.15 K

Upstream density

r d ThermophysicalData:-Property DMASS, P = p1_SI, T = T1_K, Air

1_SI
kg
r = 11.925
1_SI 3
m
2-1. ISO 6358
The following parameters are applied to the ISO 6358 equation.
K7 m3
Sonic conductance C d 1.0$10
s$Pa

Critical pressure ratio b d 0.225

Reference temperature T0 d 293.15 K

Reference density

r d ThermophysicalData:-Property DMASS, P = 100 kPa, T = T0, Air

0

kg
r = 1.189
0 3
m

Thus, the plot data is obtained with the following.

pISO d plot eval rhs EqISO_B , p1 = p1_SI, T1 = T1_K, r = r , pr = 0.3 ..0.999,

1 1_SI
color = red, legend = "ISO 6358"

2-2. ISA 75.01

The following parameters are applied to the ISA 75.01 equation.

Specific heat ratio k d 1.4

Flow coefficient Cv d 2.44

Pressure differential ratio factor xT d 0.775

(without attached fittings)

Numerical constant N6 d 63.3

 1
Upstream pressure p1_FPS d p1_SI$
psi

1
Upstream density r dr $
1_FPS 1_SI lb
ft3

Thus, the plot data is obtained with the following.

lb
h kg
pISA d plot eval rhs EqISA_all , r = r , p1 = p1_FPS $ $ ,
1 1_FPS kg s
s

pr = 0.3 ..0.999, color = blue, legend = "ISA 75.01"

2-3. Comparison
There are slightly difference between the characteristics of 2 equations even if adjusting some
parameter values to match.

plots:-display pISO, pISA =

0.10

0.08

kg
Units:-Unit
s 0.06

0.04

0.02

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

p
r

ISO 6358 ISA 75.01